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1.
[目的] 研究渭河中上游流域不同土地利用情景下径流的响应规律,为渭河中上游流域的发展规划及水资源管理提供科学支撑。[方法] 基于1980—2020年土地利用数据,分析流域40 a的土地利用变化特征,并结合SWAT模型,设置5种历史土地利用情景、两种综合土地利用情景和3种极端土地利用情景,探究径流在不同土地利用情境下的响应。[结果] ①流域40 a间耕地、水域及未利用土地面积逐渐减小,林地、草地和居民用地面积逐渐增加。②1980—2020年共5个时期模拟年均径流深分别为72.24,72.27,72.31,71.86,72.25 mm,退耕还林、退耕还草、耕地型、林地型及草地型模拟年均径流深分别为68.59,69.70,72.60,64.81,66.82 mm。[结论] 40 a间土地利用类型的变化对渭河中上游流域径流的影响小于10%;退耕还林、退耕还草对径流主要起抑制作用。在3个极端土地利用情境下径流大小为:耕地型>草地型>林地型,且耕地型与林地型、草地型情境下的差异明显。  相似文献   

2.
[目的]研究我国东南沿海小流域土地利用/覆被变化的水文效应,为该区水土资源合理配置和可持续发展提供科学依据。[方法]以东南沿海福建省晋江山美水库集水区为例,运用SWAT水文模型。[结果](1)研究区土地利用变化表现为林地转向园地和建设用地、耕地转向建设用地的特征。(2)固定其他条件,将构建的模型2006年土地利用数据替换为1995年,对比分析发现2000—2010年全流域和典型子流域的年径流深增加,洪水期平均径流增加,枯水期径流基本减少。(3)从全流域空间角度看,径流量均增大,特别是研究区西部地区和东南部地区;同时径流量变率增大,稳性减小。(4)园地、林地、建设用地和水田是驱动区内水文变化的主要因子。[结论]研究区土地利用与覆被变化导致"洪水量更大,枯水量更小"的径流变化趋势。河川径流的变化受各地类变化的组合叠加效应影响,这种叠加效应还须进一步研究。  相似文献   

3.
不同土地利用变化情景下的洪汝河流域水文响应   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
[目的]研究洪汝河流域土地利用变化对水文过程的影响,为当地水资源的合理规划和利用提供依据和参考。[方法]本研究以土壤水体评价模型(soil and water assessment tool,SWAT)为基础,通过设计多种土地利用情景模式模拟洪汝河流域水文情景,首先利用数字高程模型(digital elevation model,DEM),土地利用数据、土壤数据以及日气象数据建立模型;其次选用2006—2008年的水文观测数据进行模型率定,并进行敏感性和不确定性分析;最后,设置4种土地利用情景模式进行水文模拟。[结果]退耕还林情景下径流减少4.23%;而在耕地增加,城镇用地增加和以城镇用地、林地草地增加为主的复杂土地利用变化这3种情景下,径流分别增加3.01%,4.91%和1.50%。[结论]退耕还林增加了可涵养水源的森林,使得径流减少,而增加耕地开垦或城市建设用地则会增加地表径流。  相似文献   

4.
格尔木市盆地地区土地利用/覆盖变化时空演变   总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0  
[目的]通过对2000—2010年格尔木市土地利用/覆盖变化时空演变的研究,为实现格尔木市更好地协调发展与保护之间的关系提供参考依据。[方法]以2000,2005及2010年的TM遥感影像、2010年的矢量数据为数据源,在RS和GIS技术的支持下,从土地利用/覆盖变化的时间和空间动态上分析了格尔木市盆地地区2000—2010年土地利用/覆盖变化的时空演变。[结果]格尔木市盆地地区土地利用类型以未利用地为主。在2000—2010年这10a中:(1)土地利用变化趋势最大的为建设用地,从2000—2010年增加了227.83%;变化最小的为林地,增加了1.24%。(2)各类型用地之间的主要转移为:草地流转为未利用地,来源于未利用地;耕地流转为林地,来源于建设用地与林地;建设用地流转为水域,来源于未利用地;林地流转为未利用地,来源于未利用地。水域主要流转为未利用地,来源于未利用地。(3)从2000—2005年土地综合利用指数的差值△P=-3.04,是土地利用程度的调整期。从2005—2010年△P=1.62,是土地利用程度的发展期。[结论]格尔木市盆地地区耕地、林地、建设用地总体上呈增加趋势,草地、水域呈减少趋势。整个格尔木市土地利用结构信息熵指数较小,土地利用的多样性相对较低。  相似文献   

5.
[目的]分析与测度快速城镇化背景下成都平原城市群土地利用变化及其对生态环境的影响,为优化该区域土地利用结构以及生态环境治理提供理论依据。[方法]以2000—2019年的成都平原城市群土地利用数据为基础,分析成都平原城市群的土地利用时空变化特征,并对该区域土地利用变化产生的生态效应进行定量分析。[结果](1)2000—2019年成都平原城市群土地利用变化面积呈现典型“四增两减”特征,其中增加和减少最多的分别为建设用地(增加1 704.59 km~2)和耕地(减少911.04 km~2);此外,建设用地以及水域动态变化明显。(2)2000—2019年,林地是成都平原城市群最为重要的生态用地,其重要程度高达53.81%,而建设用地、水域、未利用地的生态价值重要性均未超过2%;在城市扩展状态下,耕地、林地、建设用地及草地4类用地变动对该区域生态影响较大,合计用地变动生态价值贡献率为94.76%。(3)在研究期间,成都平原城市群生态环境指数呈先降后升的特征。总的来看,该区域生态环境质量保持着动态稳定,2015年后呈现相对上升的趋势。[结论]政府应该管控土地利用方式,集约利用建设用地,保护耕地质量...  相似文献   

6.
[目的]研究河北省张北县的土地利用变化及其驱动因素,为该区域土地管理决策和土地资源可持续利用供科学依据。[方法]以1989,1995,2000,2010年TM遥感影像为数据源,运用遥感、地理信息系统、数理统计分析等技术与方法,系统分析了张北县土地利用变化的时空特征,剖析了土地利用变化的驱动因素。[结果]张北县主要地类为耕地、林地和草地,1989—2010年土地利用数量变化主要表现为耕地和草地面积的减少,林地和建设用地面积的增加,其中2000—2010年土地利用变化更为剧烈;地类转换主要表现为耕地、草地向林地转变以及耕地、草地向建设用地的转变;空间变化主要表现为东部坝头地区林地增加明显,中部平原地区建设用地扩张明显。[结论]近20年来张北县土地利用变化明显,主要受自然及社会经济因素综合影响。此外政策因素也是该区域土地利用变化的主要驱动因素。  相似文献   

7.
[目的]分析1995—2016年间黔中水利枢纽工程的水源区——三岔河上游流域降雨、径流以及土地利用变化情况,通过探讨土地利用变化对径流的影响,为预测未来流域水资源变化规律和黔中水利枢纽工程水资源的调配提供一定的参考依据。[方法]采用常规线性回归和结果模拟来分析降雨和径流的关系,利用土地利用动态变化指标和转移矩阵研究土地利用变化对径流的影响。[结果]20 a来三岔河上游降雨和径流总体呈波动下降的趋势,其演变过程划分为两个阶段:1995—2010年(第一阶段)降雨和径流呈持续下降趋势,2010—2016年(第二阶段)降雨和径流总体呈波动下降趋势,但径流下降幅度较大。1995年以来,流域土地利用结构变化比较明显。草地和林地面积增加5.33%和3.63%,耕地减少了6.92%,耕地向草地、林地和建设用地的转换构成土地利用变化的主导过程。除降雨影响外,土地利用变化是造成径流持续减少的主要原因。2010—2016年,草地和林地分别增加了19.93%和5.25%,耕地和未利用土地分别减少13.93%和87.97%,表明土地利用变化是造成径流大幅减少的主要原因。此外,黔中水利枢纽工程平寨水库的修建,在一定程度上对径流减少具有重要作用。[结论]三岔河上游土地利用变化与径流的变化联系紧密,土地利用变化的结果使径流量减少。  相似文献   

8.
[目的]开展沈阳经济区土地利用转型与社会经济发展研究,为助力东北振兴提供科学参考。[方法]以沈阳经济区为研究区,运用GIS,RS技术,采用土地利用转移矩阵和重心转移轨迹模型,探讨1980—2018年研究区土地利用转型与社会经济发展在空间上的转移关系。[结果](1)研究区各种土地利用空间形态存在相互转化关系,耕地、林地和草地面积减少伴随建设用地面积增加;(2)研究区各种土地利用空间形态重心迁移的方向和速度差异明显,特别是2010年林地、草地、建设用地、水域和其他用地的重心迁移方向出现明显转折;(3)研究区人口、GDP重心分别呈现先"Z型"后"C型"迁移和"S型"迁移;(4)研究区各种土地利用空间形态与社会经济发展存在不同迁移形式。[结论]土地利用转型与社会经济发展相互作用,沈阳经济区的设立促进了区域人口、建设用地和耕地重心向研究区几何中心迁移。  相似文献   

9.
1990-2018年东江流域土地利用变化及其驱动力   总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0  
邓信翠  陈洋波 《水土保持通报》2020,40(6):236-242,258
[目的] 分析东江流域1990-2018年土地利用时空变化特征及驱动机制,为该流域土地利用优化提供科学参考。[方法] 利用流域土地利用数据及统计年鉴数据,结合土地利用评价指标、主成分分析法及灰色关联分析法分析流域土地利用变化特征及其驱动机制。[结果] ①东江流域1990-2018年土地利用以耕地和林地为主,流域建设用地面积持续增加,其余地类面积均呈减少趋势,耕地和林地是建设用地面积的主要来源;②流域土地利用综合指数逐年增加,变化率为0.038,土地利用处于上升发展阶段;③流域土地利用变化驱动力主要为经济增长、人口增长、社会富裕程度和农业发展;各类驱动因子对各土地利用类型的驱动作用不同。[结论] 1990-2018年,东江流域土地利用结构不断优化,土地利用集聚程度增加,随着粤港澳大湾区的建设开发,未来流域内土地开发利用活动将更加频繁。  相似文献   

10.
黄土高原泾河流域气候和土地利用变化对径流产沙的影响   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
研究黄土高原流域水沙对气候和土地利用变化的响应机理,对生态调控决策制定及区域水土保持措施优化配置具有重要意义。以黄土高原泾河流域为研究对象,采用Mann-Kendall检验、累积距平和双累积曲线等方法,定量分析了流域近40年降水、径流和输沙的演变规律及土地利用变化特征,探讨了流域气候和土地利用变化对流域水沙量的影响。结果表明:(1)泾河流域径流深和输沙模数年际均呈显著下降趋势,在20世纪80,90年代尤为明显;(2)泾河流域土地利用结构发生了重大变化,具体表现为坡耕地向梯田的转换、耕地向林地草地的转换和沙地裸地向草地灌丛的转换;(3)人类活动影响下的土地利用变化对径流泥沙贡献率分别为82.90%,94.10%,气候因素影响很小。  相似文献   

11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响   总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0  
【目的】以富士(Fuji)、 秦冠(Qinguan)嫁接在平邑甜茶(Malus hupehensis Rehd.)上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水(ZZ)、 低氮正常水(DZ)、 正常氮干旱(ZG)、 低氮干旱(DG)。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮(6 mmol/L NO-3-N)、 低氮(0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N)、 正常供水(保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%)、 干旱处理(保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%)。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量(茎和叶)、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水(ZZ)>低氮正常水(DZ)>正常氮干旱(ZG)>低氮干旱(DG),并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水(ZZ)>低氮正常水(DZ)>正常氮干旱(ZG)>低氮干旱(DG); 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶>根>茎,磷元素则是根>叶>茎;光合氮素利用效率(PNUE)和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水(DZ)处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱(DG)处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。  相似文献   

12.
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.  相似文献   

13.
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,  相似文献   

14.
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.  相似文献   

15.
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.  相似文献   

16.
李聃枫  朱春梧 《土壤》2020,52(3):561-566
自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。  相似文献   

17.
Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.  相似文献   

18.
Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.  相似文献   

19.
Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.  相似文献   

20.
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.  相似文献   

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