曹娥江三典型支流的水质对比研究

根据对曹娥江水系三典型支流2004年逐月进行水质监测分析，通过时空变异两个角度对这3条支流的水质进行了对比研究。结果表明：（1）以农业非点源污染为主的山溪性河流水质最好；以农业非点源污染为主的河谷平原河流水质次之，但水体富营养化现象比较严重；受工业废水和城市生活污水污染的支流河流水质最差，有机物和氮磷指标严重超标。（2）3条支流中4个化学指标（NO3^--N、NH4^＋-N、TP、CODMn）在各个雨期之间浓度变化具有十分相似的规律。NO3^--N浓度在丰水期较高，在枯水期较低；NH4^＋-N浓度在丰水期较低，枯水期较高；TP浓度各个雨期之间都变化不大，相对稳定；CODMn浓度在各个雨期之问存在变化，但都没有明显的规律。     

泾河流域陕西段水环境容量估算和分配模型研究

非点源污染河流的水环境容量研究对其污染物总量控制具有现实意义。采用输出系数法计算年投放量和年入河量,对年入河量进行按月分配,通过河流输入—输出平衡关系计算研究河段的月自净水量。结果表明:按照水环境功能区划中Ⅲ类水质的要求,泾河流域陕西段总氮全年超标,流域内各污染源的总氮投放量均需削减,削减总量达到3 191.891 1t;按照污染源削减量分配结果,土地利用类型是总氮污染削减量最大的(1 294.239 6t),而畜禽养殖是削减比例最大的污染源(47.76%)。从污染源的时间分配来看,降水量大的丰水期是污染物削减量最大的时期,各污染源的削减量随着降水径流的增大而增大,说明降水径流是造成泾河流域陕西段总氮污染的限制性因子。     

密云水库上游流域水体营养物质季节变化特征分析

通过密云水库上游不同尺度流域水体营养物质监测,了解水体营养物质季节变化特征,分析不同径流和泥沙条件对水体营养物质运移的影响。结果表明:各类水体营养物质季节变化幅度为TP>CODMn>NH4+-N>TN>NO3--N。流量和径流含沙量是影响河流水体营养物质浓度季节变化的重要因素。河流水体CODMn浓度与流量呈显著正相关,水体TP浓度与含沙量、流量均呈显著正相关;但在河道径流量较大时,TP和CODMn浓度随流量增大而递增速率明显小于径流量较小时。水体TN、NO3--N和NH4+-N浓度与流量或含沙量均无显著相关关系。     

川中丘陵区典型小流域治理对地表水水质的影响

为探讨小流域治理后地表水水质的时空变化规律,对川中丘陵区典型小流域截流村小流域综合治理后流域上游、中游和下游地表水的p H值、总氮(TN)、氨氮(NH+4-N)、总磷(TP)、高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)进行了测定,并采用综合污染指数法对水质进行了评价。测定结果显示,截流村小流域上游和中游地表水中TN、NH+4-N和TP浓度雨季大于旱季,下游TN、NH+4-N和TP浓度旱季大于雨季;地表水TN、NH+4-N和TP浓度空间上旱季为上游中游下游,雨季为下游上游中游;地表水CODMn浓度旱季和雨季均表现为上游大于中游和下游,但不同部位之间差异不显著。综合污染指数法评价表明,截流村小流域地表水水质均属于轻度污染,污染程度旱季下游中游上游,雨季中游上游下游。研究表明农田面源污染是川中丘陵区小流域地表水的主要污染源,建议加大流域内梯田和防护林建设力度。     

沙湖的水环境容量和污染物总量控制

[目的]探明宁夏回族自治区沙湖富营养化状态及计算主要污染的水环境容量,为沙湖入湖污染负荷的削减和水环境保护提供一定依据。[方法]于2015—2017年冬(1月)、春(4月)、夏(7月)、秋(10月)监测了沙湖水体理化指标。采用综合营养状态指数法对其富营养化状态进行了评价,采用沃伦威德(Vollenweider)模型和狄龙(Dillion)模型计算了4种不同水质目标情景下的高锰酸盐指数、总氮和总磷的水环境容量。[结果] 2015—2017年沙湖富营养化状态总体上为春、冬季轻度富营养化,夏、秋季中度富营养化;情景二和三水质目标下沙湖2015—2017年高锰酸盐指数,总氮和总磷水环境容量剩余量均为0;情景四水质目标下沙湖2015—2017年总磷的水环境容量剩余量均为0,高锰酸盐指数的水环境容量有剩余量,总氮的水环境容量2015年有剩余量,2016—2017年剩余量为0。在2017年水质现状的基础上,达到Ⅲ类水质要求高锰酸盐指数、总氮和总磷分别消减655.97 t,39.27 t和1.41 t,消减率分别为112.89%,45.58%和37.60%;达到Ⅳ类水质要求高锰酸盐指数、总氮和总磷分别消减0,15.83 t和0.94 t,消减率分别为0,18.37%和25.07%。[结论]沙湖水体呈现一定程度的污染,已达到富营养化状态,高锰酸盐指数、总氮和总磷的水环境容量大于目标要求的水环境容量,应该及时进行治理和保护。     

辽宁省典型流域水环境容量计算与分析

根据一维、二维水质模型,建立了水环境容量计算模型。在全面分析辽宁省某典型河流的水质状况、污染源及污染物特征的基础上,选取一维水环境容量模型进行计算。以河段功能分区情况为基础,结合该典型流域各断面水质及水文站的水文监测资料,对该河流的主要污染物COD在不同保证率（90%,50%,20%）情况下的水环境容量进行计算,全河段平水年水环境容量达2 520.71 t/d,并对结果进行了分析,在计算结果的基础上,提出了针对典型流域进一步改善和控制水环境的规划建议。     

海河流域畜禽养殖污染负荷研究

建立畜禽养殖输出系数模型,从省级行政区和水资源3级区两个层面分别估算了2007年海河流域畜禽养殖污染物产生量、排放量和入河量以及各省和各3级区所占的比例。结果表明,2007年全流域畜禽养殖产生污染物COD 534.69万t、BOD 459.47万t、NH3-N 45.42万t、总氮116.53万t、总磷37.16万t、污水41 672.73万t;排放污染物COD 36万t、NH3-N 2.88万t、总氮4.15万t、总磷0.55万t;入河污染物COD 7.2万t、NH3-N 0.58万t、总氮0.83万t、总磷0.11万t。从各省来看,河北省所占比例最大,产生量占全流域的51%,排放量和入河量分别占54.4%;从水资源3级区来看,徒骇马颊河平原所占比例最大,产生量占全流域的23.7%,排放量和入河量分别占18.66%。     

我国NH3-N排放量及空间分布变化初步研究

NH3-N的排放量增加引起了水体富营养化、土壤酸化等一系列环境问题,所以对NH3-N排放情况的研究越来越受到科学家的重视。而有关我国NH3-N排放量历史变化情况,尤其是近20多年来的排放量报道很少。参照已有的各个NH3-N源的排放因子,利用中国农业年鉴统计等数据资料,计算了1980—2005年我国NH3-N排放量。结果表明,1980年,NH3-N排放量为5.50Tg,到2005年达到13.38Tg,增加了143%,年均增长率为5.51%。因使用化学肥料产生的NH3-N排放量最大,约占总排放量的29.4%～47.4%,畜牧业中动物厩舍及其排泄物储存产生的NH3-N排放量居第二位。我国NH3-N排放量空间分布不均匀,主要分布在我国东部河南、山东、江苏、河北以及西南的四川等省,2005年约占总排放量的36.2%。我国NH3-N排放总量的时间变化最大的几个省份分别是黑龙江、天津、河北、河南、山东等,其年均增长在8%以上,而我国的西北和青藏高原地区排放量变化最小,仅为0.44%。     

重庆三峡库区养猪业废水污染及防治对策

参考国内外有关研究,估算了重庆三峡库区养猪业废水的产生量和污染物的流失量。研究结果表明,2005年重庆三峡库区养猪业废水产生量为7 228.01万t,各类污染物的流失量分别为COD 28.19万-43.37万t,BOD517.35万-20.82万t,NH3-N 4.60万-10.34万t,养猪业废水COD、NH3-N的流失量高于同期重庆市工业废水、生活污水COD和NH3-N的总排放量,成为了重庆三峡库区水质恶化的重要因子。提出了防治对策。     

渭河干流陕西段水体中CODMn,NH3-N的时空变化特征

渭河是陕西省的第一大河,然而近年来渭河水体污染严重,阻碍了区域经济的发展。依据1991—2002年渭河水质监测资料,对渭河干流陕西段水质主要污染指标CODMn,NH3-N的时空变化特征及其产生的原因进行了分析研究。(1)渭河陕西段污染严重,其中咸阳铁路桥为CODMn污染最严重的断面;卧龙寺桥、虢镇桥、兴平是NH3-N污染较严重的断面。(2)从90年代以来该流域的污染呈加重的趋势。1996年NH3-N污染最为严重,1995年CODMn最高。(3)造纸企业排放的污水是造成渭河流域CODMn污染的主要污染源;农田大量化肥的施用以及化肥工业废水的排放是造成渭河NH3-N污染的主要原因。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.