荒漠区生物土壤结皮对土壤酶活性的影响

在干旱的沙漠生态系统中,生物土壤结皮对于沙丘的固定和土壤生物的维持起着相当重要的作用。土壤酶活性能敏感地指示土壤的恢复程度,是衡量沙区生态恢复与健康的重要生物学属性,而目前关于生物土壤结皮与土壤酶活性的关系研究很少。为探明生物土壤结皮对土壤酶活性的影响,以腾格里沙漠东南缘的人工植被固沙区生物土壤结皮覆盖的沙丘土壤为研究对象,根据固沙时间的不同将样地分为4个不同的区进行采样(57、49、32和22 a固沙区),以流沙区(0 a)和红卫天然植被区(100 a)为对照。研究表明:人工植被固沙区的藻-地衣结皮和藓类结皮均可显著提高土壤碱性磷酸酶、蛋白酶和纤维素酶的活性(p0.05);结皮类型显著影响土壤酶的活性,发育晚期的藓类结皮下土壤碱性磷酸酶、蛋白酶和纤维素酶的活性显著高于发育早期的藻-地衣结皮下土壤酶的活性(p0.05);固沙年限显著影响土壤碱性磷酸酶、蛋白酶和纤维素酶的活性,且与这三种土壤酶活性均存在显著的线性正相关关系(p0.05);目前,生物土壤结皮可显著提高0~20 cm土层碱性磷酸酶、蛋白酶和纤维素酶的活性(p0.05),且这种影响随土层的增加而减弱。而且,生物土壤结皮下土壤碱性磷酸酶、蛋白酶和纤维素酶的活性表现明显的季节变化,表现为夏季秋季春季和冬季。腾格里沙漠东南缘的人工植被固沙区生物土壤结皮的存在与演替提高了土壤酶的活性,生物土壤结皮有利于该区土壤及其相应生态系统的恢复。     

降雨对荒漠草原生物土壤结皮化学计量的影响

生物土壤结皮是干旱地区地表景观的基本组成部分,对生物地球化学循环具有重要影响。在中国北方荒漠化地区,生物土壤结皮化学计量在很大程度上是未知的,特别是降雨如何影响荒漠草原生物土壤结皮化学计量仍然不确定。该研究以自然降雨为对照,通过使用遮雨棚和喷灌系统控制降水输入,开展增水和减水处理野外控制性试验,研究降雨量对荒漠草原生物土壤结皮化学计量的影响。试验结果表明:1)减水处理增加了结皮层C∶N、C∶P和N∶P的比率,增水处理增加了结皮层下垫面C∶N、C∶P和N∶P比率;2)减水处理增大了结皮层与下垫面之间C含量的差异,同时减小了N和P含量的差异,增水处理增大了结皮层与下垫面之间N和P含量的差异,减水处理有利于结皮层C的积累,而增水后结皮层中磷的有效性降低;3)适宜的土壤水分条件促进了结皮层及下垫面土壤微生物生物量碳(Soil Microbial Biomass Carbon,SMBC)和土壤微生物生物量氮(Soil Microbial Biomass Nitrogen,SMBN)的积累,而过高的降雨量导致土壤养分损失,不利于SMBC和SMBN的积累。相对干旱的土壤环境有利于结皮层土壤C、N的富集,为土壤微生物呼吸提供较多的营养物质,有利于SMBC和SMBN的积累。总之,在中国北方荒漠化地区,生物土壤结皮和下垫面的C∶N∶P化学计量对降雨量有不同的响应。     

沙坡头地区地衣和藓类结皮丛枝菌根真菌多样性研究

丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)是自然界分布最广的一类植物共生真菌,可与生物土壤结皮(Biological soil crust,BSC)的隐花植物形成共生体,对荒漠植被的恢复和演替具有重要意义。目前针对不同类型BSC的AMF群落结构及其多样性研究较少,限制了AMF群落对BSC发育的作用和对荒漠生态系统贡献的理解。利用高通量测序技术,对腾格里沙漠东南缘沙坡头固沙植被区地衣和藓类结皮及其下层土壤AMF群落组成与多样性进行研究,分析不同结皮类型AMF群落结构的差异。结果发现,AMF群落丰富度和多样性表现为:藓类结皮下层土壤地衣结皮下层土壤藓类结皮地衣结皮。地衣和藓类结皮及其下层土壤AMF均属于球囊菌门、球囊菌纲,以球囊霉属、类球囊霉属、盾巨孢囊霉属、巨孢囊霉属和一种未分类属为优势,且地衣和藓类结皮AMF群落在属水平差异显著。主成分分析结果显示,藓类结皮下层土壤中AMF群落物种组成与其他各组有显著差异,表明随着结皮的发育,AMF群落多样性增加,结皮演替与AMF群落多样性之间具有相互促进的作用。     

长期不同施肥条件下土壤微生物量及 土壤酶活性的季节变化特征

研究长期不同施肥条件下褐潮土微生物量碳（SMBC）、微生物量氮（SMBN）和土壤酶活性随季节的变化特征。结果表明,长期施肥条件下土壤SMBC、SMBN含量及土壤酶活性均表现出一定的季节变化。SMBC、SMBN含量在各施肥处理中的顺序为:化肥与猪厩肥配施处理（NPKM）化肥配施玉米秸秆处理（NPKS）单施化肥处理（NPK）不施肥处理（CK）,各处理之间差异显著(P0.05);施肥还显著提高了土壤脲酶、转化酶、碱性磷酸酶活性,有机无机配施的高于单施化肥的。除过氧化氢酶活性随季节变化显著下降外,SMBC、SMBN、酶活性的值一般在夏季（6月到8月）较高。通过双因素单变量方差分析表明,不同施肥制度与季节变化对SMBC、SMBN与酶活性的影响分别达极显著水平（P0.01）,不同施肥制度的SMBC、SMBN与酶活性的季节波动有极显著不同（P0.01）。     

竹阔混交林土壤微生物生物量及酶活性特征研究

土壤微生物生物量及土壤酶活性是土壤中重要的活性指标,研究竹阔混交林土壤微生物生物量与酶活性随混交比(混交林中阔叶树冠幅所占比例)的变化特征,对竹阔混交林土壤状况进行评价,为竹阔混交林经营过程中阔叶树冠幅的修剪提供一定理论基础。本文通过对福建省永安市天宝岩自然保护区竹阔混交林的调查,研究混交比(阔叶树冠幅与样地面积比)为0～10%、10%～20%、20%～30%、30%～40%、40%以上的竹阔混交林林分土壤微生物生物量及酶活性的分布特征。结果显示:混交比与土层对土壤微生物生物量氮(SMBN)、酶活性均有显著性影响,混交比对土壤微生物生物量碳(SMBC)的影响不显著。不同混交比下,SMBC、SMBN、土壤酶活性均表现为随土层加深而降低;SMBC含量在30%～40%混交比最高(357.67 mg/kg),SMBN含量在混交比为20%～30%时最高(127.00 mg/kg);混交比为20%～30%的竹阔混交林林分土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶活性较高,土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶在混交比为10%～20%时含量显著低于其他4种混交比;相关性分析表明,土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶与土壤微生物生物量之间均呈正相关,其中土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶分别与SMBC、SMBN呈显著正相关,土壤蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶均与SMBN呈极显著相关性;SMBC与pH、全氮呈显著正相关,SMBN与土壤含水率、全氮呈极显著正相关;土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶与土壤有机碳、全氮之间均呈极显著正相关。研究表明:林分中阔叶树混交比、土壤深度等都能对SMBC、SMBN、土壤酶活性产生影响,可见竹阔混交林中混交比对土壤状况有一定的影响,其中综合分析得出混交比20%～30%的林分其土壤微生物生物量与酶活性状况达到最佳。     

鄱阳湖湿地不同植物群落土壤养分和土壤酶活性垂直分布特征

研究鄱阳湖湿地不同植物群落土壤Bglu（β-葡萄糖苷酶）、NAG（乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶）、Bxyl（β-木糖苷酶）、Phos（酸性磷酸酶）、Phox（酚氧化酶）、Pero（过氧化物酶）活性、土壤养分、土壤微生物量碳（SMBC）、土壤微生物量氮（SMBN）、土壤微生物量磷（SMBP）垂直分布特征。结果表明:土壤有机碳（SOC）、全氮（STN）、全钾（STK）、碱解氮（SAN）、速效磷（SAP）和速效钾（SAK）在深度上呈递减趋势,也即随着土层深度的增加而逐渐降低,在0-20 cm土壤与其他深层土壤之间存在显著的差异性;对于不同植物群落土壤养分平均值而言,由湖滨高滩地到沉水植物区,土壤养分呈增加趋势（均表现为沉水植物区 > 湿生植物区 > 挺水植物区 > 湖滨高滩地）。随土壤剖面深度的增加,不同植物群落SMBC,SMBN和SMBP在深度上呈递减趋势,其中表层SMBC,SMBN和SMBP分别占所研究整个剖面的27.37%,27.22%和29.75%,由湖滨高滩地到沉水植物区,土壤微生物量呈增加趋势（均表现为沉水植物区 > 湿生植物区 > 挺水植物区 > 湖滨高滩地）,其中SMBC,SMBN平均值在不同植物群落中差异均显著（p<0.05）。鄱阳湖湿地沿垂直剖面分布的土壤酶活性与微生物量的变化规律相一致,6种酶（Bglu,Bxyl,NAG,Phos,Pero,Phox）活性随土壤剖面深度的增加显著降低,在0-20 cm达到最大;由湖滨高滩地到沉水植物区,土壤酶活性呈增加趋势（均表现为沉水植物区 > 湿生植物区 > 挺水植物区 > 湖滨高滩地）。相关性分析表明,微生物特性SMBC和SMBN与土壤酶活性的相关性系数较大,表明SMBC和SMBN是影响土壤微生物活性的最主要因素。双因素分析表明,SOC,STN,SAN,SMBC,SMBN,Bglu活性,Bxyl活性,Phos活性,Phox活性均极显著地受到植被和土层深度的影响（p<0.01）,而STP,SAP和SMBP对土层、植被及两者间交互作用均未表现出显著性响应（p>0.05）。综合分析表明,鄱阳湖湿地土壤微生物功能特性之间具有相互促进作用,具有一定的协同作用。     

渤海泥质海岸四种典型防护林对土壤微生物生物量、酶活性及土壤养分的影响

为了探究不同造林树种对泥质海岸林地土壤微生物生物量、酶活性及养分的影响,以渤海泥质海岸相同立地条件和营林方式的白榆(Ulmus pumila)纯林(UP)、刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)纯林(RP)、白蜡(Fraxinus chinensis)纯林(FC)、群众杨(Populus popularis)纯林(PP)为研究对象,对照当地自然生灌草地(CK),研究4种典型防护林林下土壤微生物生物量碳(SMBC)、氮(SMBN)、土壤酶活性及养分的变化。结果表明:在0~10 cm土层内,UP防护林下SMBC、SMBN含量均高于对照灌草地;在10~30 cm土层内,4种防护林SMBC含量均增加。4种防护林均降低了土壤过氧化氢酶与土壤脲酶活性。UP、RP、PP防护林下土壤碱性磷酸酶均显著高于CK,FC显著降低。UP防护林显著增加土壤蔗糖酶活性。4种防护林均显著提高土壤全磷含量,降低土壤pH值。在渤海泥质海岸防护林下,SMBC、SMBN与土壤蔗糖酶、有机碳、全氮、速效磷呈显著正相关,相关系数在0.65~0.83之间。综合分析表明,在渤海泥质海岸带,UP对土壤改良效果最佳,RP、FC、PP防护林改良效果次之。     

玉米深松分层施肥和小麦限水灌溉对土壤微生物量碳、氮及酶活性的影响

小麦—玉米两熟为华北平原主要种植制度,以玉米季深松分层施肥和常规施肥定位试验为基础,研究小麦开花期土壤微生物量碳(SMBC)、微生物量氮(SMBN)及酶活性对玉米季不同施肥方式和小麦不同灌水处理的响应。以冬小麦开花期农田土壤为研究对象,采用裂区试验设计,玉米季常规施肥(F1)和深松分层施肥(F2)为主区,小麦季3个灌溉处理为副区,分别为春季不灌水(W0)、春1水(拔节期灌水75 mm,W1)、春2水(拔节期和开花期灌水150 mm,W2)。结果表明:(1)玉米季深松施肥有利于提高氮、磷、钾的供应,改善土壤肥力,对小麦开花期耕层土壤理化性状影响显著。0—20,20—40 cm土层,F2W2处理土壤含水量和硝态氮含量显著高于其他处理,含水量受深松施肥和灌水的共同影响,而且互作效应显著;硝态氮受水分处理影响显著大于深松施肥因素。(2)SMBC和SMBN同时受深松施肥和灌水处理的共同影响,小麦季灌水处理可显著提高0—20 cm土层SMBC和SMBN含量,土壤含水量具有极显著影响(p<0.05),贡献率为78.3%;20—40 cm土层,玉米季施肥方式和小麦季灌水处理对SMBC和SMBN含量均有显著影响,且二者交互作用对SMBN影响显著,土壤含水量贡献率为86.3%。0—20 cm F2W2处理SMBN含量为94.16 mg/kg,显著高于其他处理;20—40 cm F2W2处理SMBN和SMBC含量分别为57.57,243.77 mg/kg,显著高于其他处理;SMBC和SMBN与有机碳、速效钾和硝态氮含量呈显著正相关,与土壤含水量呈极显著正相关。(3)玉米季相同施肥条件下,0—20 cm各处理土壤蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶活性均表现为W2＞W1＞W0,且差异显著;小麦季相同水分管理条件下,0—20 cm土层蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶活性F2处理最高,显著高于F1;0—20 cm土层蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶与速效钾和速效磷呈显著正相关,2个土层土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶活性与土壤含水量呈显著或极显著正相关关系。(4)F2W2处理小麦产量最高,养分携出量较其他处理显著提高,小麦产量和养分携出量与土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶活性和微生物量碳、氮含量均呈显著或极显著正相关。因此,小麦季灌溉拔节水和开花水结合玉米季分层深松施肥管理措施可有效促进土壤养分活化,提升土壤质量和保障土壤可持续生产。     

紫外分光光度法测定农田土壤微生物生物量氮可行性初探

采用氯仿熏蒸浸提-紫外分光光度法和消化法比较测定了田间定位试验不同施肥处理土壤、添加植物残体土壤、添加葡萄糖土壤的微生物生物量碳、氮(SMBC,SMBN)。结果表明,当土壤微生物生物量氮含量较高时(>20 mg kg-1),采用分光光度法与消化法测定的SMBN具有显著正相关关系(P<0.05),但当SMBN量较低时(<20 mg kg-1)时,分光光度法测定与消化法测定的SMBN没有显著相关性。当土壤中添加麦秸和玉米秸时,土壤浸提液颜色较深(黄色),不适合采用分光光度法测定SMBN。因此,熏蒸提取–分光光度法测定SMBN,仅适于土壤浸提液无色透明、且SMBN含量较高的土壤。     

不同有机堆肥对土壤性状及微生物生物量的影响

研究不同种类有机堆肥对土壤性状及微生物生物量的短期影响。采用盆栽试验的方式,探讨了施用50 g/kg 的啤酒污泥堆肥(BSC)、 牛粪堆肥(DMC)和菇渣堆肥(SMC)对土壤有机质、 氮磷钾含量、 容重、 持水性、 土壤呼吸及微生物生物量碳、 氮、 磷(SMBC、 SMBN、 SMBP)的影响。结果表明, 与对照相比,施用啤酒污泥、 牛粪和菇渣3种有机堆肥后,土壤中有机质、 全氮、 碱解氮、 有效磷、 速效钾含量显著增加,并且显著降低土壤容重和增大土壤孔隙度（P0.05）;经过1周土壤水分的变化,CK处理的土壤水分消耗率分别是BSC、 DMC和SMC处理的1.26、 1.24、 1.14倍;BSC、 DMC和SMC处理显著提高土壤呼吸（P0.05）,半年后分别与CK相比增加了142.17%、 114.30%、 105.39%;施用啤酒污泥、 牛粪和菇渣3种有机堆肥后显著增加SMBC、 SMBN、 SMBP含量（P0.05）,6个月后,SMBC含量分别是CK 的2.35、 1.84、 1.86倍,SMBN含量分别比 CK 高135.44%、 99.16%、 90.82%,SMBP含量分别是CK 的 2.76、 2.19、 2.04倍。啤酒污泥堆肥含有活性小颗粒对土壤性状和微生物生物量的影响最为明显,其次是牛粪堆肥,菇渣堆肥表现最差。     

Effect of tillage treatments upon soil tests for soil acidity,soil phosphorus and soil potassium at three soil depths

Abstract

Soil samples were obtained at 0–3, 3–6, 6–9 and 0–9 inch depths from experimental plots receiving five tillage treatments. Each of two samplers composited approximately six one‐inch cores from each plot. Soil samples were analyzed for acidity, P and K using routine analysis procedures in the University of Illinois Soil Testing Laboratory.

Few significant differences were attributed to sampler and it was concluded that samplers using similar sampling techniques were obtaining soil samples from the same population.

No significant differences in soil acidity at different depths were observed. The different tillage methods did significantly affect soil P at the 0–3 inch depth, but had no significant effect on soil P at deeper depths. Different tillage methods also significantly affected soil K values at different depths.     

Usability of soil survey soil texture data for soil health indicator scoring

Soil textural information is an important component underlying other soil health indicators. Soil texture analysis is a common procedure, but it can be labor intensive and expensive. Soil texture data typically are available from the Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) database, which may be an option for determining soil health texture groups (SHTG). The SSURGO database provides soil texture information in the soil map unit (SMU) name, taxonomic class category (family), and detailed values (≤ 2 mm soil fraction) of percent sand, silt and clay by soil horizon. The objective of this study was to examine the possibility of using SSURGO data for SHTG at the 147-ha Cornell University Willsboro Research Farm in New York state as an alternative for soil texture data determined manually on collected soil core samples. Comparative results revealed that representative values for soil texture from the SSURGO database generally matched measured mean values for all SMUs.     

土壤含水率与土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响

土壤含水率和土壤碱度是表征土壤物理化学性质的两个重要参数。通过室内三轴不固结不排水试验，研究了土壤含水率和土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响。试验处理采用5种土壤碱度(土壤可交换钠百分比ESP=0、5、10、20、40)和4种土壤质量含水率(0.05、0.10、0.20以及饱和含水率0.34)水平。试验结果显示，土壤黏聚力随着土壤含水率的增加基本上呈先增大后减小之趋势；当土壤含水率在0.10附近时黏聚力达到其最大值。土壤内摩擦角随着土壤含水率的增加而线性减小。土壤碱度对土壤黏聚力的影响机理较为复杂，其影响效果随土壤含水率的增加而减小；但土壤碱度对土壤内摩擦角的影响较小。土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响程度明显地小于土壤含水率对其的影响程度。     

Relationships between soil respiration and soil moisture

The interaction of soil microbes with their physical environment affects their abilities to respire, grow and divide. One of these environmental factors is the amount of moisture in the soil. The work we published almost 25 years ago showed that microbial respiration was linearly related to soil-water content and log-linearly related to water potential. The paper arose out of collaboration between two young researchers from different areas of soil science, physics and microbiology. The project was driven by not only our curiosity but also the freedom to operate without the constraints common to the current system of science management. The citation history shows three peaks, 1989, 1999 and from 2002 to the present day. Interestingly, the annual citation rate is as high as it has ever been. The initial peak is due to the application of the work to studies on microbial processes. The second peak is associated with the rise of simulation modelling and the third with the relevance of the findings to climate change research. In this article, our paper is re-evaluated in the light of subsequent studies that allow the principle of separation of variables to be tested. This re-evaluation lends further credence to the linear relationship proposed between soil respiration and water content. A scaled relationship for respiration and water content is presented. Lastly, further research is suggested and more recent work on the physics of gas transport discussed briefly.     

Relationship between soil respiration and soil moisture

Microbial activity is affected by changes in the availability of soil moisture. We examined the relationship between microbial activity and water potential in a silt loam soil during four successive drying and rewetting cycles. Microbial activity was inferred from the rate of CO₂ accumulating in a sealed flask containing the soil sample and the CO₂ respired was measured using gas chromatography. Thermocouple hygrometry was used to monitor the water potential by burying a thermocouple in the soil sample in the flask. Initial treatment by drying on pressure plates brought samples of the test soil to six different water potentials in the range -0.005 to -1.5MPa. Water potential and soil respiration were simultaneously measured while these six soil samples slowly dried by evaporation and were remoistened four times. The results were consistent with a log-linear relationship between water potential and microbial activity as long as activity was not limited by substrate availability. This relationship appeared to hold for the range of water potentials from ?0.01 to ?8.5 MPa. Even at ?0.01 MPa (wet soil) a decrease in water potential from ?0.01 to ?0.02 MPa caused a 10% decrease in microbial activity. Rewetting the soil caused a large and rapid increase in the respiration rate. There was up to a 40-fold increase in microbial activity for a short period when the change in water potential following rewetting was greater than 5 MPa. Differences in microbial activity between the wetter and drier soil treatments following rewetting to the original water potentials are discussed in terms of the availability of energy substrate.     

Volumetric soil measures for routine soil testing

Abstract

The design, dimensiors and materials for constructing volumetric soil measures for routine soil testing use are presented. Scoop calibration techniques are also described. Reproducibility of results obtained under routine laboratory, conditions are shown. The measures include volumes of 1.0‐, 2.5‐, 5.0‐ and 10‐ cm³ respectively.     

A soil core for routine soil sampling

Abstract

The design, materials and dimensions for constructing a coring device for sampling soil fauna and flora at different depths is described.     

An equivalent soil mass procedure for monitoring soil organic carbon in multiple soil layers

Soil carbon stocks are commonly quantified at fixed depths as the product of soil bulk density, depth and organic carbon (OC) concentration. However, this method systematically overestimates OC stocks in treatments with greater bulk densities such as minimum tillage, exaggerating their benefits. Its use has compromised estimates of OC change where bulk densities differed between treatments or over time periods. We argue that its use should be discontinued and a considerable body of past research re‐evaluated. Accurate OC estimations must be based on quantification in equivalent soil masses (ESMs). The objective of this publication is to encourage accurate quantification of changes in OC stocks and other soil properties using ESM procedures by developing a simple procedure to quantify OC in multiple soil layers. We explain errors inherent in fixed depth procedures and show how these errors are eliminated using ESM methods. We describe a new ESM procedure for calculating OC stocks in multiple soil layers and show that it can be implemented without bulk density sampling, which reduces sampling time and facilitates evaluations at greater depths, where bulk density sampling is difficult. A spreadsheet has been developed to facilitate calculations. A sample adjustment procedure is described to facilitate OC quantification in a single equivalent soil mass layer from the surface, when multiple‐layer quantification is not necessary.     

节水灌溉对盐渍土盐分调控与土壤微生物区系的影响

河套灌区是我国大型自流灌区之一,盐渍化是该区土壤主要障碍因素之一。目前,河套灌区葵花田生育期灌溉量约为1 100～1 200 m3hm-2,灌溉用水量偏大和地下水位偏高已成为制约当地灌溉农业可持续发展的主要障碍:一方面,水资源浪费严重;另一方     

自然侵蚀量和容许土壤流失量与水土流失治理标准

在总结分析国内有关自然侵蚀量、容许土壤流失量研究成果的基础上,探讨自然侵蚀量与容许土壤流失量的关系,讨论制订水土流失治理标准的思路。认为水土流失治理标准的确定有3个参考值：1）标准值,即一定条件下的容许土壤流失量,是水土流失治理至少要达到的目标,且随着对不同土地利用类型的功能需求与可实施的最佳水土保持措施、以及所在水土流失类型区的侵蚀危害与治理约束条件的不同而不同;2）理想值,即正常自然侵蚀状态下的土壤流失量;3）极端值,即土壤流失量为0,不发生水土流失。水土流失治理应是先控制到现时生态环境与社会经济条件下的容许土壤流失量范围内,逐步达到自然正常侵蚀量或制止水土流失的发生;还应引入环境伦理、环境美学及景观设计等理念,最终实现土地的可持续利用、区域生态系统的健康稳定及人与自然的和谐友好发展。