徐州矿区充填复垦土壤特性实验研究

为了研究矿区复垦土壤的特性、环境质量状况,探寻矿区特殊生态环境中污染物料的时间路径、人工土壤的质量品质,为煤矿塌陷区的充填复垦、环境治理提供依据,采用对复垦场地进行实验研究和数据分析的方法,对不同物料充填复垦场地的土壤特性进行比较分析.结果发现:(1)土壤环境:从渗透性来说,矸石复垦场地的保水性高于粉煤灰复垦场地,土层的保水性高于充填物料层的保水性;从土壤紧实度来说,粉煤灰充填复垦场地充填物料层的紧实度低于土层的紧实度,但都在适宜作物生长的范围内;对照地的土壤紧实度偏高;粉煤灰充填场地的土壤偏碱性;(2)土壤品质:粉煤灰充填土壤能够正常种植小麦、稻、草本的植物、蔬菜等;粉煤灰充填场地的土层虽然是沙土,但比较容易板结,不利于水分的渗透,而底层的粉煤灰保水性比较差;煤矸石充填复垦场地表层覆土厚度不均匀,且煤矸石保水保肥性比较差;(3)充填土壤的适种性和产量分析:粉煤灰回填的土壤适合草本蔬菜类植物的种植,单产与正常产量相当;对于种植稻的田块,保持正常的单产水平;种植小麦的产量受到影响.     

矿区复垦土壤种植小麦的重金属安全性

为分析矿区充填复垦土壤种植农作物的生态安全性,以中国徐州市柳新矿区复垦场地为例,对照当地农田土壤,对充填场地种植小麦不同部位As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Pb、Zn 7种重金属元素含量进行检测,分析了Cd、Cr在成熟小麦不同器官中的分布、富集情况,并利用单项污染指数法和综合指数法对小麦籽粒进行了风险评价。结果表明,三场地中Cd 和Hg在未成熟苗中的含量小于成熟茎中的含量,Cr、Cu和Zn则与之相反,Pb和As的含量规律性不太明显;复垦场地小麦未成熟根的重金属含量都小于成熟根中的含量;比照地中除Cr 和Zn之外,其余元素在未成熟根中的含量均大于成熟根的含量;参照粮食污染限量标准,小麦籽粒中Cd和Cr含量均超标。风险评价显示三场地小麦籽粒中Cd、Cr单项污染指数达到轻度至重度水平,综合污染指数处于轻度污染至中度污染水平之间。该研究对矿区粮食安全的监控具有重要的实际应用价值。     

煤矸石充填复垦地理化特性与重金属分布特征

为研究煤矸石充填复垦地农作物产量达到最佳时的覆土厚度及煤矸石充填复垦地重金属分布状况,该文以新庄孜矿煤矸石充填复垦地作为研究对象,采取室外田间小区试验和室内试验分析方法,选取不同覆土厚度50~60,60~70,70~80,80~90 cm的4类试验地块及对照地块对其土壤理化性质及农作物根系分布、长势产量、重金属元素含量进行调查分析,发现复垦地块各项指标与对照地块差异显著,劣于对照地块;煤矸石充填基质土壤理化性质较差;70~80 cm的厚度是煤矸石充填复垦造地较经济合理的覆土厚度。煤矸石复垦地重金属元素有向上迁移的趋势;复垦土壤及煤矸石基质中Pb、Zn、Cr元素含量处于安全水平;大部分监测的Cu、Ni、Cd元素含量高于淮南土壤背景值,低于中国土壤环境质量标准二级标准,对复垦土壤已构成潜在的威胁性,应予以重视;覆土厚度50~60 cm地块的煤矸石基质中Cu、Ni元素含量处于安全水平,煤矸石基质中Cd元素含量高于淮南土壤土壤背景值,低于中国土壤环境质量标准二级标准,应予以重视。结果表明70~80 cm的厚度是煤矸石充填复垦造地最佳覆土厚度;新庄孜煤矸石充填复垦地重金属有向上迁移的趋势,复垦土壤中重金属含量符合国家二级标准,未出现重金属污染情况,但部分重金属元素含量高于淮南市土壤背景值,应予以重视。     

徐州矿区充填复垦场地作物重金属含量研究

为了了解矿区充填复垦土壤重金属污染状况和复垦场地主要作物的重金属含量情况,通过场地采样试验与室内检测相结合的方法,对不同作物不同部位的砷、镉、铬、汞、铅、铜和锌等重金属含量进行了测定,并进行了相关的分析和研究。结果表明:作物在生育阶段不同部位对不同元素的敏感性不同;复垦场地红豆幼苗受重金属的污染较轻,而小麦和水稻则较严重;复垦场地应改变耕作制度,种植红豆或者利用红豆充当先锋作物。     

王庄煤矿采煤沉陷区充填复垦现状及改进措施

山西省王庄煤矿主要位于农耕区,采煤导致土地大面积沉陷,耕地数量减少,且质量下降,单产锐减,致使矿群关系恶化。在煤炭开采和洗选加工过程中产生的煤矸石以及电厂发电排放的废渣粉煤灰是王庄煤矿的主要固体废弃物,煤矸石和粉煤灰平地起堆不仅压占了大面积土地,还污染了生态环境。以潞安集团王庄煤矿为例,分析了王庄煤矿采煤沉陷区充填复垦工作现状及不足,并提出了具体改进措施:一是运用化学方法改变土壤的酸碱性,以适于植物生长;二是优化施工工艺,降低对土壤的破坏;三是优化充填工艺,防止煤矸石、粉煤灰中有害物质的迁移及对周围环境造成污染;四是优化充填方法,对作为建设用地的充填地基实施加固处理。     

高潜水位采煤塌陷区重构土壤水分运移规律模拟研究

以江苏省徐州市贾汪矿区为研究区,通过野外采样与室内土柱试验模拟不同土壤重构模式,对固定地下水位不同重构模式下土壤水分运移过程进行了观测。试验设置土柱上层0—50cm为土壤充填,50—80cm为不同表土替代物充填。按照下层50—80cm充填物的不同,设置4组处理,其中处理1为对照组(土壤充填),处理2(粉煤灰充填)、处理3(煤矸石充填)、处理4(煤矸石-粉煤灰混合物充填)为试验组。结果表明:(1)重构土壤上层含水率与下层相比变化明显,底层含水率临近于饱和含水率,变化微小;(2)在不同充填物的分界线处含水率变化明显,充填物类型对土壤水分垂直变化有较大影响;(3)煤矸石、粉煤灰混合物充填重构模式含水率变化规律与土壤充填模式最为一致,且饱和含水率最为接近,具有良好的保水、透气性,是高潜水位采煤塌陷区土地复垦最理想的土壤重构模式。本研究可以为高潜水位采煤塌陷区土地复垦的土壤重构以及盐渍化控制等提供一定的理论依据和技术支撑。     

高潜水位平原区采煤塌陷地复垦土壤形态发育评价

土壤的形态特征含有丰富的环境信息,是环境变化与生态重建的重要依据,可以推断土壤发育的强弱。矿山复垦土壤为人造新土壤,可能构造出不同的土壤形态,复垦土壤形态特征的研究对复垦土壤生产力的提高和复垦技术的革新具有重要意义。该文以高潜水位平原区采煤塌陷地复垦土壤为研究对象,探讨定量评价复垦土壤形态发育状况。研究采用实地调查和室内分析相结合的方法,依据中国土壤系统分类用土壤剖面描述标准,构建了复垦土壤形态发育评价体系,进行土壤形态定量评价。结果表明,形态发育指数HI(土层发育指数)和WPDI(土壤权重剖面发育指数)能够较好的反映复垦土壤与当地原状土壤的发育程度差异:复垦土壤土层发育指数HI和土壤权重剖面发育指数WPDI平均值分别为0.57、0.56,而当地原状土壤HI和WPDI的平均值为0.68、0.69,表明复垦土壤形态发育程度相对较弱;HI曲线形状异于原状土壤,表层HI高于其他土层,不同复垦方式的WPDI显示的发育程度序列为:充填复垦(外源土)>挖深垫浅>挖深垫浅(泥浆泵)>充填复垦(粉煤灰、煤矸石等);随复垦时间的延长,复垦土壤发育程度呈现增长趋势。     

不同复垦工艺土壤物理性状研究

采用实地模拟试验,研究不同复垦机械在不同填充材料下不同的碾压次数对土壤物理性状的影响,并采用winner2000激光颗粒仪对其土壤颗粒组成进行了量测分析,研究不同机械不同填充材料复垦对物理性状的影响。结果表明:(1)经过3次碾压后,各复垦地块土壤容重变化趋势趋于平稳,但从碾压7次到碾压9次这个过程,是复垦过程中的一个敏感碾压区,碾压7次后土壤容重会有明显的上升,且在煤矸石、建筑垃圾和粉煤灰三种填充材料中,粉煤灰充填复垦地块在碾压5次后,容重明显高于煤矸石和建筑垃圾充填地块。(2)自卸汽车复垦过程碾压超过3次,其容重即超过1.5 g cm-3,碾压9次容重达到1.76 g cm-3,使土壤质地板结;履带式推土机碾压7次,其容重仍在1.44 g cm-3以下,适于作物生长。(3)经不同程度的碾压后,履带式复垦地块中,建筑垃圾、粉煤灰和煤矸石充填地块"物理性黏粒"含量的最大值分别为25.29%、26.66%和36.89%;自卸汽车复垦的地块中,建筑垃圾、粉煤灰和煤矸石填充的地块总含量的最大值分别为36.23%、32.11%和51.73%。     

煤基混合物对复垦土壤的改良及苜蓿增产效果

以煤基材料综合利用为目的,根据风化煤、煤矸石和粉煤灰的理化性质,按照特定质量比混合,比例为：风化煤∶煤矸石∶粉煤灰=5∶1∶4,并加入一定量的化学肥料,用于矿区复垦土壤的改良。煤基混合物含有丰富的养分。通过盆栽试验确定,复垦土壤中添加适量的煤基混合物后,养分含量有了显著提高,盆栽试验表明苜蓿生物量比对照提高约一倍,粗蛋白含量亦显著提高。利用煤基混合物改良土壤可以避免单纯施用化肥造成的土壤板结等问题,提高了矿区废弃物的综合利用率。     

煤矸石山防自燃隔离层的构建及其效果

露天堆放的煤矸石山极易自燃引发严重的地质灾害和环境污染。为改善传统的土壤覆盖治理方法,结合阳泉自燃煤矸石山综合治理现场,在黄土覆盖前以当地黏土和粉煤灰为原料构建不同设计构型的隔离层,并动态测量隔离层渗透率以及治理1a后试验区覆盖层的地温、紧实度,探讨在煤矸石与覆盖土壤之间添加隔离层防治自燃的效果。结果表明:利用黏土和粉煤灰构建隔离层,改善了传统的覆盖层结构,土壤紧实度随土层深度增加呈逐渐增大趋势,形成"上松下紧"利于植被生长的理想剖面;隔离层可有效阻隔空气,效果为粉煤灰与黏土混合黏土粉煤灰,试验以粉煤灰∶黏土=1∶2(体积比)比例充分混合构成的隔离层效果最佳,监测期间渗透率一直保持在低于50×10-12 m2的水平,地温从表入深基本平稳,在土层深度10~30 cm处温度大致稳定在10~15℃之间。该研究可为自燃煤矸石山综合治理中隔离层的构建提供参考数据及思路。     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.     

Short-term variation in the concentration of selected ions within individual tropical rainstorms

Rainwater was collected at the campus of the University of Brunei Darussalam in Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam, using a funnel-in-bottle sampler. Polypropylene bottles were changed at intervals during rainstorm events. The pH and conductivity were determined immediately after collection on aliquots of the sample. Samples were refrigerated at 5°C for subsequent chemical analysis. Analyses for Na, Mg, Ca, Zn and Fe were carried out by means of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES); Cu and Mn were analysed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS); K was analysed using flame atomic emission spectroscopy (FAES); and Cl^–, NO₃ ^– and SO₄ ^2– were analysed by ion chromatography (IC). Concentration versus time profiles are reported for three rainstorm events. All ions exhibited a decrease in concentration during the rainstorm. The first sample contained the highest concentration of ions, consistent with a first-flush effect. The contribution of the initial stages of the shower to the total quantity of ion deposited during the entire rainstorm is quite overwhelming; in many cases 20 to 30% of the mass was deposited in less than 5% of rainstorm duration. On the other hand, the pH and conductivity variation during rainstorms did not exhibit a consistent pattern.     

The 5S rRNA gene diversity in the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Secale</Emphasis> and determination of its closest haplomes

We analyzed 127 rDNA sequences (5S DNA units) obtained from 23 seed accession samples from more or less 10 taxa in wild and cultivated rye, genus Secale L. The sequences fell into two known groups, here assigned to two unit classes, viz. long R1 and short R1 (designations to reflect on R haplome of rye). The different taxa could not be fully differentiated based on the 5S DNA units. We searched for 5S DNA sequences from known unit classes most closely similar to the long R1 and the short R1. One set with the long R1 unit class contained sequences of the long P1 unit class from Agropyron (P haplome) and from Kengyilia (StYP haplome), long J1 from Thinopyrum (J haplome), whereas the set with the short R1 included the long S1 from Pseudoroegneria (St haplome) and Kengyilia (StYP haplome), the short J1 from Thinopyrum (J haplome) and the short V1 from Dasypyrum (V haplome). Each of the two sets was analyzed separately by maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic analysis from which we were able to infer that the 5S DNA units of Secale differentiated in a non-clock fashion and followed the HKY substitution model in the gene tree with the long R1 unit class and the HKY + G in the gene tree with the short R1 unit class. A complementary Bayesian analysis yielded identical tree topologies to the ML ones for each of the two sequence sets. In the tree with the long R1 units the long P1 and long J1 unit classes were closest to the long R1 unit class, whereas in the tree with the short R1 units the long S1 and short J1 unit classes were closest to the short R1 unit class, indicating possibly a close relationship between the St, J and R haplomes.     

Leaf litter selection by detritivore and geophagous earthworms

Summary Litterbag experiments with 10 different kinds of leaf litter showed that detritivore (Lumbricus species) and geophagous (Aporrectodea species) earthworms prefer certain litter types over others, since different numbers of worms were found below the litter after 50–52 days of exposure in a pasture. The detritivores preferred Fraxinus, Tilia, and predecomposed Ulmus and Fagus litter to Fagus litter and paper, while geophages preferred Tilia litter to Alnus and Ulmus litter, so that the two groups of earthworms showed different preferences. The detritivores seemed to be more selective than the geophages. The palatability of the litter was examined in relation to the C: N ratio, the lignin concentration and the initial and final polyphenol concentration. The numbers of detritivores were significantly correlated with the C: N ratio and the final polyphenol concentration, so that selection of litter seems to be related to palatability. The numbers of geophages were not significantly correlated with any of the parameters for palatability. The disappearance of litter after 50–52 days appeared to be due to detritivore activity, since the numbers found below the litter were positively and significantly correlated with the litter disappearance. There was no significant correlation with geophage activity. This indicates that detritivores use litter as food, and therefore influence the composition of the litter layer.     

Nematode succession and microfauna-microorganism interactions during root residue decomposition

The quality of plant material affects the vigor of the decomposition process and composition of the decomposer biota. Root residues from hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), rye (Secale cereale L.) and vetch+rye, packed in litterbags were placed in pots of soil at 15 C and the content of the bags was analyzed after 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Bacterial biomass did not differ between residues with contrasting composition. Among bacterivores groups of nematodes that require high bacterial production dominated in fast decomposing resources whereas flagellates with smaller requirements prevail in slower decomposing resources. Biomass of bacterial feeding nematodes correlated positively with early phase (0-2 wk) decomposition that increased in the order: rye< vetch+rye<vetch. Bacterial biomass therefore seems to be under top-down (predation) control during early decomposition. In contrast, the fungal biomass differed between resources with highest values for rye. Moreover, this increase in fungal biomass occurred later during succession and was correlated with decomposition activity for rye in that period. Fungal biomass therefore seems to be under bottom-up (resource) control. The composition of the nematode assemblages (composed of 25 taxa) showed a clear relationship to initial plant resource quality as well as decomposition phase. Early successional microbivorous nematodes vary according to resource quality with demanding bacterivores+predators (Neodiplogasteridae) dominating in vetch and less demanding bacterivores (Rhabditidae) and fungivores (Aphelenchus) being equally common in vetch and rye. Later in the succession (2-4 wk) bacterivorous Cephalobidae and fungivorous Aphelenchoides prevailed similarly on the different root materials whereas bacterivorous protozoa and the amoebal fraction thereof dominated in rye. At week 12 no species dominated the nematode assemblages that were similar between the resources. The differences between nematode assemblages among plant resources at 2 week were similar to the results of a field study sampled after 6 weeks with the same soil and plant resources. This lends support to the relevance of the successional patterns observed in this incubation study.     

Cycling of extracellular DNA in the soil environment

Upon entering the soil environment, extracellular DNA is subjected to dynamic biological, physical, and chemical factors that determine its fate. This review concerns the fate of both recombinant and non-recombinant sources of DNA. A schematic of DNA cycling coupled with genetic transformation is presented to understand its behavior in soil. Extracellular DNA may persist through cation bridging onto soil minerals and humic substances, be enzymatically degraded and restricted by DNases of microbial origin, and/or enter the microbial DNA cycle through natural transformation of competent bacteria. Lateral gene transfer may disseminate DNA through the microbial community. An understanding of DNA cycling is fundamental to elucidating the fate of extracellular DNA in the soil environment.