蔬菜地肥熟表层土壤中各形态磷的可淋洗性研究

肥熟表层是长期培肥形成的富磷表土层.为了解该类土层中积累磷的释放特性,本文选择了酸碱度和质地相差较大的5个代表性肥熟表层土壤样品,采用室内模拟淋洗和磷形态分析方法,研究了该类土层中磷的可淋洗性.结果表明,该类土层有很强的磷释放能力,从中释放出来的磷主要为无机态磷,其占总释放磷的86.68%～94.44%.可释放土壤磷的形态除水溶性磷(H2O-P)外,还有胶体表面吸附的无机磷(NaHCO3-Pi)、钙、镁结合态磷(HCl-P)、有机态P和土壤铁铝氧化物吸附的磷(NaOH-Pi)等形态;在淋洗过程中,H2O-P、NaHCO3-Pi和HCl-P的下降率分别达45.8%～58.1%、30.5%～43.2%和3.6%～49.0%.淋洗过程中磷的稳定性由低到高依次为水溶性磷和NaHCO3-Pi,而后期可能来自HCI-P.     

低分子量有机酸对土壤磷组分影响的Meta分析

【目的】过量施用磷肥导致土壤磷素累积，全磷含量升高，但是有效磷含量往往较低。低分子量有机酸能活化土壤难溶性磷、提高土壤磷素有效性，已成为研究热点之一。为探索提高土壤磷素有效性的途径，本文综合分析了低分子量有机酸对不同类型土壤磷组分的影响，为低分子量有机酸的合理施用和土壤有效磷的提升提供理论依据。【方法】通过收集近30年 (1990—2018年) 来国内外发表的低分子量有机酸活化土壤磷的文章，建立了831组包含“有效磷 (available-P)”相关内容的数据库。基于Meta分析 (Meta-analysis)，定量研究了不同土壤pH、全磷、有效磷含量、不同培养方式和培养时间及不同酸种类 (苹果酸、柠檬酸及草酸等) 和浓度等条件下，低分子量有机酸对土壤有效磷含量的影响。【结果】检索论文中的低分子量有机酸添加浓度在0～1 mol/L范围内。与不施低分子量有机酸的对照相比，低分子量有机酸可使土壤中钙磷、铝磷、铁磷、闭蓄态磷和有机磷含量分别降低27.1%、21.3%、15.5%、8.22%、5.42%，有效磷含量增加213%。石灰性土壤中，低分子量有机酸可将难溶性八钙磷 (Ca₈-P)、十钙磷 (Ca₁₀-P) 转化为可吸收态的二钙磷 (Ca₂-P)，Ca₈-P、Ca₁₀-P含量分别降低8.36%、11.8%，而Ca₂-P含量增加7.90%。在全磷含量 < 1 g/kg和有效磷含量 < 20 mg/kg的低磷土壤中，低分子量有机酸分别能使有效磷含量增加331%和343%，增磷效果分别比对应的全磷含量 ≥ 1 g/kg、有效磷 ≥ 20 mg/kg的高磷土壤高107%和189%。在酸性 (pH < 6) 和中性 (pH 6～8) 土壤中，低分子量有机酸分别能提高土壤有效磷含量329%和320%，在碱性 (pH > 8) 土壤中其增磷效果仅为56.9%。低分子量有机酸活化难溶性磷具有速效性和时效性，培养第1天土壤有效磷含量可增加257%，之后持续增加，在第10～20天达到最高值372%，20天后增磷效果持续减弱。振荡培养试验条件下，低分子量有机酸能使土壤有效磷含量增加334%，高于常规培养试验294%。当低分子量有机酸的添加浓度低于90 mmol/L时，酸浓度越高，其提升土壤磷有效性的效果越好。在所用的低分子有机酸中，草酸和柠檬酸提升磷有效性的效果较好，分别能增加有效磷含量288%和185%。【结论】低分子量有机酸活化土壤难溶性磷的效果受到土壤pH、全磷和有效磷含量的影响，也与添加的有机酸类型和浓度及添加的时间有关。低分子量有机酸提升土壤磷有效性的效果，在酸性和中性且全磷含量较低的土壤中较好。在低分子量有机酸添加量 < 90 mmol/L范围内，提升效果随添加量的增加而增加。作用的最佳效果出现在添加后的10～20天。添加草酸和柠檬酸对土壤有效磷的提升效果较好。     

低分子量有机酸对红壤无机磷活化的作用

采用室内模拟试验研究了低分子量有机酸,如草酸、柠檬酸、酒石酸和苹果酸在红壤无机磷活化中的作用。结果表明,相同浓度下,有机酸活化土壤磷的能力为柠檬酸酒石酸苹果酸。低浓度(0.5mmolL-1)时,草酸活化能力最小;高浓度(≥5mmolL-1)时,其活化能力最大。对同一种有机酸而言,土壤各无机磷形态活化量均随pH的升高而降低;且在同一酸度下,其活化量以铝磷(Al-P)为最多,铁磷(Fe-P)和钙磷(Ca-P)次之,闭蓄态磷(O-P)则最少。有机酸活化土壤无机磷酸盐应该是质子酸效应和有机酸阴离子络合效应共同作用的结果,且与磷酸盐的溶度积常数密切相关。研究结果对根系土壤无机磷素循环研究有着重要的意义。     

黄土高原石灰性土壤不同形态磷组分分布特征

以黄土高原自北向南采集的12个0～20 cm耕层土壤为供试土样,采用Tiessen和Moir修正的Hedley土壤有机无机磷分级方法研究了黄土高原石灰性土壤中不同形态磷组分的分布特征。结果表明:供试土壤各形态P总体分布特征为:HCl-P>Residual-P>NaHCO3-Po>NaHCO3-Pi>NaOH-Po>NaOH-Pi>H2O-P,以HCl-P和Residual-P为主,分别占土壤全磷的54.00%～88.96%和0～39.11%。黄土高原土壤磷含量总体分布表现为南高北低。在各土壤类型间,NaOH-Po、Residual-P和全磷平均含量表现为干润砂质新成土<黄土正常新成土<简育干润均腐土<土垫旱耕人为土,自北向南依次增加;H2O-P和HCl-P表现为简育干润均腐土<黄土正常新成土<干润砂质新成土<土垫旱耕人为土,自北向南先降后升,且上升幅度较大。黄土高原土壤全氮与全磷及各形态磷含量相关性均达显著水平,其中与NaOH-Pi、NaOH-Po、HCl-P及全磷含量达到极显著水平。C/N、pH及砂粒与全磷及各形态磷含量呈负相关关系,其中pH与NaHCO3-Po呈显著负相关,与H2O-P、NaHCO3-Pi、NaOH-Pi及HCl-P呈极显著负相关;砂粒与NaHCO3-Pi、Residual-P及全磷呈显著负相关。除NaHCO3-Po、NaOH-Po及Residual-P,CaCO3与其他各形态磷含量具有一定程度负相关。除NaOH-Pi和NaOH-Po外黏粒与其他各形态磷及全磷也具有一定程度负相关。土壤各形态磷组分和有效磷的多元回归分析发现,各形态磷中对有效磷贡献最大的是H2O-P,其次为NaOH-Pi和NaHCO3-Po;土壤各形态磷组分和有效磷逐步回归分析结果,进一步说明H2O-P的有效性最高。     

低分子量有机酸对土壤磷释放动力学的影响

模拟植物在缺磷条件下，根系所分泌的有机酸种类和数量，用流动法研究了柠檬酸，苹果酸，草酸和酒石酸对土壤磷释放的影响。结果表明：有机酸能明显促进土壤中磷的释放，不同有机酸对石灰性土壤活化能力大小的次序为草酸≥柠檬酸〉苹果酸〉酒石酸；而对酸性土壤磷的释放量与Ｆｅ＋Ａｌ释放量之间呈极 相关，有机酸活化土壤磷能力大小的次序为柠檬酸〉草酸〉酒石酸〉苹果酸。     

外源草酸影响下植酸酶对土壤磷素的活化效果

通过室内培养,采用Hedley修正体系磷素分级的方法,阐述了外源草酸影响下,植酸酶对土壤中磷素的活化效果。结果表明:同时施入草酸与植酸酶处理可提高土壤有效磷含量,显著高于空白、单施草酸或植酸酶的处理。从磷素各组分看,同时施入草酸与植酸酶处理能够显著提高土壤中水溶态磷(H2O-P)、活性无机磷(NaHCO3-Pi)、中等活性无机磷(NaOH-Pi)和中等活性有机磷(NaOH-Po)含量,均随着培养时间的延长而不断上升,在第40 d上升至最大值,与空白对照比较,分别高37.76%,21.14%,15.52%,24.44%;草酸+植酸酶处理的土壤,除NaHCO3-Pi外,其他活性高的磷含量均高于植酸酶处理;施入植酸酶各处理的土壤磷石灰型磷以及残留态磷含量均低于空白对照及草酸处理,且随着培养时间的延长其含量下降,到第40 d开始逐渐趋于平稳,此时,草酸+植酸酶处理磷石灰型磷以及残留态磷含量分别比培养前降低了28.71%与32.56%。得出结论,在外源草酸影响下,植酸酶可使土壤磷由活性低的组分转化为活性较高的组分,从而提高磷素的利用率。     

大豆根分泌物活化难溶性铝磷的研究

在酸性红壤上，土壤有效磷含量低，大部分磷以难溶性磷形式存在，这是影响作物生产的重要限制因素之一。作物根分泌物活化难溶性磷的能力对改善其磷素营养具有重要意义。本文系统研究了大豆根分泌物对难溶性铝磷的活化效果，同时运用阴、阳离子交换树脂将根分泌物分成阴离子组分、中性组分和阳离子组分，活化结果表明．阴离子组分对铝磷的活化量显著高于中性组分和阳离子组分。运用分子膜把根分泌物分成大于8K、8～3．5K、3．5～1K和小于1K组分．发现对铝磷活化量最大的组分为小于1K根分泌物组分。另外．小于1K阴离子组分对铝磷的活化量为缺磷13．2mg／pot，供磷可达9．3mg／pot，分别占总根分泌物活化量的71％和57％。运用离子色谱仪对小于1K阴离子组分根分泌物测定表明，供磷和缺磷处理．根系均能分泌少量的柠檬酸和苹果酸，约占铝处理的10％～20％，但处理之间差异不显著。上述研究表明．除有机酸影响难溶性铝磷活化之外，根分泌物中可能还存在其它物质对铝磷活化有促进作用，相关研究正在深入进行之中。     

低分子量有机酸对石灰性土壤磷素形态转化及有效性的影响

采用室内培养和化学分析的方法研究了几种低分子量有机酸对石灰性土壤中磷的活化作用。结果表明:供试有机酸通过溶解、螯合等作用均能不同程度地促进合成磷酸盐的磷素释放。活化DCP、ODP、Fe-P、A l-P的能力依次为柠檬酸>草酸>苹果酸>酒石酸>乙酸;活化FA的能力是草酸>柠檬酸>苹果酸>酒石酸>乙酸。同种有机酸作浸提剂时,有机酸浓度越高磷酸盐中磷素释放量也越大。施加各种有机酸可以不同程度地降低土壤中Fe-P、A l-P和Ca10-P,增加Ca2-P、Ca8-P和O-P含量,总的趋势是促进土壤中植物难以利用的无机磷形态向有效性较高的形态转化。这种促进作用大小顺序为草酸>柠檬酸>酒石酸。     

有机酸根与铝氧化物表面吸附磷的解吸

研究了有机酸根离子与合成铝氧化物表面吸附磷解吸的相互关系。结果表明:（1）有有机酸时比无有机酸时吸附的磷具有更高的解吸率，无草酸且加磷pH为4时，0.01molL-1KCI对磷的解吸率最低，草酸与磷共存且pH为6时磷的解吸率最高;（2）高浓度有机酸可解吸低浓度有机酸难解吸的磷，草酸难解吸的磷可为等浓度的柠檬酸极解吸;（3）不同浓度草酸和柠檬酸对铝-草酸复合物吸附磷的解吸率比对Al（OH)x的低，而对铝-柠檬酸复合物吸附磷的解吸率则比对Al（OH）x的高;（4）柠檬酸对铝-磷复合物中磷的解吸量随柠檬酸浓度升高而增大。这些结果证明，有机酸对铝氧化物吸附磷的解吸机理包括配位交换和溶解，有机酸可促进磷的解吸，提高磷的有效性。     

低分子量有机酸对土壤有效磷及重金属释放影响的研究进展

农药化肥的过量施用、重金属矿产开发冶炼、污水灌溉等导致土壤磷素养分降低和重金属污染,对生态环境、粮食安全和人类健康带来一定的风险隐患。土壤低分子量有机酸是一类重要的土壤有机活性物质,在土壤质地、养分循环和重金属毒害等方面起重要作用,但低分子量有机酸对土壤磷素和重金属释放影响的研究尚没有系统归纳。本文结合国内外研究进展,综述了土壤低分子量有机酸的来源、浓度、功能及其影响因素,举例说明了低分子量有机酸种类、浓度等对土壤磷及重金属释放的影响。系统总结了低分子量有机酸对土壤磷活化及重金属释放的机制。低分子量有机酸与其他物质协同提升土壤磷素有效性和降低重金属污染,这些结果为土壤磷素有效性的提升和重金属污染土壤修复提供科学依据和技术支撑。     

免耕和秸秆覆盖对黑垆土磷素形态组分的影响

[目的]探究免耕及添加秸秆条件下黑垆土土壤磷组分特征及其与AM真菌侵染的关系,了解雨养农业区农业系统磷素利用效率。[方法]在陇东黄土高原黑垆土区域,测定传统耕作、传统耕作+秸秆覆盖、免耕和免耕+秸秆覆盖4种处理小麦—玉米—大豆轮作系统中玉米阶段土壤全磷、速效磷组分及AM真菌菌根侵染率。[结果]水土保持耕作处理实施9a后,免耕和秸秆覆盖处理下0—5cm土壤磷素含量显著提高,活性磷组分H2O—Pi,NaHCO3—Pi,NaOH—Pi分别比对照提高84.6%,85.2%和56.6%;活性无机磷(H2O—Pi,NaHCO3—Pi之和)和潜在活性磷(NaOH—Pi)分别占总无机磷的11.4%和4.5%,全磷含量与磷组分、速效磷与磷组分呈显著正相关,2个免耕处理菌根侵染率分别比对照增加20.8%和16.5%。[结论]免耕和秸秆覆盖显著提高了土壤磷含量,免耕对AM真菌菌根侵染率有积极影响。     

Path analysis of phosphorus activation capacity as induced by low-molecular-weight organic acids in a black soil of Northeast China

Purpose

The present study was designed to assess the potential effects of low-molecular-weight organic acids on the activation of inorganic phosphorus, obtain exact information on the acidity effect of proton and complex effect of organic anion in P availability, and determine the components among phosphorus fractions that contributed the most to inorganic phosphorus activation in black soil.

Materials and methods

Both oxalic and citric acids treated with different concentrations and pH values were carefully selected. The activating amounts of total inorganic phosphorus and individual phosphorus fractions were estimated. Path analysis was used to analyze the direct and indirect effects on inorganic phosphorus activation.

Results and discussion

The amount of total activating-P_i increased as the concentrations of oxalic and citric acids increased. When the concentrations were ≤?1.0 mmol L^?1, oxalic acid exhibited a lower capability than citric acid in total activating-P_i, but when the concentrations were ≥?1.5 mmol L^?1, oxalic acid exhibited a higher capability. The amount of total activating-P_i decreased as pH of LMWOAs increased. LMWOAs-induced P_i activation might be attributed to combine acidity and complex effects.

Conclusions

Correlation analysis showed that the activation of total P_i was significantly correlated with the activation of H₂O-P_i, NaHCO₃-P_i, NaOH-P_i, and HCl-P_i (p?<?0.05). Path analysis revealed that soil activating-H₂O-P_i mainly affected P_i activation through an indirect path. The contribution of activating-NaHCO₃-P_i alone was maximal on the total activating-P_i by both the direct and indirect effects, followed by activating-NaOH-P_i and activating-HCl-P_i.

     

Effects of repeated manure and fertilizer phosphorus additions on soil phosphorus dynamics under a soybean-wheat rotation

 Soil P availability and efficiency of applied P may be improved through an understanding of soil P dynamics in relation to management practices in a cropping system. Our objectives in this study were to evaluate changes in plant-available (Olsen) P and in different inorganic P (P_i) and organic P (P₀) fractions in soil as related to repeated additions of manure and fertilizer P under a soybean-wheat rotation. A field experiment on a Typic Haplustert was conducted from 1992 to 1995 wherein the annual treatments included four rates of fertilizer P (0, 11, 22 and 44 kg ha^–1 applied to both soybean and wheat) in the absence and presence of 16 t ha^–1 of manure (applied to soybean only). With regular application of fertilizer P to each crop the level of Olsen P increased significantly and linearly through the years in both manured and unmanured plots. The mean P balance required to raise Olsen P by 1 mg kg^–1 was 17.9 kg ha^–1 of fertilizer P in unmanured plots and 5.6 kg ha^–1 of manure plus fertilizer P in manured plots. The relative sizes of labile [NaHCO₃-extractable P_i (NaHCO₃-P_i) and NaHCO₃-extractable P₀ (NaHCO₃-P₀)], moderately labile [NaOH-extractable P_i (NaOH-P_i) and NaOH-extractable P₀ (NaOH-P₀)] and stable [HCl-extractable P (HCl-P) and H₂SO₄/H₂O₂-extractable P (resisual-P)] P pools were in a 1 : 2.9 : 7.6 ratio. Application of fertilizer P and manure significantly increased NaHCO₃-P_i and -P₀ and NaOH-P_i, and -P₀ fractions and also total P. However, HCl-P and residual-P were not affected. The changes in NaHCO₃-P_i, NaOH-P_i and NaOH-P₀ fractions were significantly correlated with the apparent P balance and were thought to represent biologically dynamic soil P and act as major sources and sinks of plant-available P. Received: 23 October 1997     

Phosphorus fractions and phosphorus delivery potential of a luvisol derived from loess amended with organic materials

In a long-term field experiment, started in 1962, the fate of P applied with different organic materials [farmyard manure (FYM), compost and sewage sludge] in comparison to mineral fertilizer was investigated. Soil samples were collected after 38 years' continuous addition of these amendments to a luvisol derived from loess and cultivated to a cereal-root crop sequence. The total P (P_t) content of all treatments increased compared with the original soil; NaOH-inorganic P (NaOH-P_i) representing Fe- and Al-bound P was the dominant inorganic fraction. At the beginning of the experiment the various P pools could be quantitatively ranked in the following order: NaOH-P_i>residual P~NaHCO₃-P_i>H₂O-P>HCl-P. The order changed as follows: NaOH-P_i>NaHCO₃-P_i>residual P~H₂O-P>HCl-P, with transformations of non-labile residual P to the labile NaHCO₃-P_i pool with continued P fertilization and cropping. In addition, the content of organic P (P_o) forms (NaOH-P_o and NaHCO₃-P_o) increased. P_t delivery potential (desorbable P pool) increased between 35% and 185% compared to the P delivery potential in 1962. Compared to mineral fertilizer application, the application of organics resulted in a significantly higher, and FYM in a lower, P adsorption capacity of soils. The calcium lactate-extractable P (plant-available P) increased from 43.1 mg kg^-1 soil in 1962 to 175.9 mg kg^-1 soil in the treatment with 49 t compost ha^-1. The increase in the citrate-dithionate Fe-O ranged between 44% and 154% in the different treatments compared to the Fe-O content in 1962. In a pot experiment with soil from the field experiment, P removal by ryegrass was in the following sequence: FYM>compost=sewage sludge>mineral fertilizer.     

Long-Term Wheat Residue Management and Supplementary Nutrient Input Effects on Phosphorus Fractions and Adsorption Behavior in a Vertisol

The management of crop residues coupled with external nutrient inputs is important for improving and conserving soil fertility and productivity. We assessed the long-term effects of three wheat residue management options (RMO) (residue burning, incorporation, and surface retention) in combination with three supplementary nutrient inputs (SNI) [control, fertilizer, and farmyard manure (FYM)] on phosphorus (P) fractions and adsorption behavior of a Vertisol under soybean–wheat system. Wheat residue incorporation and retention improved the labile inorganic P [sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃-P_i)] by 3.2 and 5.0 mg kg^?1 and the labile organic P (NaHCO₃-P_o) by 2.4 and 4.2 mg kg^?1, respectively, as compared to residue burning. The soils under residue incorporation and retention had 38 and 26% more moderately labile organic P [sodium hydroxide (NaOH-P_o)], respectively, than the soil under residue burning. The SNI either as fertilizer or FYM further enhanced NaHCO₃-P_i, NaHCO₃-P_o, and NaOH-P_o. In contrast, less labile P fractions [hydrochloric acid (HCl)-P and residual-P] remained unaffected by RMO and SNI treatments. Residue retention or incorporation decreased P adsorption over the residue burning for all the three nutrient inputs. The P-adsorption data fitted well to the Langmuir equation (R² ranged from 0.970 to 0.994). The P-adsorption maximum (b), bonding energy constant (k), differential P-buffering capacity (DPBC), and standard P requirement (SPR) were lower with residue incorporation or surface retention than with residue burning. The SPR followed the order residue burning > incorporation > retention for RMOs and control > fertilizer > FYM for SNI treatments. The NaHCO₃-P_i, NaHCO₃-P₀, and NaOH-P_o had negative correlation with P-adsorption parameters and showed positive correlation with soybean P uptake. Wheat residue incorporation or retention plus FYM could be an effective strategy for enhancing the P fertility of Vertisols under a soybean–wheat system.     

低分子量有机酸对不同合成磷源的释磷效应

采用化学浸提方法,研究了5种低分子量有机酸(草酸、柠檬酸、酒石酸、苹果酸、乙酸)对不同合成磷源的释磷效应。结果表明:供试有机酸(低浓度乙酸除外)均能促进不同合成磷源(DCP、OCP、FA、Fe-P、A l-P)中磷素的释放;其释磷效果与有机酸的种类和浓度有关,强弱顺序依次为柠檬酸、草酸、酒石酸、苹果酸、乙酸,有机酸浓度越高其释磷效果越好;有机酸与氟磷灰石(FA)反应后,溶液pH值升高。低浓度条件下pH值变化较大,而高浓度条件下pH值变化较小。     

Transformation of added phosphorus to acid upland soils with different soil properties in Indonesia

Abstract

The transformation of added phosphorus (P) to soil and the effect of soil properties on P transformations were investigated for 15 acid upland soils with different physicochemical properties from Indonesia. Based on oxide-related factor scores (aluminum (Al) plus 1/2 iron (Fe) (by ammonium oxalate), crystalline Al and Fe oxides, cation exchange capacity, and clay content) obtained from previous principal component analyses, soils were divided into two groups, namely Group 1 for soils with positive factor scores and Group 2 for those with negative factor scores. The amounts of soil P in different fractions were determined by: (i) resin strip in bicarbonate form in 30 mL distilled water followed by extraction with 0.5 mol L^?1 HCl (resin-P inorganic (P_i) that is readily available to plant), (ii) 0.5 mol L^?1 NaHCO₃ extracting P_{i and} P organic (P_o) (P which is strongly related to P uptake by plants and microbes and bound to mineral surface or precipitated Ca-P and Mg forms), (iii) 0.1 mol L^?1 NaOH extracting P_i and P_o (P which is more strongly held by chemisorption to Fe and Al components of soil surface) and (iv) 1 mol L^?1 HCl extracting P_i (Ca-P of low solubility). The transformation of added P (300 mg P kg^?1) into other fractions was studied by the recovery of P fractions after 1, 7, 30, and 90 d incubation. After 90 d incubation, most of the added P was transformed into NaOH-P_i fraction for soils of Group 1, while for soils of Group 2, it was transformed into resin-P_i, NaHCO₃-P_i and NaOH-P_i fractions in comparable amounts. The equilibrium of added P transformation was reached in 30 d incubation for soils of Group 1, while for soils of Group 2 it needed a longer time. Oxide-related factor scores were positively correlated with the rate constant (k) of P transformation and the recovery of NaOH-P_i. Additionally, not only the amount of but also the type (kaolinitic) of clay were positively correlated with the k value and P accumulation into NaOH-P_i. Soils developed from andesite and volcanic ash exhibited significantly higher NaOH-P_i than soils developed from granite, volcanic sediments and sedimentary rocks. Soil properties summarized as oxides-related factor, parent material, and clay mineralogy were concluded very important in assessing P transformation and P accumulation in acid upland soils in Indonesia.     

Changes in phosphorus fractions in three tropical soils amended with corn cob and rice husk biochars

ABSTRACT

The formation of phosphorus (P) compounds including iron-P, aluminum-P and calcium-P in highly weathered tropical soils can be altered upon biochar addition. We investigated the effect of corn cob biochar (CC) and rice husk biochar (RH) pyrolyzed at three temperatures (300°C, 450°C and 650°C) on phosphorus (P) fractions of three contrasting soils. A 90d incubation study was conducted by mixing biochar with soil at a rate of 1% w/w and at 70% field capacity. Sequential P fraction was performed on biochar, soil and soil-biochar mixtures. Increase in most labile P (resin-P_i, NaHCO₃-P_i) and organic P fraction (NaHCO₃-P_o + NaOH-P_o) in CC and RH biochars were inversely related to increasing temperature. HCl-P_i and residual P increased with increasing temperature. Interaction of CC and RH with soils resulted in an increase in most labile P as well as moderately labile P (NaOH-P_i) fractions in the soils. CC increased most labile P in the soils more than RH. The increase in most labile P fraction in soils was more significant at relatively lower temperatures (300°C and 450°C) than 650°C. However, the increase in HCl-P_i and residual P of the soils was more predominant at high temperature (650°C). The study suggested that biochar pyrolyzed at 300–450°C could be used to increase P bioavailability in tropical soils.     

Phosphorus fractions in an acid soil continuously fertilized with mineral and organic fertilizers

The effect of different treatments on the fate of applied P was investigated in a long-term field experiment started in 1972–1973 following a maize–wheat sequence. The soil samples were collected after 29 years of continuous addition of mineral fertilizers and amendments such as farmyard manure (FYM) and lime. The total P content of all the treatments increased compared to the original soil; NaOH-inorganic P (P_i) (NaOH-P_i) representing Fe and Al-bound P was the dominant P_i fraction. At the beginning of the experiment (1972–1973), the various P pools could be quantitatively ranked in the following order: residual P>NaOH-organic P (P_o)>NaOH-P_i>NaHCO₃-P_o>NaHCO₃-P_i>HCl-P>H₂O-P. As a result of continued P fertilization and cropping, the order changed as follows: residual P>NaOH-P_i>NaOH-P_o>NaHCO₃-P_i>NaHCO₃-P_o>HCl-P>H₂O-P. Compared to the imbalanced mineral fertilizer application, the balanced as well as integrated application of nutrients resulted in significantly lower P adsorption capacity of soils. The Olsen extractable-P fraction (plant-available P) increased from about 12 mg kg^–1 soil in 1972 to about 81 mg kg^–1 soil in the treatments receiving P for the last 29 years.     

低分子量有机酸对石灰性土壤有机磷组成及有效性的影响

为探索提高土壤磷素有效性的途径,采用室内培养的方法,研究不同有机酸对土壤速效磷含量及有机磷组分的影响。结果表明,添加有机酸后土壤速效磷含量发生显著变化,其中草酸处理下土壤速效磷含量显著高于其他处理,而柠檬酸和苹果酸对土壤速效磷含量具有抑制作用,其活化量为负值;随着培养时间的延长,速效磷含量缓慢降低。速效磷含量随着草酸浓度的升高而升高,随着苹果酸、柠檬酸浓度的升高而降低;有机酸处理后,土壤活性、中活性、中稳性有机磷升高,高稳性有机磷降低,这说明有机酸能促进土壤有机磷由有效性低的形态逐步向有效性高的形态转化,其中草酸的作用效果总体上较柠檬酸和苹果酸强。