组配改良剂对重金属污染土壤-蔬菜系统的修复效果研究

采用大田实验研究复合污染土壤中添加组配改良剂FQ12(沸石∶羟基磷灰石=1∶2)对受污染土壤和蔬菜中Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn 4种重金属的影响。结果表明,在添加FQ12后,土壤中重金属交换态含量大幅降低。辣椒可食部位中Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn含量也显著降低,FQ12添加量8.0g/kg时降低效果最好,Pb、Cd、Cu分别降低91.1%,58.3%,95.3%;Zn则是在4.0g/kg时,最大降幅达到89.4%,其他部位也有不同程度降低。在添加FQ12后,在一定程度上可以降低空心菜可食部位中Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn含量。在添加量为8.0g/kg时,4种重金属总量均达到最大降幅,最为明显的是Pb和Cu分别降低55.9%和50.7%,根部各重金属含量变化不大。由此可知,FQ12的施用对2种蔬菜吸收土壤重金属起到有效的抑制作用。     

高羊茅和黑麦草对污染土壤Cd,Pb,Zn的富集特征

以潮褐土为供试土壤,通过模拟试验研究了高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)和黑麦草(Lolium multif lorum)对复合污染土壤Cd,Pb,Zn的富集特点。结果表明,在土壤Cd,Pb,Zn复合污染处理条件下,高羊茅Cd,Pb,Zn的平均富集量,地上部分别为5.76,19.77,418.18 mg/kg,地下部分别为129.82,256.66,354.66 mg/kg;黑麦草Cd,Pb,Zn的平均富集量,地上部分别为5.57,26.13,467.18 mg/kg,地下部分别为114.53,155.98,513 48 mg/kg。通过方差分析,这两种草坪草的重金属富集量没有显著差异,并且富集规律呈现较为一致的特点。地上部的富集量和土壤重金属含量的离子冲量呈显著的线性相关。这两种草坪草对其重金属的富集能力顺序为:Zn>Cd>Pb,其中对Zn的吸收呈现富集植物的特性规律,当土壤Zn含量>400 mg/kg时,其转运系数>1,地上部对Zn的富集能力很强,可作为Zn污染土壤的修复植物。通过偏相关和多元回归分析表明,这两种草坪草在土壤Cd,Pb,Zn复合污染条件下均未产生复合效应。     

污泥与施污土壤重金属生物活性及生态风险评价

将城市污泥以不同质量比施于土壤中构成污泥混合土壤,研究各污泥配比土壤中重金属的生物活性,并采用三种重金属评价方法(地累积指数法、潜在生态风险指数法、综合毒性指数模型)和黑麦草对重金属的吸收富集效果来对施污土壤中重金属具有的生态风险性进行评价。结果表明:污泥的添加使土壤中生物活性态Cd、Cu和Zn含量显著增加,对三种重金属具有活化作用,但对Pb却起到钝化作用。生态风险评价结果表明:污泥的添加使土壤中Pb呈现无污染和低生态风险;Cu和Zn呈现中度污染和低生态风险;Cd达到强度污染和重度生态风险,重金属潜在生态风险(RI)总体处于强度生态风险水平。当污泥添加比例大于6:10(污泥S3处理)时,施污土壤中重金属的综合毒性指数高于土壤对照。黑麦草对Cd、Pb、Cu和Zn的富集浓度与施污土壤中对应重金属的生物活性态含量存在显著正幂指数关系,同时黑麦草对施污土壤中Cd、Cu和Pb的富集能力大小与地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对三种重金属具有的生态风险性的评价结果具有一致性。     

污泥和水溶性重金属盐的植物有效性比较研究

采用盆栽方法研究了污泥中重金属的植物有效性,并与等量重金属盐进行了比较。结果表明,施用污泥50 g/kg土和100 g/kg土能明显增加番茄和玉米苗期地上部Zn、Cu、As的含量,对Cr、Ni、Pb含量影响不大。施用污泥可以降低玉米苗期地上部Cd的含量。施用污泥与施用等量水溶性重金属盐比较,污泥重金属有效性低于水溶性重金属盐的有效性。在土壤污泥施用量为50 g/kg时,污泥重金属在番茄苗期的Zn、Cu有效系数分别为80.9%和54.8%;玉米苗期Zn、Cu的有效系数分别为53.4%和70.3%;污泥用量为100 g/kg土时,污泥重金属在玉米苗期的Zn、As有效系数分别为74.5%和64.4%。     

土壤重金属复合污染的化学固定修复研究

本文研究糠醛渣、磷矿粉、风化煤3 种修复剂对重金属复合污染土壤的化学固定修复效果.结果表明:糠醛渣、磷矿粉、风化煤3 种修复剂都可一定程度地降低复合污染土壤中的Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd含量,其中以风化煤降低土壤有效态Zn、Cu的效果较好,在风化煤添加量为80 g/kg时土壤有效态Zn的含量降低了37.22%,土壤有效态Cu的含量降低了31.22%;磷矿粉处理修复Pb的效果比糠醛渣、风化煤好,在磷矿粉添加量为80 g/kg时,土壤有效态Pb的含量降低了23.79%;3 种修复剂都能显著降低土壤有效态Cd,在磷矿粉添加量为40 g/kg时,土壤有效态Cd的含量降低最显著,较对照降低了83.09%.在本试验条件下,3 种修复剂对4 种重金属复合污染土壤的修复效果,以Cd 较好,其次是Zn,对Pb的修复效果较差.     

添加凹凸棒土和钠基蒙脱石对铜锌镉污染红壤的改良效应研究

通过温室盆栽试验.开展了凹凸棒土和钠基蒙脱石处理对铜锌镉污染红壤的改良效应研究.结果表明:添加凹凸棒土和钠基蒙脱石处理能显著增加黑麦草(Lolium multiflorum Lam)两茬的地上部生物量(鲜重).未施入改良剂时,两茬黑麦草地上部的生物量分别为是7.60 g/盆和5.67 g/盆,添加80 g/kg 凹凸棒土处理的两茬地上部生物量分别增加了184%和15%添加80 g/kg钠基蒙脱石处理的两茬地上部生物量分别增加了113%和99.3%.黏土矿物的加入使土壤的pH提高了0.26～1.02个单位.从而降低了植株对Cu、Zn、Cd的生物有效性.随着添加量从20 g/kg增加到80 g/kg,黑麦草地上部Cu、Zn、Cd的含量降低,钠基蒙脱石钝化Cu、Cd的效果好于凹凸棒土,但两者钝化Zn的效果没有显著差异性.添加40 g/kg和80 g/kg的凹凸棒土或钠基蒙脱石处理都显著降低了污染上壤TCLP提取液中Cu、Zn的浓度,对于TCLP提取液中Cd浓度的显著降低只有添加80 g/kg的凹凸棒上这一种处理达到.     

2种含铁材料对水稻土中砷和重金属生物有效性的影响

通过盆栽试验研究添加2种含铁材料(Fe(OH)3、FeCl3)对污染水稻土壤中As、Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn生物有效性的影响。结果表明,添加Fe(OH)3对土壤As交换态含量没有显著的影响,添加FeCl3显著降低了土壤As交换态含量,添加量为0.50g/kg时,土壤As交换态含量比对照下降46%。添加Fe(OH)3使土壤Pb、Cu交换态含量显著降低,2.00g/kg的添加量使Pb、Cu交换态含量分别下降63%,74%。添加FeCl3使土壤Pb、Cd、Zn交换态含量显著升高,2.00g/kg的添加量使Pb、Cd、Zn交换态含量分别升高3 834%,247%,1 744%。添加Fe(OH)3对糙米中无机As和重金属Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn含量没有显著的影响,添加FeCl3显著降低了糙米中无机As含量,但显著提高了糙米中Pb、Cu含量,1.00g/kg的添加量使糙米中无机As含量降低33%,Pb、Cu含量分别升高147%,50%。表明添加FeCl3能有效降低土壤As的生物有效性,但提高了土壤重金属的生物有效性。添加Fe(OH)3对土壤pH无显著影响,而添加FeCl3能显著降低土壤pH值,这是FeCl3能有效固定土壤As,提高土壤重金属交换态含量的重要原因之一。     

调控剂对锌镉污染土壤植物修复效率及后茬蔬菜重金属吸收的影响

采用盆栽试验,在连续12年高量施用污泥有机肥引起的Zn、Cd污染土壤上种植伴矿景天,并向土壤中添加亚氨基二琥珀酸(IDS)、乙二胺二琥珀酸三钠(EDDS)、硫磺等化学调控剂及稳定剂钙镁磷肥,研究调控剂对伴矿景天吸收Zn、Cd及施用钙镁磷肥对后茬蔬菜重金属污染风险的影响,以期探索出既可提高超积累植物重金属吸取修复效率又能降低后茬农作物重金属污染风险的植物修复模式.结果表明,施用120 mmol/kg硫粉(Sed+S)处理可显著增加伴矿景天地上部生物量,分别比未加调控剂的对照处理伴矿景天(Sed)、伴矿景天添加有机调控剂(Sed+OE)处理增加34.7％和47.9％.施用3 mmol/kg IDS则显著降低了伴矿景天地上部Cd浓度,比Sed处理降低了35.5％.施用钙镁磷肥稳定剂可有效降低后茬蔬菜苋菜体内Zn、Cd浓度,降幅为57％、63％,施用4 g/kg钙镁磷肥后土壤醋酸铵提取态Zn、Cd分别较对照降低66.1％、72.4％.可见,适当施用硫肥能促进伴矿景天的生长,添加钙镁磷肥降低土壤有效态重金属浓度,减少后茬作物污染风险.     

长期定位施肥对棕壤重金属全量及其有效性影响

以沈阳农业大学长期定位试验为基础,选取（0～20cm）不同年限土壤样品,分析了无肥对照（CK）、单施化肥（N4P2）、中量有机肥（M2）、高量有机肥（M4）和高量有机肥＋化肥（M4＋N2P1）5个处理下土壤重金属元素Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd全量及其有效态含量的变化。结果表明,20多年的定位施肥增加了土壤中重金属元素Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd全量,虽然有所波动但总的趋势明显,其中以M4＋N2P1处理对Cu和Zn增加最为明显,而Pb和Cd在M4处理增长量最大,单施N4P2处理对4种重金属元素全量影响不明显。施有机肥能显著提高Cu、Zn和Cd有效态含量,与对照相比分别平均提高61.28%、169.3%和123.7%,不同施肥处理土壤中Cd含量已超标,属污染水平。有效态Pb在N4P2处理要显著高于其他各处理,而各年份M4处理有效态Pb的含量要低于CK处理。20年来有效态Pb含量相对于CK平均降低了4%。土壤中4种重金属全量与其有效态含量相关性表明：Cu、Zn和Cd全量与其有效态含量呈极显著正相关关系,全量Pb与有效态Pb呈显著负相关而与有效态Cu和Zn不显著相关。     

煤矸石山优势植物对重金属吸收及富集特征

对六盘水市某煤矿煤矸石山14种优势植物根际土壤污染状况以及对重金属吸收与富集特征进行研究。结果表明:煤矸石风化土壤中重金属Zn、Cu、Cd和Pb有明显积累,Cd的污染最为严重。对各种植物体内的重金属含量分析发现,地上部分中Cu、Pb含量最高的植物为假酸浆,分别为46.79,12.56mg/kg;Zn含量最高的植物是酸模叶蓼,为60.97mg/kg;Cd含量最高的植物是龙葵,为1.84mg/kg。对转移系数和富集系数分析发现,鬼针草、千里光、龙葵、醉鱼草艾蒿和野棉花对Zn、Cu、Cd、Pb具有较强转移能力;假酸浆的地上部分对Cd的富集系数最高,为1.28;假酸浆的地下部分对重金属Zn、Cu、Cd、Pb的富集系数也较高,分别为1.83,0.90,3.20,1.96。因此,假酸浆可作为煤矸石风化土植被恢复的植物,同时也可用于重金属污染土壤的修复植物。     

扶项高速公路边坡植被特征与稳定性比较

[目的]以生长8a的大广高速公路扶沟—项城段边坡植被(简称扶项高速)为研究对象,选择5种典型植物群落,进行群落稳定性测度,为营建高速公路可持续景观提供理论依据。[方法]通过实地调研获得植物群落和土壤数据,提取对植物群落稳定性影响较大的群落物种多样性、群落生物量、土壤水分、土壤养分4项指标共计15个评价因子,通过隶属函数法对其进行稳定性测度。[结果]黑麦草+白三叶+楝树群落的物种多样性指标、生物量指标和土壤水分指标最高,土壤养分指标最高的是鬼针草+黑麦草群落。5种植物群落稳定性排序为:黑麦草+白三叶+楝树群落鬼针草+黑麦草群落黑麦草+紫花苜蓿群落鬼针草+黑麦草+艾草群落小叶扶芳藤群落。[结论]通过对植物群落稳定性分析,得出楝树、黑麦草、白三叶、紫花苜蓿为扶项高速公路边坡可持续景观营建的首选植物,在植物配置时应丰富群落层次,推荐配置模式楝树/构树/椿树/刺槐+黑麦草+紫花苜蓿;楝树/构树/椿树/刺槐+紫穗槐+白三叶+黑麦草;楝树/构树/椿树/刺槐+紫穗槐+紫花苜蓿+黑麦草。     

生物腐植酸对露天矿排土场黑麦草生长的影响

[目的]研究生物腐植酸对露天矿排土场土壤改良效果的影响,为进一步提高露天矿排土场的土壤质量提供科学参考。[方法]通过盆栽试验,研究不同生物腐植酸含量(0~400kg/hm2)对露天矿排土场不同土地利用类型〔(刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)林、榆树(Ulmus pumila)林、荆条(Vitex negundo)林、农田、未复垦土地〕下黑麦草(Lolium multiflorum)生长状况的影响。[结果]刺槐土、榆树土、荆条土、农田土、未复垦土出苗率最大值分别出现在加入生物腐植酸量为200,200,300,300,200kg/hm2的试验盆;5种土壤黑麦草幼苗株高所需生物腐植酸最大量值分别为200,200,200,300,300kg/hm2;5种土壤黑麦草根系长度最大值分别出现在300,100,300,300,300kg/hm2的试验盆;而生物量最大值分别出现在加入生物腐植酸量为200,100,200,300,300kg/hm2的试验盆。随着生物腐植酸量的增加,各土地利用类型条件下种植的黑麦草出苗率、株高、根系长度、生物量均表现出先增加后减小的趋势。[结论]生物腐植酸对露天矿排土场不同土壤植物更新与生长具有剂量效应,表现为"单峰型"变化规律,体现出适量的生物腐植酸对露天矿排土场植被恢复具有促进作用。     

Plant availability of heavy metals in a soil amended with a high dose of sewage sludge under drought conditions

The objective of this research was to study the effect of water deficit on soil heavy metal availability and metal uptake by ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) plants grown in a soil amended with a high dose of rural sewage sludge. Three fertility treatments were applied: sewage sludge (SS), mineral fertilizer (M), and control (C); unamended). The levels of irrigation were: well-watered (W) and water deficit (D). Microbial respiration decreased the total organic C (TOC) in sludge-treated soils, but this did not enhance soil DTPA-extractable heavy metal concentrations. Indeed, Zn, Cu, Mn and Ni availability decreased during the experiment. C- and M-treated soils showed either no changes or increases of some trace element concentrations during the incubation. In the plant experiment, ryegrass dry matter (DM) yield, relative water content (RWC) and leaf water potential (_w) decreased in drought conditions. Sludge addition increased metal concentrations in plants. However, in some instances, SS-treated plants showed either similar or lower transfer coefficient (Tc) values than did plants in the C and M treatments. Water deficit decreased the concentration and the Tc of some metals in roots of M and SS plants. Results indicate that sludge-borne heavy metals were maintained in chemical forms of low availability. The lower metal uptake by SS and M plants under dry conditions cannot be attributed to a lower availability of these elements in soil.     

Yield and Performance and Soil Properties of Organically Fertilized Fodder Crops

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of experimental amendments on yields of Trifolium subterraneum L., Pisum arvense L., and Lolium multiflorum Lam., and on soil characteristics. A two-year research was carried out comparing anaerobic digestate (AD) and olive-pomace compost (OPC) with mineral fertilizer (Min), commercial organic-mineral fertilizer (Org-min), and unfertilized control (Cont). Anaerobic digestate and OPC were firstly analyzed for their chemical characteristics. The most important parameters were recorded and soil properties were investigated. Anaerobic digestate showed the highest dry weight for ryegrass, the best yield in pea, and good level of dry matter in clover. Good responses were achieved by OPC. Anaerobic digestate increased total soil organic carbon by 14.4, 8.1 and 7.6% than Min, Org-min and Cont, respectively. Olive-pomace compost increased the same parameter by 16.3, 10.0, and 9.5%. The findings indicated the possibility to substitute mineral fertilizers with organic ones without decreasing yields and support soil fertility.     

Growth of legume and nonlegume catch crops and residual‐N effects in spring barley on coarse sand

The aim of this experiment was to investigate the growth and residual‐nitrogen (‐N) effects of different catch‐crop species on a low–N fertility coarse sandy soil. Six legumes (white clover [Trifolium repens L.], red clover [Trifolium pratense L.], Persian clover [Trifolium resupinatum L.], black medic [Medicago lupulina L.], kidney vetch [Anthyllis vulneraria L.], and lupin [Lupinus angustifolius L.]), four nonlegumes (ryegrass [Lolium perenne L.], chicory [Cichorium intybus L.], fodder radish [Raphanus sativus L.], and sorrel [Rumex Acetósa L.]), and one mixture (rye/hairy vetch [Secale cereale L./Vicia villosa L.]) were tested in a field experiment with three replicates in a randomized block design. Four reference treatments without catch crops and with N application (0, 40, 80, and 120 kg N ha^–1) to a succeeding spring barley were included in the design. Due to their ability to fix N₂, the legume catch crops had a significantly larger aboveground dry‐matter production and N content in the autumn than the nonlegumes. The autumn N uptake of the nonlegumes was 10–13 kg N ha^–1 in shoots and approx. 9 kg ha^–1 in the roots. The shoot N content of white clover, black medic, red clover, Persian clover, and kidney vetch was 55–67 kg ha^–1, and the root N content in white clover and kidney vetch was approx. 25 kg ha^–1. The legume catch crops, especially white and red clover, seemed to be valuable N sources for grain production on this soil type and their N fertilizer–replacement values in a following unfertilized spring barley corresponded to 120 and 103 kg N ha^–1, respectively. The N fertilizer–replacement values exceeded the N content of shoots and roots.     

Use of poultry manure and plant cultivation for the reclamation of burnt soils

Annual (Pisum sativum L. and Vicia sativa L.) and perennial (Trifolium repens L. and Lotus corniculatus L.) leguminous species were grown in pots containing samples from the ash layers of two Cambisols under Pinus sylvestris L., which has been affected by high-intensity wildfires 3 and 15 days before the sampling. The gramineous Lolium perenne L. was cultivated as a second plant after Trifolium and Lotus harvesting. Three treatments were compared: soils without fertilization and soils fertilized with two doses of poultry manure (1 and 2 g total N kg^-1 dry soil). The aim of the work was to study the capacity of the ash layer to sustain vegetation and the influence of plants and organic manure on the recovery of vegetation cover, ash layer fixation and soil structure formation to avoid erosion. The ash samples were able to sustain vegetation without fertilization. The organic manure increased the yields of all the plants tested, the lower dose being the optimal for the first crop whereas the higher dose was beneficial for the second crop. The annual legumes grew very quickly. The mixture of Trifolium and Lotus seemed very suitable for reclamation of soil degraded by wildfires because Trifolium produced more phytomass than Lotus in the first growing stages whereas the development of Lotus was higher in the later growing stages. Ash layer conditions did not inhibit nodulation, which was, however, stimulated by the organic manure, particularly in the case of Lotus. Lolium after perennial legumes was the best plant combination because it produced the highest phytomass, particularly root phytomass, and thus improved vegetation cover and ash layer fixation. All the plants tested improved the formation of soil aggregates, particularly the combination of perennial legumes and Lolium. However, wet aggregate stability was higher when plants were grown on soils fertilized with poultry manure than when plants were cropped on unmanured soils, which points to the favourable influence of the organic manure on soil aggregation.     

Problem of Applying Sodium Selenate to Increase Selenium Concentration in Grassland Plants in Southern Belgium

In a survey of grasslands, mean selenium (Se) concentration in Holcus lanatus was 83 μg kg^?1 (less than 100 μg kg^?1, the minimal concentration protecting mammals from deficiency disorders). Despite rather high levels of soil extractable Se, plant Se availability was supposed to be low because of high soil humus concentration. A pot experiment with common grassland species showed contrasting responses to selenate addition (9 g Se ha^?1 yr^?1). Lolium perenne leaves reached 470 μg kg^?1, and Trifolium pratense reached 292 μg kg^?1. The controls were less than 100 μg kg^?1. Leaves of others species showed greater values both in control and treated series and no significant difference. In a second pot experiment, Melilotus albus, a supposed secondary accumulator, and Lolium perenne as a control were submitted to moderate increased selenate additions (up to 45 g Se ha^?1 yr^?1). The results confirmed that Melilotus albus was a better accumulator with a leaf concentration that could reach the toxicity level of 2 mg kg^?1.     

Phosphorus bioavailability of sewage sludge‐based recycled fertilizers

Six phosphorus (P) fertilizers recycled from sewage sludge [Struvite SSL, Struvite AirPrex®, P‐RoC®, Mephrec®, Pyrolysis coal and Ash (Mg‐SSA)] were tested for their plant availability in potted soil of pH 7.2 under greenhouse conditions. The crop sequence simulated a rotation of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), maize (Zea maize L.), and ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). Other P fertilizer treatments included: Phosphate Rock (PR), Calcium dihydrogen phosphate [Ca(H₂PO₄)₂], and an unfertilized control. Additionally, soil was regularly inoculated with two strains of plant growth‐promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR; Pseudomonas sp. Proradix, and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens) to test their ability to increase P availability to plants. Sequential P fractionation was conducted to link the amount of readily available P in fertilizers to plant P acquisition. Shoot P content and dry matter of maize decreased in the following order: Struvite SSL ≥ Ca(H₂PO₄)₂ > P‐RoC® ≥ Struvite AirPrex® ≥ Mephrec® > Pyrolysis coal ≥ Mg‐SSA ≥ PR ≥ unfertilized. Rhizobacteria did not affect shoot biomass or P content. The results show that red clover might have mobilized substantial amounts of P. Sequential P fractionation was not suitable to predict the efficacy of the fertilizers. Generally, the sewage sludge‐based fertilizers tested proved to be suitable alternative P sources relevant to organic farming systems. However, the efficacy of recycled fertilizers is strongly dependent on their specific production conditions.     

Green Manuring with Clover and Ryegrass Catch Crops Undersown in Small Grains: Effects on Soil Mineral Nitrogen in Field and Laboratory Experiments

Abstract

In three field trials in southern Norway, Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), white clover (Trifolium repens L.) or subterranean clover (T. subterraneuni L.) was undersown in spring grain at three N fertilizer rates and ploughed under in late October as a green manure for a succeeding spring grain crop. The content of topsoil (0-20 cm) mineral nitrogen was determined during the growth of the grain crop, after grain harvest and after ploughing. In addition, mineralization of nitrogen and carbon was measured in green-manured soil incubated at 15°C and controlled moisture conditions. During grain crop growth, ryegrass tended to reduce soil mineral N compared with the other treatments. After grain harvest, in a small-plot experiment where extra nitrate was added, ryegrass reduced soil nitrate N (0-18 cm) from 4.2 to 0.4 g m^?2 within 13 days, while the clovers had negligible effect compared with bare soil. Up to 9.4 g N m^?2 was present in above-plus below-ground ryegrass biomass at ploughing. In incubated ryegrass soil, there was a temporary net N immobilization of up to 0.9 g N m^?2 as compared with unamended soil. In clover-amended soil, mineral N exceeded that in unamended soil by up to 5 g N m^?2.     

黄土高塬沟壑区农田土壤养分与作物产量变化的长期监测

【目的】 土壤养分含量是反映土壤肥力状况的重要指标,对农田肥料投入和土壤养分进行长期定位监测,有利于准确反映土壤养分变化趋势。利用黄土高塬沟壑区不同施肥监测区 10 年的长期监测资料,分析对比不同监测区土壤养分含量和作物产量的变化,分析土壤养分、产量与施肥的关系,为当地农田生产的施肥管理提供理论依据。 【方法】 本研究试验监测区的农田管理完全参照大田管理模式,共设置四大试验监测区,包括无肥监测区(CK)、化肥监测区(HF)、化肥有机肥监测区(HM)和农民地块监测区(NM),肥料均于作物播种前作为基肥撒施。在每年冬小麦收获期 6 月中下旬,或玉米收获期 9 月中下旬,采集表层(0—20 cm)土壤样品,处理后进行土壤养分的分析,并且在作物收获期测算作物产量以及植株地上部分的氮、磷、钾含量。 【结果】 与试验前相比,CK 监测区土壤有机质降低 1.73 g/kg,HF监测区增加 1.97 g/kg,HM监测区增加 2.20 g/kg,NM 监测区增加 1.44 g/kg;CK 监测区土壤全氮减少 0.08 g/kg,其他施肥监测区增加 0.05～0.13 g/kg;HF 监测区土壤碱解氮增加 7.8 mg/kg,而其他监测区均不同程度地降低;HM 监测区土壤有效磷增加最为显著,增幅达到 11.86 mg/kg,HF 监测区增加 8.42 mg/kg,NM 监测区增加 3.06 mg/kg,CK 监测区增加 2.44 mg/kg;CK 监测区土壤速效钾明显下降,降低 38 mg/kg 左右,NM 监测区增加最为显著,增加量为 27.5 mg/kg。对冬小麦而言,相比于 CK 不施肥区,HF、HM 和 NM 监测区都能够显著提高产量,但各施肥监测区之间产量差异不显著。农田养分平衡分析表明,化肥和有机肥配施,可使土壤中 N、P、K 素均有盈余;只施化肥时会导致土壤 K 素亏缺严重;当土壤长期不施用任何肥料时,土壤各养分元素均出现亏缺。 【结论】 在黄土高塬沟壑区,作物生育期降水量及其分配、积温条件和肥力水平对小麦产量影响显著。施肥 10 年后,各施肥区土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量都有不同程度的提高,土壤碱解氮只有单施化肥的增加。无肥监测区由初始含量的最高水平最终降至最低,证明了长期施肥对于土壤肥力的维持具有重要意义。另外,该地区农民地块存在过量施肥现象。