兴文县香椿人工林土壤物理性质研究

以柳杉人工林、柏木人工林及耕地为对照,研究了不同定植年限香椿人工林的土壤物理性质变化。结果表明:①香椿人工林土壤体积质量随定植年限的增长而减小,不同林分在0~40 cm土层中,土壤体积质量以定植4年香椿林为最大,柏木人工林最小,分别为1.58 g/cm3和1.31 g/cm3。②随定植年限增加,土壤孔隙度、持水量及贮水量均增大,各林地及耕地土壤孔隙度、持水量及贮水量均随土壤深度的增加而减小。③在0~40 cm土层中,柏木人工林的总孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度最大,香椿人工林次之,耕地最小;而毛管孔隙度香椿人工林最大,柳杉人工林最小。④在0~40 cm土层中,各林地及耕地土壤最大持水量、毛管持水量及田间持水量均为柏木人工林香椿人工林柳杉人工林耕地,土壤贮水量为香椿人工林柳杉人工林耕地柏木人工林。⑤香椿人工林土壤物理性质随林龄的增加而改善,明显优于柳杉人工林及耕地,仅某些指标较差于柏木人工林。     

三峡库区高砾石含量紫色土优先流形态特征

以三峡库区王家桥小流域林地、耕地和园地为研究对象,结合染色示踪技术,利用图像处理软件技术,通过计算优先流形态特征参数,分析3种土地利用类型下高砾石含量紫色土的优先流形态发育特征。结果表明:砾石平均含量表现为园地林地耕地,土壤大孔隙平均半径随着深度的增加而减小。林地优先流运动深度可达60cm,剖面染色区域呈现明显的不规则性,耕地染色深度集中在0—15cm土层,染色区域分布均匀,但染色面积小,且存在大量的侧向流,园地染色范围广,优先路径连通性好。染色路径数表现为园地林地耕地,说明园地优先流发育较活跃,优先路径分化程度较高,染色路径宽度20mm的染色路径数量分布特征与染色路径总数分布特征相近,是紫色土壤中流染色路径的主要组成部分,壤中流类型主要为低相互作用大孔隙流。砾石和大孔隙特征共同影响土壤水分运动过程。     

鲁中山区小流域不同土地利用类型的土壤分形及水分入渗特征

为探讨坡耕地土壤入渗性能退化特征与分形机制,对鲁中山区选择典型小流域,运用土壤分形和水文学原理与方法,通过测定坡耕地、弃耕地、生态林地和经济林地4种土地利用类型的土壤分形特征与入渗性能,探讨土壤人渗速率与土壤颗粒分维及孔隙分维的定量关系。结果表明：1）不同土地利用类型土壤稳渗速率表现为坡耕地〉弃耕地〉生态林地〉经济林地,土壤颗粒分维数与孔隙分维数表现为生态林地〉经济林地〉弃耕地〉坡耕地;2）研究区土壤颗粒分维与孔隙分维数之间显著正相关,二者与土壤黏粒及粉粒体积分数显著正相关、与土壤入渗速率显著负相关;3）霍顿入渗模型和幂函数模型比较适用于拟合研究区土壤入渗过程与入渗速率,而菲利浦模型的适用性较差。因此,研究区土壤具有粗骨性砂土的物理特性,坡耕地耕作会加剧土壤中粉粒和黏粒等细粒物质流失,降低土壤颗粒分布与孔隙分布的均匀性及其分维数,导致土壤入渗性能增强但水肥保蓄性能降低。     

渭北旱塬区典型农业耕作土壤微形态分形研究

利用分形几何的方法,对渭北旱塬典型旱作农业土壤微形态的分形特征进行了研究.在对土壤薄片详细观察的基础上,以土壤微形态数字图像为基础,利用SISC IAS V8.0 软件提取了土壤孔隙与粗颗粒的有关参数,并用计盒维数法计算了其分形维数.结果表明,土壤孔隙分形维数与孔隙率、孔隙面积和周长呈现较好的相关性(依次为0.778 74,0.685 58,0.814 87),粗颗粒分形维数与粗颗粒的含量、面积和周长也呈现较好的相关性(相关系数依次为0.984 18,0.984 06,0.930 10).说明了利用土壤微形态获得的土壤分形维数能够反映土壤结构的空间分布和变异规律,也反映了农业耕作活动对土壤的影响.     

重庆缙云山典型林分土壤结构分形特征

 为了解长江三峡库区森林土壤的物理性质,运用分形原理,研究重庆缙云山4种典型林分林地土壤分形特征,建立土壤结构分维与土壤性质预测模型,运用弹性分析与边际分析,探讨土壤结构分形变化与土壤性质变化的关系。研究表明:土壤机械组成分维、微团聚体组成分维和孔隙组成分维可作为评价土壤结构的指标。不同林分林地土壤颗粒机械组成分维值为2.7～2.9,土壤微团聚体组成分维为2.5～2.8,土壤孔隙组成分维为2.3～2.8。从质地、微团聚体组成和孔隙组成来看,常绿阔叶灌丛土壤结构要明显优于其他林地土壤,而楠竹林最差。不同林分及农地土壤的微团聚体组成、机械颗粒组成和孔隙组成分维与土壤性质存在较明显相关关系,相关系数都在0.5以上。由弹性系数和边际量可以看出,机械分维的影响要大于微团聚体分维和孔隙组分维。这对进一步探讨分形学在土壤结构与土壤性质的应用方面有重要的意义。     

土壤团聚体颗粒有机碳对土地利用变化的响应

对福建省建瓯市山地红壤的天然林、人工林、次生林、园地和耕地5种典型土地利用方式的不同土层（0-10 cm、10-20 cm）土壤团聚体颗粒有机碳进行研究。结果表明：林地、桔园在大团聚体中表现随着粒径增大颗粒有机碳贮量增加的趋势。天然林转变为其他土地利用方式后,土壤团聚体颗粒有机碳贮量平均下降了74.35%,土壤颗粒有机碳损失发生在各个粒级团聚体中。亚热带山地红壤内林地转变为农地会导致土壤及其团聚体颗粒有机碳含量下降,颗粒有机碳可作为表达土地利用变化敏感性指标。     

关中东部地区退耕还林对土壤微形态的影响研究

用偏光显微镜和Sisc Ias V8.0软件对关中东部典型农耕地和花椒园土壤的微形态进行观察和分析,结果表明:耕地和花椒园土壤有相同的剖面构型Ap1-Ap2-BC;粗颗粒矿物组合均以石英和长石占优势;与耕地相比,花椒园土壤的有机质含量增多,粗颗粒趋于变小变圆的程度降低,C/F(10μm)值较大;残积黏土和无定形铁含量增加,孔隙所占比例增加。这说明短时间内退耕还林对土壤剖面的构造和矿物组合影响不明显,但是对土壤微形态有显著影响;花椒园土壤更有利于旱塬地区土壤的吸水和保水,使其有机质含量增加。     

重庆四面山不同林地土壤颗粒特征及其与土壤侵蚀的关系

通过对重庆四面山的槲栎林、川柯林、柳杉林和毛竹林4种林地土壤颗粒状况的分析,探讨不同林地土壤颗粒特征及其与土壤侵蚀之间的关系。结果表明：除柳杉林以外,其他林地土壤均属于级配良好土壤,毛竹林表层土壤颗粒的分散度较低、偏度较大,土壤颗粒分布不均衡,土壤流失程度较高。不同林地土壤的微团聚体分形维数表现为川柯林40-60cm层最小,柳杉林0-20cm层最大,微团聚体分形维数与〈0.001mm粒级微团聚体含量成正比,与0.25～0.05mm粒级微团聚体含量成反比。川柯林土壤团聚状况最高（19.38%）,分散率最低（32.13%）;柳杉林土壤团聚状况最低（10.88%）,分散率最高（74.41%）。     

不同退耕年限林草地土壤颗粒分形特征研究

选用不同退耕年限林地、草地各3块,对0—60cm土壤进行土壤机械组成及分形维数研究,分析土壤颗粒特征与土壤基本性质之间的相关关系。结果表明:随着退耕年限的增加,土壤粘粒含量与颗粒分形维数有增长趋势,林地较草地变化显著;林、草地中土壤颗粒分形维数随土层加深均降低,林地较草地降低明显;随着年限的增加,土壤基本性质得到改善,饱和含水率、总孔隙度、水稳性团聚体及有机质尤为显著;土壤颗粒分形维数与水稳性团聚体、饱和含水率、总孔隙度、有机质和粘粒含量均存在显著正相关关系。退耕还林还草可改善土壤基本性质,土壤质地有向粘性发展的趋势,土壤分形维数提高,其中以林地最为显著。     

鄂东南崩壁不同深度土层微形态特征及稳定性评价

为了深入认识崩壁不同深度土层微观结构特征和稳定性状况,选取鄂东南通城县一处发育完整的崩壁为研究对象,通过观察土壤薄片,定量和定性分析了崩壁6个不同深度土层的微形态特征,在此基础上,采用主成分分析对崩壁稳定性进行评价,并构建了崩壁稳定性评价体系的微形态指标最小数据集(MDS)。结果表明:(1)崩壁不同深度土层微形态差异显著。表土层土壤基质颜色呈现暗红色,基质比较高(0.91),团聚体和孔隙状况发育成熟,孔隙连通性较好。红土层基质颜色以红色为基调,随深度增加逐渐变浅,基质比为0.69(平均值),土壤团聚体结构弱发育,孔隙类型以囊孔和裂隙为主,连通性较差。砂土层主要以未风化完全的矿物颗粒为主,基质比极低(0.25),孔隙类型以矿物颗粒间隙为主。(2)各土层稳定性微形态评价得分从大到小排序为:表土层(TC₁)>红土层(TC₂>TC₃>TC₄)>砂土层(TC₅>TC₆),与多数土壤微形态指标间呈现显著正相关(p<0.05)。(3)崩壁土体稳定性微形态评价的最小数据集(MDS)由土壤基质颜色、土壤基质类型、土壤基质比、土壤团聚体、土壤微结构、总孔隙百分比和有机质含量7个指标构成。综上,不同深度土层微形态特征差异是崩壁土体稳定性具有层次分异性的重要因素之一。基于土壤微形态分析及建立的最小数据集评价体系,可以对崩壁土体的稳定性进行初步的监测。     

刺槐林和柠条林土壤剖面理化性质对比及相关性分析

为了研究黄土高原退耕林地土壤理化性质变化特征,探索土壤剖面不同深度土壤有机碳(SOC)及相关因素的相互响应机制,对安塞县纸坊沟流域1975年柠条林(N75)、1974年农地(H74)和1978年刺槐林(C78)100 cm深度土壤剖面的有机碳、全N、粒度、碳酸钙进行了差异度分析和线性相关性分析,结果表明:两个退耕林地SOC和全N含量在0—100 cm深度都有增加,但是C78主要表现在0—20 cm深度,而N75则主要表现在20—100 cm深度。相关度分析表明,H74在20—100 cm深度SOC含量、C/N值与0.002—0.02 mm粒径含量达显著、极显著相关,C78在40—100 cm深度SOC含量与<0.002 mm粒径含量显著相关,C/N值与<0.02 mm粒径含量由0—100 cm的负相关变为正相关。结果证明,退耕后柠条林地SOC和全N含量的变化主要表现在深层土壤上,刺槐林地的变化则主要表现在浅层土壤上;农地和刺槐林地深层土壤SOC主要吸附在细颗粒土壤上,性质较稳定。     

Characterization of Degraded Soils in the Humid Ethiopian Highlands

Hardpan is a major cause of land degradation that affects agricultural productivity in developing countries. However, relatively, little is known about the interaction of land degradation and hardpans. The objective of this study was, therefore, to investigate soil degradation and the formation of hardpans in crop/livestock‐mixed rainfed agriculture systems and to assess how changes in soil properties are related to the conversion of land from forest to agriculture. Two watersheds (Anjeni and Debre Mewi) were selected in the humid Ethiopian highlands. For both watersheds, 0–45 cm soil penetration resistance (SPR, n  = 180) and soil physical properties (particle size, soil organic matter, pH, base ions, cation exchange capacity, silica content, bulk density and moisture content) were determined at 15 cm depth increments for three land uses: cultivated, pasture and forest. SPR of agricultural fields was significantly greater than that of forest lands. Dense layers with a critical SPR threshold of ≥2000 kPa were observed in the cultivated and pasture lands starting at a depth of 15–30 cm but did not occur in the undisturbed forest land. Compared with the original forest soils, agricultural fields were lower in organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and exchangeable base cations; more acidic; had a higher bulk density and more fine particles (clay and silt); and contained less soluble silica. Overall, our findings suggest that soil physical and chemical properties in agricultural lands are deteriorated, causing disintegration of soil aggregates, resulting in greater sediment concentration in infiltration water that clogged up macro‐pores, thereby disconnecting deep flow paths found in original forest soils. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

SOIL ORGANIC CARBON STOCK AND FRACTIONS IN RELATION TO LAND USE AND SOIL DEPTH IN THE DEGRADED SHIWALIKS HILLS OF LOWER HIMALAYAS

The proportional differences in soil organic carbon (SOC) and its fractions under different land uses are of significance for understanding the process of aggregation and soil carbon sequestration mechanisms. A study was conducted in a mixed vegetation cover watershed with forest, grass, cultivated and eroded lands in the degraded Shiwaliks of the lower Himalayas to assess land‐use effects on profile SOC distribution and storage and to quantify the SOC fractions in water‐stable aggregates (WSA) and bulk soils. The soil samples were collected from eroded, cultivated, forest and grassland soils for the analysis of SOC fractions and aggregate stability. The SOC in eroded surface soils was lower than in less disturbed grassland, cultivated and forest soils. The surface and subsurface soils of grassland and forest lands differentially contributed to the total profile carbon stock. The SOC stock in the 1.05‐m soil profile was highest (83.5 Mg ha⁻¹) under forest and lowest (55.6 Mg ha⁻¹) in eroded lands. The SOC stock in the surface (0–15 cm) soil constituted 6.95, 27.6, 27 and 42.4 per cent of the total stock in the 1.05‐m profile of eroded, cultivated, forest and grassland soils, respectively. The forest soils were found to sequester 22.4 Mg ha⁻¹ more SOC than the cultivated soils as measured in the 1.05‐m soil profiles. The differences in aggregate SOC content among the land uses were more conspicuous in bigger water‐stable macro‐aggregates (WSA > 2 mm) than in water‐stable micro‐aggregates (WSA < 0.25 mm). The SOC in micro‐aggregates (WSA < 0.25 mm) was found to be less vulnerable to changes in land use. The hot water soluble and labile carbon fractions were higher in the bulk soils of grasslands than in the individual aggregates, whereas particulate organic carbon was higher in the aggregates than in bulk soils. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Land-use effects on organic matter and physical properties of soil in a southern Mediterranean highland of Turkey

Forest and grassland soils in highlands of southern Mediterranean Turkey are being seriously degraded and destructed due to extensive agricultural activities. This study investigated the effects of changes in land-use type on some soil properties in a Mediterranean plateau. Three adjacent land-use types included the cultivated lands, which have been converted from pastures for 12 years, fragmented forests, and unaltered pastures lands. Disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were collected from four sites at each of the three different land-use types from depths of 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm in Typic Haploxeroll soils with an elevation of about 1400 m. When the pasture was converted into cultivation, soil organic matter (SOM) pool of cultivated lands for a depth of 0–20 cm were significantly reduced by, on average 49% relative to SOM content of the pasture lands. There was no significant difference in SOM between the depths in each land-use type, and SOM values of the forest and pasture lands were almost similar. There was also a significant change in soil bulk density (BD) among cultivation (1.33 Mg m⁻³), pasture (1.19 Mg m⁻³), and forest (1.25 Mg m⁻³) soils at depth of 0–20 cm. Only for the pasture, BD of the depth of 0–10 cm was significantly different from that of 10–20 cm. Depending upon the increases in BD and disruption of pores by cultivation, total porosity decreased accordingly. Cultivation of the unaltered pasture obviously increased the soil erodibility measured by USLE-K factor for each soil depth, and USLE-K factor was approximately two times greater in the cultivated land than in the pasture indicating the vulnerability of the cultivated land to water erosion. The mean weight diameter (MWD) and water-stable aggregation (WSA) were greater in the pasture and forest soils compared to the cultivated soils, and didn’t change with the depth for each land-use type. Aggregates of >4.0 mm size were dominant in the pasture and forest soils, whereas the cultivated soils comprised aggregates of the size ≤0.5 mm. I found that samples collected from cultivated land gave the lowest saturated hydraulic conductivity values regardless of soil depths, whereas the highest values were measured on samples from forest soils. In conclusion, the results showed that the cultivation of the pastures degraded the soil physical properties, leaving soils more susceptible to the erosion. This suggests that land disturbances should be strictly avoided in the pastures with the limited soil depth in the southern Mediterranean highlands.     

基于FRN技术的我国不同地区典型土壤保持措施的有效性评价

选择中国西南-东北样带4个典型土壤侵蚀区,包括位于长江上游的西昌,黄土高原延安,北方风蚀区的丰宁和东北黑土区的拜泉,应用环境放射性核素(FRN)技术研究了不同土壤保持措施在减少土壤侵蚀、改善土壤质量方面的作用。在西昌,137Cs和210Pbex的测定结果表明,不同植被覆盖结构减少土壤侵蚀的作用为:灌木>有地被物的乔木>草类>无地被物的乔木;在延安,利用137Cs示踪技术对坡地景观的产沙量估算结果表明,梯田和林草地相对于坡耕地产沙量分别减少了49%和80%,林草地的土壤有机质、碱解氮和速效磷含量相对于坡耕地分别增加了255%、198%和18%,梯田土壤有机质、碱解氮和速效磷含量分别增加了121%、103%和162%,而土壤容重分别降低了1.6%和6.4%;在丰宁,对7Be的测定结果表明,与传统耕作方式相比,4年免耕+作物高留茬(50～56cm)和免耕+作物低留茬(25cm)分别使土壤侵蚀速率下降44%和33%;在拜泉,通过137Cs测定结果发现,坡改梯使土壤流侵蚀降低14%,等高耕作使土壤侵蚀量减少了34%。研究结果说明,灌木林覆盖、林草复合结构是控制西南侵蚀山地土壤侵蚀的优选生物配置措施,梯田和林草复合结构在控制黄土高原土壤侵蚀和改善土壤质量方面有重要作用,免耕+高留茬措施是我国北方风蚀区防治土壤侵蚀退化的有效措施,等高耕作应当成为防治东北黑土区土壤侵蚀的关键措施。     

黄土丘陵区典型人工幼林土壤水分特征

为明确黄土丘陵区典型人工幼林土壤水分时空变化特征,采用ECH₂O土壤水分监测系统,基于标准径流小区坡面土壤水分观测方法,收集土壤水分及气象数据,分析了撂荒地与不同类型人工幼林土壤水分状况及时间稳定性。结果表明：(1)与撂荒地相比,人工幼林土壤含水量整体较低,且具有明显的季节性变化特征,变化趋势基本一致,均随降水量的增加(减少)而升高(降低);(2)不同类型人工林土壤水分垂直分布差异较大,相较于撂荒地,刺槐和油松在50 cm深度土层土壤含水量较低,在80—120 cm深度土层土壤含水量较高,丁香幼林土壤水分整体偏低;(3)油松和撂荒地土壤水分代表深度分别为：120 cm和80 cm,决定系数(R²≥0.9)和纳什系数(NSE≥-0.1)对该结果的评价显示土壤水分代表深度的选择均是可接受的,刺槐和丁香不同深度土层土壤水分差异较大。研究认为,在黄土丘陵区,人工幼林显著影响土壤水分垂直分布规律,土壤含水量整体呈低态势,相较于撂荒地,刺槐和丁香土壤水分变异性较大,油松较为稳定。     

蒸渗仪控制下烤烟土壤水分的时空动态研究

采用蒸渗仪试验,研究了不同水分处理下烤烟土壤水分时空动态变化。结果表明,全生育期0～20cm土层水分含量变化最为活跃,20～40cm土层次之,40～60cm土层较为稳定;建立了不同土层土壤含水量随时间变化的数学模型,以此来推测烤烟土壤水分随时间的变化动态;烤烟伸根、旺长、成熟期的计划湿润层深度分别以20～30cm,50～60cm,30～40cm较佳;各时期适宜土壤相对含水量水分处理组合以60%-80%-70%或60%-80%-60%优于其它组合。     

山西榆次不同植被土壤水分有效性与干燥化效应

为了对山西省山区土壤干旱程度和水资源利用情况进行研究,通过称重法研究了山西榆次区不同植被(樱桃林地、耕地、枣树林地和杨树林地)及撂荒地土壤剖面水分变化特征、水分有效性及干燥化效应。结果表明:土壤平均含水量从小到大依次为杨树林地(8.10%)、枣树林地(9.94%)、撂荒地(10.70%)、樱桃林地(14.47%)和耕地(14.53%)。各植被下土层均有不同程度的干层发育,其中耕地和樱桃林地土壤为轻度干层,撂荒地主要为中度干层,而枣树林地与杨树林地则发育了中重度干层。杨树林地各土层均为无效水,枣树林地以无效水为主,撂荒地以无效水与难效水为主,耕地和樱桃林地受灌溉补给,以难效水与中效水为主。各植被中除杨树林地外,土壤水分含量均随土层深度增加先减后增。其中樱桃林地和枣树林地土壤水分都在0—3 m内呈递减趋势,3—5 m土壤水分迅速升高。耕地和撂荒地土壤含水量先减后增,均在2—2.5 m深度土层为含水量低值拐点。杨树林地土壤水分在0—3.5 m保持平稳,3.5—5 m水分呈下降趋势。     

典型黑土直型坡耕地土壤侵蚀强度的小波分析

土壤侵蚀导致东北黑土坡耕地土地质量严重退化,研究东北黑土区典型坡耕地的土壤侵蚀规律,对控制坡耕地的水土流失以及深化土壤侵蚀规律的认识具有重要的意义。本研究通过采集开垦近100年的黑土直型坡耕地的土壤样品,利用137Cs示踪技术,结合小波分析方法,研究了长坡长直型坡耕地50多年来土壤侵蚀强度的空间变化规律,结果显示4个断面顺坡方向上的坡面侵蚀强度均存在着坡长为142m的强弱交替变化的波动周期,这反映了长坡长直型坡土壤在长期的降雨侵蚀过程中,泥沙沿坡面输移的强弱交替变化。通过对4个断面的侵蚀速率的数学拟合发现,用正弦函数的和拟合的结果最好,R2均在0.96以上,进一步说明了直型坡面侵蚀随坡长变化的波动性规律。所研究的断面控制面积内平均侵蚀速率为3054 t.km-2.a-1。     

EXCLOSURE EFFECTS ON RECOVERY OF SELECTED SOIL PROPERTIES IN A MIXED BROADLEAF FOREST RECREATION SITE

Human‐caused trampling that results from excessive recreational use has caused damage to soil and vegetation in forest ecosystems in the Belgrad Forest of Istanbul. The objectives of this study were to examine effects of exclosure on selected soil properties and to determine the recovery time required for soil characteristics in a broadleaf forest recreation site. Litter biomass and topsoil (0–15 cm) were sampled in the forest, exclosure and recreational sites, and soil samples were analysed for saturation capacity, permeability, bulk density, total porosity, organic matter, root biomass, electrical conductivity and soil pH. Results showed that saturation capacity, permeability, total porosity and organic matter increased whereas bulk density decreased significantly in the topsoil under the exclosure, and all these soil properties in the topsoil of the exclosure were greater than those of recreational site. When effects of main factors were compared, averaging over sampling year and soil sampling depth, soils from the exclosure had significantly greater saturation capacity, permeability, total porosity, organic matter and litter biomass and lower bulk density values than the soils from recreational site. Six years of exclosure was effective in improving most of the soil properties in the topsoil. When topsoil and subsoil are considered together, it is obvious that a longer time period is needed for soil recovery in the forest recreational sites. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.