草酸处理对桂七芒果冷害及细胞壁代谢的影响

为探讨草酸处理对低温冷藏下芒果冷害及细胞壁代谢的影响,本试验以桂七芒果果实为试材,采用5 mmol·L^-1草酸溶液浸泡处理,以清水浸泡处理为对照,并于4℃贮藏,分析芒果的冷害指数、丙二醛(MDA)含量、相对电导率、硬度、细胞壁物质含量、细胞壁代谢酶的变化。结果表明,与对照组相比,草酸处理显著降低了低温贮藏14 d后桂七芒果果实冷害指数、MDA含量、相对电导率、原果胶和纤维素含量,显著降低了低温贮藏28 d后果实的硬度;显著提高了低温贮藏14 d后果实水溶性果胶含量及多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)、果胶甲酯酶(PME)、纤维素酶(Cx)活性,显著提高了贮藏21 d后果实β-半乳糖苷酶(β-Gal)活性。综上所述,草酸处理能减轻桂七芒果冷害,维持采后果实细胞壁降解酶较高活性和水溶性果胶含量。本研究为揭示草酸减轻芒果果实冷害机制提供了依据,可为草酸应用于其他冷敏型果实的贮藏保鲜提供理论参考。     

UV-C处理对贡橘冷害的影响

为探讨UV-C处理对贡橘冷害的影响,以贡橘为试材,在贮前分别用0、1、3、5 KJ·m~(-2)UV-C辐射处理,研究在1℃贮藏时,果实冷害指数、失重率、果皮细胞膜透性、MDA、POD、SOD等指标的变化。结果表明,3 KJ·m~(-2)的UV-C处理能有效延迟贡橘果实的冷害发生时间,并能减轻冷害症状,降低果实失重率,降低细胞膜透性,抑制MDA的积累,提高果实POD、SOD活性。由此可见,适当剂量的UV-C处理能提高贡橘对低温的适应性,降低冷害的发生,延长果实贮藏期,减少经济损失。本研究结果为减缓柑橘类果实冷害提供了理论依据。     

诱导冷藏橄榄果实抗冷性的适宜热空气处理条件优化

为开发诱导冷藏橄榄果实抗冷性、减轻冷藏橄榄果实冷害的技术,在减轻冷藏橄榄果实冷害的热空气处理条件预试验基础上,将檀香橄榄果实先用6种不同条件的热空气处理（30℃ 45?min、38℃ 30?min、40℃ 30?min、42℃ 45?min、50℃ 15?min、60℃ 15?min）,然后在（2±1）℃、90％相对湿度下贮藏100?d,贮藏期间定期测定果实冷害指数、果皮褐变指数、果肉褐变度、果皮叶绿素含量、果实呼吸强度和细胞膜相对渗透率的变化。结果表明：38℃热空气处理30?min能显著降低冷藏橄榄果实冷害;30℃热空气处理45?min对减轻冷害有一定的效果,但会加速果皮叶绿素降解和促进果实细胞膜结构完整性破坏;而其余4种热空气处理条件都会促进冷藏橄榄果实冷害的发生。因此,38℃热空气处理30?min可以作为提高（2±1）℃、90％相对湿度下冷藏的橄榄果实抗冷性、减轻橄榄果实冷害发生的适宜热空气处理条件。     

热激减轻柿果冷害与活性氧代谢的关系

为探讨热激处理延缓采后柿子果实冷害的效果，该文研究了柿子果实经48 ℃热空气处理3 h后，在1℃下冷藏期间，热激处理对柿果冷害指数、活性氧清除酶活性、超氧物阴离子自由基(O₂^·-)生成速率和MDA含量的影响。结果表明，热激处理提高了柿果超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)及谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性，降低了超氧物阴离子自由基(O₂^·-)生成速率和MDA含量，并延缓了柿果冷害指数。这表明，热激处理(48℃，3 h)减轻柿果冷害的发生与活性氧清除酶活性的提高，及活性氧积累的降低有关。     

丁香酚熏蒸对青茄采后冷害和脯氨酸代谢的影响

为探究丁香酚熏蒸处理对青茄果实的冷害调控效果,本试验研究了4℃条件下不同浓度丁香酚处理对青茄采后冷害生理品质和脯氨酸代谢的影响。结果表明,25μL·L-1丁香酚处理可显著延缓青茄果实冷害的发生,降低冷害(CI)指数和失重率,抑制丙二醛(MDA)含量的上升,保持较高的可溶性糖、总酚含量。此外,丁香酚处理还提高了脯氨酸合成关键酶Δ1-吡咯琳-5-羧酸合成酶(P5CS)和鸟氨酸转氨酶(OAT)活性,降低了脯氨酸降解关键酶脯氨酸脱氢酶(PDH)活性,从而维持了较高的脯氨酸含量,提高了青茄果实的低温耐受性。丁香酚熏蒸处理对青茄采后冷害的调控具有潜在的应用前景。     

低温预贮处理对冷藏水蜜桃冷害和品质的影响

为探索低温预贮处理减轻水蜜桃果实冷藏冷害的作用及适宜条件,研究了不同温度与时间组合的预贮模式对霞晖5号桃果实冷害和品质的影响。该研究先将果实置于4、8、12℃下分别预贮2、4、6、8和10 d,然后转入0℃冷藏28 d,冷藏结束后移至20℃货架贮藏3 d。货架期结束后进行果实质地多面分析和品质感官评定,并测定果实颜色、可溶性固型物、可滴定酸、褐变指数和出汁率等品质和冷害指标。结果表明,采后直接在0℃下冷藏28 d的果实出现了明显的冷害症状,主要表现为果实质地絮败和果肉发生褐变。4℃预贮果实出现严重的木质化冷害症状,8℃预贮果实褐变严重,而采用12℃、6 d预贮可最显著地减轻果实质地絮败和果肉褐变等冷害症状的发生,保持较好的感官品质。这些结果表明,12℃、6 d预贮处理在桃果实贮藏中具有较好的应用前景。     

热处理条件对番茄采后冷害的影响

研究了绿熟番茄采后在３３℃和３８℃加热２，５，８ｄ及２±１℃下冷藏后的果实品质、冷害程度和生理变化。结果表明，适宜的热处理可降低果实呼吸强度、细胞膜电解质渗出率和丙二醛含量，增加游离脯氨酸含量，减轻果实冷害，且对果实硬度和可溶性固形物含量无显著影响。其中以处理温度时间组合３３℃、５ｄ和３８℃、２ｄ的效果最好；３３℃、２ｄ的处理温度较低、时间较短，因而效果不明显；８ｄ的处理时间过长，使细胞受到伤害，丙二醛含量和细胞膜电解质渗出率增加，果实明显变软，出现异味。番茄果实的冷害指数（ＣＩＩ）与细胞膜电解质渗出率呈正相关，相关系数ｒ＝０．９７４４。     

安喜布处理对冷藏猕猴桃果实衰老生理的影响

安喜布（AnsiP-S,布片型1-MCP 缓释剂）是一种新型的保鲜剂,该文探讨安喜布对采后猕猴桃果实衰老生理的影响。采后“金魁”和“米良1号”美味猕猴桃果实用安喜布处理（每2.5 kg果实采用1片安喜布,1-MCP有效质量浓度为1 mg/L）后,在（5±1）℃下贮藏。贮藏期间测定猕猴桃果实呼吸强度、细胞膜透性、丙二醛（MDA）含量、活性氧清除酶[超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）]活性、内源抗氧化物质[还原型抗坏血酸（AsA）和还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）]含量的变化。结果表明：与对照果实相比,每2.5 kg果实采用1片安喜布处理可降低猕猴桃果实呼吸强度和延缓呼吸高峰的出现,保持较高的SOD、POD、CAT活性和AsA、GSH含量,降低MDA含量,延缓细胞膜透性的增加。其中“米良1号”猕猴桃果实的MDA含量和细胞膜透性小于“金魁”猕猴桃果实。在（5±1）℃冷藏条件下,“金魁”猕猴桃果实比“米良1号”猕猴桃果实更易衰老。安喜布处理都能延缓“金魁”和“米良1号”猕猴桃果实的衰老,延长果实保鲜期。     

不同贮藏温度对茄子冷害发生及质构特性的影响

为了探讨不同温度对茄子冷害发生程度及质构特性的影响,以长茄子与圆茄子为试材,分别置于2、5和8℃条件下贮藏,测定茄子的冷害指数、相关生理生化指标及质构指标。结果表明,2℃下2种茄子在贮藏第3天时出现冷害症状,5℃下在第6天时出现冷害症状。2℃下茄子的冷害指数和MDA含量均极显著高于5℃,细胞膜透性和粘附性均显著高于5℃,弹性极显著低于5℃;8℃贮藏的茄子在18d不发生冷害,并且较好地保持了茄子的粘附性、内聚性、弹性与咀嚼性。在相同贮藏温度下,长茄子冷害程度较圆茄子严重。本研究为了解茄子采后冷害发生的机制提供了一定的理论依据。     

叶施钙肥对芒果果实呼吸、乙烯释放及矿质元素含量的影响

探索叶面增钙对芒果果实呼吸、乙烯释放及果实矿质元素的影响,为钙肥在芒果生产中的合理应用提供科学理论依据。以"贵妃"芒果为试材,田间试验于2013年10月至2014年6月在海南省东方岛西林场芒果园进行,试验共设置不喷施叶面肥(0 g·L~(-1))、喷施0.5、1.5、2.5、3.5 g·L~(-1)钙含量肥5个处理,各处理3个重复,肥料选择硝酸钙(化学纯)和果蔬钙(Ca 170 g·L~(-1)),于催花前、幼果期、果实膨大期及采收前分别喷施,研究果实呼吸速率、乙烯释放及矿质元素含量变化。研究发现,不施钙处理芒果的果实跃变峰出现在采摘后第13d,叶面增钙使果实跃变峰的出现滞后。在呼吸峰值出现前硝酸钙降低果实呼吸速率,以1.5 g·L~(-1)处理显著降低,峰后有增强呼吸的趋势,在呼吸峰值出现前果蔬钙有提高果实呼吸速率的趋势,峰值出现后有抑制呼吸速率的作用;喷施硝酸钙推迟采后芒果果实进入乙烯跃变期,使跃变峰的出现比CK滞后2 d,峰值过后各处理乙烯释放速率远高于CK,喷施果蔬钙推迟采后芒果果实进入乙烯跃变期,跃变峰的出现有推迟趋势,0.5 g·L~(-1)处理的跃变峰滞后显著,推迟至第17 d;叶施钙肥有使果实K含量降低趋势,以果蔬钙处理显著降低;叶面喷施硝酸钙、果蔬钙均提高果实Ca含量,硝酸钙降低Mg含量,果蔬钙提高Mg含量;叶施硝酸钙使果实Fe、Cu、Zn含量下降,Mn含量提高;叶施果蔬钙使果实Fe下降、Mn提高,低钙提高果实Cu、Zn含量,高钙降低果实Cu、Zn含量。叶面增钙,影响了芒果果实采后呼吸、乙烯释放速率及推迟跃变峰的出现,影响果实部分矿质元素的含量,提高了果实采后贮藏性。     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.     

Short-term variation in the concentration of selected ions within individual tropical rainstorms

Rainwater was collected at the campus of the University of Brunei Darussalam in Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam, using a funnel-in-bottle sampler. Polypropylene bottles were changed at intervals during rainstorm events. The pH and conductivity were determined immediately after collection on aliquots of the sample. Samples were refrigerated at 5°C for subsequent chemical analysis. Analyses for Na, Mg, Ca, Zn and Fe were carried out by means of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES); Cu and Mn were analysed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS); K was analysed using flame atomic emission spectroscopy (FAES); and Cl^–, NO₃ ^– and SO₄ ^2– were analysed by ion chromatography (IC). Concentration versus time profiles are reported for three rainstorm events. All ions exhibited a decrease in concentration during the rainstorm. The first sample contained the highest concentration of ions, consistent with a first-flush effect. The contribution of the initial stages of the shower to the total quantity of ion deposited during the entire rainstorm is quite overwhelming; in many cases 20 to 30% of the mass was deposited in less than 5% of rainstorm duration. On the other hand, the pH and conductivity variation during rainstorms did not exhibit a consistent pattern.     

The 5S rRNA gene diversity in the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Secale</Emphasis> and determination of its closest haplomes

We analyzed 127 rDNA sequences (5S DNA units) obtained from 23 seed accession samples from more or less 10 taxa in wild and cultivated rye, genus Secale L. The sequences fell into two known groups, here assigned to two unit classes, viz. long R1 and short R1 (designations to reflect on R haplome of rye). The different taxa could not be fully differentiated based on the 5S DNA units. We searched for 5S DNA sequences from known unit classes most closely similar to the long R1 and the short R1. One set with the long R1 unit class contained sequences of the long P1 unit class from Agropyron (P haplome) and from Kengyilia (StYP haplome), long J1 from Thinopyrum (J haplome), whereas the set with the short R1 included the long S1 from Pseudoroegneria (St haplome) and Kengyilia (StYP haplome), the short J1 from Thinopyrum (J haplome) and the short V1 from Dasypyrum (V haplome). Each of the two sets was analyzed separately by maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic analysis from which we were able to infer that the 5S DNA units of Secale differentiated in a non-clock fashion and followed the HKY substitution model in the gene tree with the long R1 unit class and the HKY + G in the gene tree with the short R1 unit class. A complementary Bayesian analysis yielded identical tree topologies to the ML ones for each of the two sequence sets. In the tree with the long R1 units the long P1 and long J1 unit classes were closest to the long R1 unit class, whereas in the tree with the short R1 units the long S1 and short J1 unit classes were closest to the short R1 unit class, indicating possibly a close relationship between the St, J and R haplomes.     

Leaf litter selection by detritivore and geophagous earthworms

Summary Litterbag experiments with 10 different kinds of leaf litter showed that detritivore (Lumbricus species) and geophagous (Aporrectodea species) earthworms prefer certain litter types over others, since different numbers of worms were found below the litter after 50–52 days of exposure in a pasture. The detritivores preferred Fraxinus, Tilia, and predecomposed Ulmus and Fagus litter to Fagus litter and paper, while geophages preferred Tilia litter to Alnus and Ulmus litter, so that the two groups of earthworms showed different preferences. The detritivores seemed to be more selective than the geophages. The palatability of the litter was examined in relation to the C: N ratio, the lignin concentration and the initial and final polyphenol concentration. The numbers of detritivores were significantly correlated with the C: N ratio and the final polyphenol concentration, so that selection of litter seems to be related to palatability. The numbers of geophages were not significantly correlated with any of the parameters for palatability. The disappearance of litter after 50–52 days appeared to be due to detritivore activity, since the numbers found below the litter were positively and significantly correlated with the litter disappearance. There was no significant correlation with geophage activity. This indicates that detritivores use litter as food, and therefore influence the composition of the litter layer.     

Nematode succession and microfauna-microorganism interactions during root residue decomposition

The quality of plant material affects the vigor of the decomposition process and composition of the decomposer biota. Root residues from hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), rye (Secale cereale L.) and vetch+rye, packed in litterbags were placed in pots of soil at 15 C and the content of the bags was analyzed after 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Bacterial biomass did not differ between residues with contrasting composition. Among bacterivores groups of nematodes that require high bacterial production dominated in fast decomposing resources whereas flagellates with smaller requirements prevail in slower decomposing resources. Biomass of bacterial feeding nematodes correlated positively with early phase (0-2 wk) decomposition that increased in the order: rye< vetch+rye<vetch. Bacterial biomass therefore seems to be under top-down (predation) control during early decomposition. In contrast, the fungal biomass differed between resources with highest values for rye. Moreover, this increase in fungal biomass occurred later during succession and was correlated with decomposition activity for rye in that period. Fungal biomass therefore seems to be under bottom-up (resource) control. The composition of the nematode assemblages (composed of 25 taxa) showed a clear relationship to initial plant resource quality as well as decomposition phase. Early successional microbivorous nematodes vary according to resource quality with demanding bacterivores+predators (Neodiplogasteridae) dominating in vetch and less demanding bacterivores (Rhabditidae) and fungivores (Aphelenchus) being equally common in vetch and rye. Later in the succession (2-4 wk) bacterivorous Cephalobidae and fungivorous Aphelenchoides prevailed similarly on the different root materials whereas bacterivorous protozoa and the amoebal fraction thereof dominated in rye. At week 12 no species dominated the nematode assemblages that were similar between the resources. The differences between nematode assemblages among plant resources at 2 week were similar to the results of a field study sampled after 6 weeks with the same soil and plant resources. This lends support to the relevance of the successional patterns observed in this incubation study.     

Cycling of extracellular DNA in the soil environment

Upon entering the soil environment, extracellular DNA is subjected to dynamic biological, physical, and chemical factors that determine its fate. This review concerns the fate of both recombinant and non-recombinant sources of DNA. A schematic of DNA cycling coupled with genetic transformation is presented to understand its behavior in soil. Extracellular DNA may persist through cation bridging onto soil minerals and humic substances, be enzymatically degraded and restricted by DNases of microbial origin, and/or enter the microbial DNA cycle through natural transformation of competent bacteria. Lateral gene transfer may disseminate DNA through the microbial community. An understanding of DNA cycling is fundamental to elucidating the fate of extracellular DNA in the soil environment.