Soil erosion,regulatory aspects and farmer responsibility: assessing cadastral data

This paper sets out to clarify the factors in soil erosion and soil conservation. The Czech Republic struggles with soil conservation. Shifts in the rural economy, the loss of good-quality agricultural soil to urbanisation, and sub-optimal land management leading to erosion are at issue. Here, we apply quantitative and qualitative methods to assess erosion risk, whilst considering legislative and policy measures and the responsibility of individual farmer. The studied area was the cadastral district of Rtyně-Podkrkono?í. This choice was based on the fact that farmland there is classified as being subject to ‘no risk’ under current reference measures with regard to soil erosion, and yet 18 erosion events in this area were reported over a period of three years. Our results provide evidence that current measures are insufficient. Although applicable standards were followed, the farmland in question has undergone repeated erosion, whilst soil conservation practice has been ineffective. Compared to the farmland owner, who invests in long-term management, we highlight the problem when a land manager prefers short-term returns. Our assessment of soil erosion was focused on repeated erosion reports that were filed in the monitoring system in relation to farmland parcels managed by a company specialising in maize production. The tolerable erosion rate of 4/t/ha/y was exceeded on all land parcels.     

密云水库周边板栗林下不同水土保持措施效益评价

为探究密云水库周边板栗林下的土壤侵蚀规律以及适合于当地板栗林下的水土保持措施,选取发生于2021年8月的10次降雨事件作为研究样本,通过对比不同水土保持措施配置下产流产沙对降雨因子的响应,采用径流小区法对不同水保措施配置模式的水土保持效益进行了评价,进而筛选出水土保持效果更好的水土保持措施。结果表明:(1)在仅布设植被措施的条件下,减轻地表径流及泥沙运移作用最大的植被类型为卷柏,其次为自然坡面。(2)在同时布设植被措施与工程措施的条件下,工程措施相同、植被措施不同时,自然坡面减流减沙效果最好。工程措施不同、植被措施相同时,减流效果最好的为鱼鳞坑。(3)马齿苋+鱼鳞坑、自然坡面+鱼鳞坑的水土保持效益最佳。(4)对产流产沙量影响最大的因子为降雨量,其与径流量、泥沙量的相关系数分别为0.533,0.557(p<0.01)。由此可知,进行密云水库板栗林水土保持工作时,可优先种植卷柏、布设鱼鳞坑,或布设马齿苋+鱼鳞坑、自然坡面+鱼鳞坑等水土保持措施。     

水源区水土保持措施功能调整初探——以京津水源地冀北山区为例

实施传统水土保持措施的初衷是为了保护水源区的土地资源,但由于忽视对下游水资源的影响,随着治理的深入,流域内径流量减少幅度增加,影响了对受水区的供水量。为了保证水源区对受水区的供水量,对传统水土保持措施进行改进、采取新型水土保持措施已成为增加受水区输水量、改善水源区生态的现实选择。基于对水源区传统水土保持措施局限性的分析,得出传统水土保持措施并不适宜大中型城市的水源区治理,并初步探讨了水源区新型水土保持措施的主要内容及其具体的措施配置。     

National inventories of crop wild relatives and wild harvested plants: case-study for Portugal

Crop wild relatives (CWR) and wild harvested plant species (WHP) constitute an important element of a nation’s plant genetic resources (PGR) available for utilisation. Although their natural populations are threatened like other wild species by habitat lost and fragmentation, little attention has generally been paid to their systematic conservation. The development of checklists and inventories is considered by the convention on biological diversity (CBD) and the global strategy for plant conservation (GSPC) as the first step in any national strategy for conservation and sustainable use of plant diversity. Methodological approaches to the development of a national inventory of wild PGR are discussed in the light of a case-study for the CWR and WHP growing in mainland Portugal. The resultant inventory comprises 2319 taxa, of which 97.5% are CWR, 21.4% are WHP and 19.0% are both CWR and WHP. Approximately 6.1% are endemic to mainland Portugal; 24.1% occur in 1 to 4 Portuguese administrative regions; 15.6% are threatened, but only 5.9% are covered by legislative protection. Taxonomic misalignments and the dispersed nature of biological literature were the major impediments to the production of the national inventory, but once the inventory was established it has proven to be a powerful tool in conservation management.     

关于水土保持措施适宜性的评价方法

在系统总结国内外水土保持措施适宜性研究成果的基础上,指出水土保持措施适宜性研究存在的明显不足之处,并提出水土保持措施适宜性的研究思路和方法,重点提出适宜性评价的“双套对偶评价指标体系”及“双套对偶评价指标差值最小法”的评价方法,为水土保持措施的适宜性评价提供新的思路和方法。     

碳达峰与碳中和目标下水土保持碳汇的机理、途径及特征

[目的] 瞄准中国碳达峰、碳中和目标及其时间表,探索水土保持碳汇的主要途径与特征,为全面提升水土保持碳汇能力,科学推进水土流失综合治理高质量发展提供借鉴。[方法] 参考和借鉴国内外相关研究成果,系统性地分析了水土保持碳汇的学科应用基础及其协同作用机理,主要途径和物质表现,总结提出了水土保持碳汇的主要特征。[结果] 水土保持碳汇作用是在植物措施、工程措施和耕作措施3大类水土保持措施的共同参与下,通过植物、土壤和水体等多种途径协同发挥的,可消减大气中CO₂并将其转化为多种含碳化合物储存在植物及其产品、土壤和水体中。水土保持碳汇途径包括植物途径、土壤途径和水体途径。水土保持碳汇物质包括生物量、无生命有机质、土壤有机质和水体碳素。水土保持碳汇主要特征包括多种治理措施共同作用;多种碳汇途径相互交织;碳汇物质的现地性;碳汇特征短历时碳汇明显,全周期呈弱碳汇。[结论] 生态文明建设新阶段的水土保持工作,应全面推行碳汇水土保持,实施碳汇监测评价,扩大高碳汇水土保持措施,开展清洁生态小流域建设,避免水土流失与其治理措施损毁导致的碳排放,进一步提升碳汇增量,巩固碳汇能力。     

Legal aspects of soil conservation and land cadaster works

The analysis of modern Russian legislation in the sphere of environmental protection, management of natural resources, soil conservation, and land cadaster works has been performed. It is shown that a common federal approach to environmental impact assessments and soil quality assessments is virtually absent. Ecological indices are not taken into account in the federal land cadaster. Most of the recently adopted legislative regulations in this sphere have a technocratic character. The recent governmental regulations on land and environmental monitoring have still not been put into practice. To ensure soil conservation policy and protect soils as a component of the environment, a distinction should be made between the notions of soil and land in the legal documents. The basic principles of the proposed law “On Soil Conservation” are outlined. It is argued that a system of soil-ecological criteria should be elaborated for the proper assessment of soil quality. As a soil conservation service is absent in Russia, it is suggested that the Dokuchaev Soil Science Society should organize an association for the protection and rehabilitation of Russian soils.     

水土保持措施及其减水减沙效益分析

水土流失已经和正在蚕食着人们赖以生存的宝贵的水土资源，如何有效地控制水土流失日益受到社会各界和科学家们的广泛关注。中国在水土保持方面创造了许多颇具特色的水土保持措施，如：生物林草措施、耕作措施和水土保持工程措施。该文总结了目前所采用的主要水土保持措施类型。采用坡度、坡长校正公式将数据转化为具有可比性的量值(标准小区)，定量分析了各种水土保持措施对于减少径流和土壤侵蚀产沙的效果，即治理措施的减水减沙效益，为小流域土壤侵蚀预报、水土保持措施的优化及合理配置、优化土地利用结构等提供参考依据。     

冰岛水土保持研究介绍

介绍了冰岛的土壤侵蚀演变，水土保持措施及成效，水土保持组织和环境修复技术。冰岛土壤侵蚀演变的驱动力主要有植被破坏、过度放牧、严酷的气候条件和火山爆发。控制放牧密度和开展环境修复是冰岛最主要的水土保持措施。     

西气东输工程水土保持方案实施情况评价

依据西气东输工程水土保持方案采取实地调研和现场勘察相结合的方法,对水土保持预防保护、工程生物防治、土地整治措施的实施以及水土保持资金落实和监理、监测工作情况进行了综合评价。针对存在的水土保持工程质量不高,且与主体工程相比较严重滞后等问题提出了建设性意见。对促进保护环境以及水土保持"三同时"制度的落实具有重要作用。     

上海市水力侵蚀现状与水土保持措施分析

为研究上海市水土流失及措施现状,以第一次全国水利普查水土保持情况普查结果为基础,结合上海市基本情况,分析上海市水力侵蚀现状和水土保持措施情况。结果表明,上海市水土流失面积超过了200km^2,水土流失以河道两岸和湖泊沿岸的坍塌淤浅为主要特征,建设项目施工造成的人为水土流失也是上海市水土流失的一个重要方面。上海市中心城区水土保持措施较完善,但郊区部分河道还没有采取有效护坡措施,基本处于自然状态,很容易发生水土流失;因此,河道边坡和湖泊岸线的护岸整治、海岸滩涂的保滩促淤治理是上海市水土保持工作的重点,同时还应加强建设项目的监管和水土保持监测,以防止人为水土流失。     

Determinants for adoption of physical soil and water conservation measures by smallholder farmers in Ethiopia

Adoption rates of soil and water conservation measures remain below the expected levels in Ethiopia despite the considerable investments in reducing land degradation and improving soil fertility. This constitutes one of the key research agendas in the country. This paper underscores the need for investigating the factors hindering or facilitating the adoption of soil and water conservation measures. The study results presented in this paper are based on cross-section data collected from 408 households in eastern Ethiopia, including field observations of 790 plots selected using a multi-stage sampling procedure. A multivariate probit model was employed to analyse the determinants of adoption of three soil and water conservation measures (stone bund, soil bund, and bench terracing) at the plot level. The study findings reveal that household, socioeconomic, and institution characteristics were the key factors that influenced the adoption of soil bund, stone bund, and bench terracing conservation measures. Furthermore, there was a significant correlation among the three soil and water conservation measures, indicating that the adoption of these measures is interrelated. In particular, the results show that there was a positive correlation between stone bunds and soil bunds. However, the correlations between bench terracing and stone bunds as well as bench terracing and soil bunds were negative (implying substitutability). These results imply that the Government and other relevant organizations that are responsible for reducing land degradation in order to increase agricultural production should support the establishment and strengthening of local institutions to facilitate the adoption of soil and water conservation measures.     

甘肃内陆河流域水土保持综合治理效益分析

运用水土保持综合治理效益计算方法（GB/T15774—2008）确定了甘肃内陆河流域水土保持综合治理效益,系统分析了研究区各项措施的调水保土效益、经济效益和社会效益。结果表明:内陆河流域各措施累计调水30.40亿m³,各措施累计保土2.69亿t,调水保土主要来自于坡面措施减蚀效益;内陆河流域梯田、水保林、经济林、人工种草经济效益分别为1.25亿元,195.16亿元,4.35亿元,14.57亿元,合计215.32亿元。通过水土保持措施的布设,治理程度的提高,甘肃省内陆河流域受旱灾程度有了一定的控制,全省年均受灾面积、作物减产面积均呈逐渐减小趋势,并且改善了农村产业结构。     

试论陕西省开发建设项目水土保持监测指标体系

在对陕西省开展开发建设项目水土保持监测实践工作进行大量调查基础上,对水土流失影响因子、水土流失状况、水土流失危害、水土保持措施和防治效果等主要的水土保持监测内容进行了系统分析。提出了陕西省开发建设项目水土保持监测指标体系框架和具体监测指标。监测指标体系分为水土流失动态变化监测指标类,水土流失危害指标类,水土保持措施监测指标类,水土保持效益监测指标类等4类。可为科学、有序地开展开发建设项目水土保持监测工作提供技术支撑。     

吉林省低山丘陵区水土保持措施对土壤性质的影响

研究了吉林省东部低山丘陵区水土保持措施对土壤性质的影响,并对各水土保持措施的蓄水保土效益进行了分析.研究结果表明,顺垄试验小区蓄水保土效果最差;地埂植物带、灌木埂试验小区水土保持效益居中;生态修复、横垄试验小区水土保持效益较高;水平坑试验小区水土保持效益相当高.不同水土保持措施之间对土壤物理性质的影响存在差异,以生态修复对土壤pH、容重和田间持水量的修复最为明显;各水土保持措施对土壤颗粒组成,即土壤质地的修复效果均不明显,可见水土保持措施并不能在较短时间内改善土壤质地.在进行水土保持措施较短时间内,土壤SOC的消耗要大于其累积,使其在短时间内无法取得较好的SOC恢复效果.速效养分含量受水土保持措施影响非常大,土壤速效养分一部分随土壤侵蚀流失,一部分为植物所吸收利用,从而导致各水土保持措施土壤速效养分含量差异较大,其中生态修复措施对土壤速效养分的恢复效果最佳.在目前现有的水土保持措施下,选择生态修复措施,即自然撂荒是短时期内吉林省东部低山丘陵区进行小流域治理、退耕还林(草)工程和恢复土壤肥力质量较好的选择途径.     

无定河流域水土保持措施配置及减沙效益分析

从分析无定河流域不同时段水土保持措施配置入手,以减沙效益为研究目标,探讨了水土保持措施优化配置问题。分析认为:水土保持措施配置与减沙效益是密切相关的,淤地坝在水土保持措施配置中应占有合理比例,无定河流域坝地配置比例应大于3%;坡面治理措施配置中需进一步加大封禁治理比例。     

中国北方地区水土保持措施减沙水代价分析

水土保持措施是减少河流泥沙的主要措施。水土保持措施在减少土壤侵蚀的同时也会减少地表径流和地表水资源量。根据目前我国北方地区水土保持对径流量和泥沙量的研究结果，比较分析了在坡面和沟道上梯田、造林、种草和坝地等水土保持措施减沙水代价，并对不同流域尺度水土保持综合措施减沙水代价进行了综合分析。研究表明，同一区域不同水土保持各单项措施减沙水代价不同；同一措施和综合措施减沙水代价存在明显的区域分异，通过选择减沙水代价较小的水土保持措施的类型和区域配置，可以在减少相同泥沙量的同时，相对增加河流水资源量。     

英买力气田群地面工程水土保持方案实施情况评价

依据英买力气田群地面工程的水土保持方案，采取实地调查和现场勘察相结合的方法，对水土保持预防保护措施、工程生物防治措施、土地整治措施的实施、水土保持资金落实以及监理、监测工作的情况进行了综合评价。针对存在的水土保持工程质量以及与主体工程相比较严重滞后等问题提出了建设性意见，对促进水土保持“三同时”制度的落实具有相当的现实意义。     

福建省长汀县不同土地利用方式下的坡地侵蚀特征

根据福建省长汀县径流小区2014-2018年的实测资料，对不同土地利用方式下的坡地侵蚀特征进行研究，分析各径流小区土壤流失量、径流量与降雨、水土保持措施、植被等因子的关系。结果表明：不同土地利用方式、不同水土保持措施的径流小区土壤流失量、径流量特征不同；年降雨量对各径流小区的年土壤流失量影响不显著，不同水土保持措施对径流小区的年土壤流失量影响显著；年降雨量和不同水土保持措施对各径流小区的年径流量影响均为显著；年土壤流失量和年径流量与年降雨量的相关系数均与水土保持措施及径流小区植物的种类和生长有关；各径流小区的年土壤流失量与年径流量均呈正相关，即年径流量越大，年土壤流失量越大。研究结果为长汀县水土流失治理提供参考。     

黄土高原水土保持减沙效益的尺度效应初步分析

收集了黄土高原64个不同大小流域的水土保持措施减沙效益的资料和研究成果,利用这些资料分析了随着流域尺度的变化黄土高原水土保持措施减沙效益的变化。统计分析结果显示,水土保持措施减沙模数随流域面积没有明显的变化趋势,单位治理面积减沙比与流域面积之间也不存在明显关系。