高压脉冲电场对鲜榨梨汁的杀菌效果及其对产品品质的影响

为了采用非热杀菌技术以生产高质量的果汁,研究了高压脉冲电场(PEF)对梨汁的杀菌效果及其对产品品质的影响.结果表明,当电场频率、电场强度和处理时间、温度分别为200Hz、30kV/cm和240μs、10μC时,梨汁中接种的大肠杆菌、酿酒酵母的数量分别下降4.6、2.7个数量级.温度具有辅助杀菌效应,相同频率和场强下处理时间200μs,当样品温度从10℃上升致40℃时,大肠杆菌致死率提高了1.4个数量级,酿酒酵母致死率提高了2.0个数量级,未接种鲜榨梨汁的细菌致死率提高了2.0个数量级,霉菌酵母致死率提高了1.0个数量级.PEF处理后梨汁理化性质、营养成分比热处理更接近原样.气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)对梨汁风味物质进行检测的结果表明,梨汁中含量最多的挥发性风味物质为酯类,与传统热处理相比,PEF处理对梨汁风味物质的影响较小.因此脉冲电场不仅有较好的杀菌作用,并且最大限度地保证了梨汁的品质.     

高压脉冲电场对乳铁蛋白铁结合能力的影响(简报)

为了探讨高压脉冲电场(PEF)处理对生物活性蛋白功能性质的影响,为这种新型的冷杀菌技术的实践应用提供理论指导,该文选取乳铁蛋白(LF)为研究对象,采用分光光度法测定其铁结合能力,分析了PEF处理中各处理参数对乳铁蛋白铁结合性能的影响.研究结果表明,在该试验设定条件下,LF的铁结合能力大体随电场强度、处理时间和脉冲宽度增加而降低.电场强度为35 kV/cm时,LF的铁结合能力降低至对照样的57%左右.随处理时间的增加,LF铁结合能力下降.脉冲宽度为4 pμs时,LF的铁结合能力下降为48%.当脉冲数为256时,LF的铁结合能力达到对照样的3.8倍.当处理温度上升到55℃时,LF铁结合能力为对照样的1.2倍.可见,PEF处理会对生物活性蛋白的功能性质产生正面或负面的影响,选择适宜的操作参数,有望提高其生物活性功能.     

高压脉冲电场对大豆分离蛋白功能性质的影响

该文研究了高压脉冲电场对大豆分离蛋白功能性质的影响。结果表明：随着脉冲强度和脉冲处理时间的延长，大豆分离蛋白的溶解度、乳化性、起泡性及疏水性都增加。当脉冲强度或处理时间大于35 kV/cm或432 μs(溶解度)、30 kV/cm或144 μs(乳化性)、35 kV/cm或432 μs(起泡性)及30 kV/cm或288 μs(疏水性)时，由于蛋白质分子变性程度增加，分子发生聚集，功能性质反而下降。     

脉冲电场对果胶酯酶的活性及构象的影响

为了采用非热杀菌技术以保持果汁的新鲜度，研究了高压脉冲电场(PEF)对果胶酯酶(PE)的活性及酶构象的影响效果。结果表明PEF可以钝化PE的活性：随脉冲电场电场强度的增强(5～25 kV/cm)和脉冲数的增加(207～1449个)PE酶活钝化效果增强；在PEF处理后立刻测定发现25 kV/cm、1449个脉冲时，PE酶活性最高降低了65.3％。PE酶活变化与PEF电场强度和脉冲数之间存在良好的线性相关，R²分别达到0.988和0.953。PEF处理(621个脉冲)后PE的荧光强度增加，整体变化趋势是随电场强度增强荧光强度先增加后下降，但荧光强度值都低于热处理(100℃处理5 min)后酶蛋白的荧光强度值。因此PEF可以有效钝化果胶酯酶的活性，并且改变果胶酯酶的构象。     

高压脉冲电场共场杀菌处理室性能仿真与试验

为获得最优的共场杀菌处理室结构和性能,该文以不同结构共场杀菌处理室为研究对象,利用COMSOL Multiphysics软件对共场杀菌处理室内的电场强度分布、流料特性以及温度分布情况进行了仿真,得到了不同结构共场杀菌处理室的耦合场特性。试验结果表明,在40kV/cm电场强度下,椭圆形内嵌共场杀菌处理室所接种梨汁中的大肠杆菌菌体浓度下降6.5个数量级,优于其他结构的共场杀菌处理室;椭圆形内嵌共场杀菌处理室处理的接种大肠杆菌梨汁的温升仅为6.7℃,小于其他结构的共场杀菌处理室。因此椭圆形内嵌共场杀菌处理室优秀的耦合场特性更适用于性能要求更高的中试规模及工业化PEF杀菌系统。     

高压脉冲电场对植物乳杆菌的杀菌效果及三种模型的比较分析

研究了高压脉冲电场(pulsed electric field, PEF)对接种于苹果汁中植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillu plantarum)的杀菌效果并应用三种模型进行了分析。结果表明，随电场强度和脉冲时间增加，PEF对植物乳杆菌的杀灭效果增强，34 kV/cm、1050 μs时植物乳杆菌最大降低了4.135个数量级。Hülsheger 模型、Weibull模型和Log-Logistic模型均能很好地拟合PEF处理植物乳杆菌的失活曲线，五个模型评价参数，精确因子(Af)，偏差因子(Bf)，根平方和(SS)，根平方方差(RMSE)和决定系数(R²)分析表明三个模型中，Log-Logistic模型最好地拟合了PEF处理下植物乳杆菌失活动力学变化。     

高密度CO2对虾优势腐败菌的杀菌效果及机理

为了探讨高密度CO2（dense phase carbon dioxide,DPCD）对水产品腐败菌的杀菌效果和机制,以一株凡纳滨对虾优势腐败菌（Chryseobacterium sp. LV1）为研究对象,研究了DPCD处理温度（30～55℃）、压力（5～25 MPa）、时间（5～60 min）对杀菌效果的影响,分析了DPCD处理前后该菌理化性质的变化。结果表明：DPCD对其具有较好的杀菌效果,温度升高、压力增大、延长时间都会增强杀菌效果,而且超临界CO2比亚临界CO2的杀菌效果好。当在45℃、15 MPa和55℃、15 MPa下处理菌悬液30 min时,菌落总数均能下降5个对数;菌悬液的pH值从6.97分别下降至5.58和5.56;细胞外蛋白由最初的78.69 μg/mL分别增至151.91和157.40 μg/mL,200～800 nm范围内的吸光度值增大,这说明DPCD处理改变了其细胞膜的通透性,造成胞内蛋白质和核酸泄漏;可溶性和不溶性蛋白的电泳图谱发生变化,说明DPCD处理能够诱导Chryseobacterium sp. LV1可溶性蛋白质变性,降低其溶解度;能够钝化与其新陈代谢相关的14种酶类;但不会造成其DNA的降解。因此,DPCD处理致使其理化性质的改变可能是杀菌的主要原因之一。研究结果将为DPCD技术在对虾加工中的应用提供参考。     

高压脉冲电场法提取耐辐射奇球菌中类胡萝卜素的研究

为探讨高压脉冲电场(PEF)电学参数致耐辐射奇球菌破壁提取类胡萝卜素的影响及最佳工艺参数,采用正交试验法,分析了电场强度、处理时间、频率和脉宽4种电场参数对类胡萝卜素提取效果的影响。结果表明,PEF技术提取类胡萝卜素的最优提取水平组合为:电场强度30 kV·cm^-1,处理时间30 s,频率30 Hz,脉宽10 μs。该条件下,提取量为75.06 μg·g^-1,与未进行电场处理的样品提取量48.27 μg·g^-1相比,增加了55.5%。本研究结果为PEF技术的工业化大规模应用提供了理论依据。     

中压电场预处理对苹果组织损伤程度及微观结构的影响

为了探究中压电场预处理(100 V/cm)对苹果组织结构损伤程度的影响,从宏观层面上分析了电场强度(15~90 V/cm)、温度(30~70℃)、频率(50~1000 Hz)等处理参数对苹果组织结构损伤率的影响规律,解析了温度对苹果组织损伤过程的影响;从微观层面上对不同温度和电场强度下苹果组织微观结构进行了电镜扫描观察。结果表明,同样温度下,中压电场预处理时的苹果组织结构损伤率远高于水浴加热处理(P0.05);场强较高(45 V/cm)时苹果组织结构损伤率随温度的升高而线性增大;场强较低(30 V/cm)处理时与水浴处理均呈现先缓慢上升再急剧增大的变化趋势,但中压电场预处理增速更快。温度低于70℃时,苹果组织结构损伤率随电场强度升高而增加,随频率的增大而减小。苹果组织结构损伤率随时间的变化符合一级反应动力学模型;中压电场强度30 V/cm时,通过组织损伤速率常数、特征损伤时间计算所得活化能分别为122.88和157.01 k J/mol;水浴处理时组织损伤速率常数所得活化能为143.82 k J/mol。苹果组织细胞微观结构观察显示,中压电场电、热协同作用更易损伤苹果组织。研究结果可为改进苹果深加工预处理工艺提供参考。     

高压脉冲电场结合冷冻浓缩生产浓缩绿茶汤工艺优化

为解决茶饮料生产过程中因热力加工导致茶叶香气物质损失的关键难点问题,寻找一种保留香气成分的低温加工新技术,采用高压脉冲电场(pulsed electric field,PEF)和冷冻浓缩分别对茶汤进行提取和浓缩,得到最佳工艺参数,并用气相色谱-质谱(gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer,GC-MS)与固相微萃取(solid-phase micro-extraction,SPME)相结合的方法测定高压电场提取的茶汤与热水浸提的茶汤以及冷冻浓缩得到的浓缩茶汤与真空蒸发浓缩得到的浓缩茶汤在香气成分方面的差异。试验结果表明:脉宽2.5μS时,PEF技术生产绿茶汤的适宜条件为料液比1:30、电场强度35 kV/cm、脉冲个数8个、脉冲频率2 700 Hz;以4℃的溶液初温、150 r/min的刮刀转速、冷媒温度为-15~-18℃条件浓缩效果最佳;香气成分分析表明PEF集成冷冻浓缩比真空蒸发浓缩更能保留茶汤的香气成分。研究结果可为高压脉冲电场及冷冻浓缩的应用提供技术依据。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

In-situ enrichment and analysis of atrazine-degrading microbial communities using atrazine-containing porous beads

We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep^® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation.     

Genetic similarities among Spanisch populations of Agropyron, Elymus and Thinopyrum, using PCR-based markers

Arbitrary oligonucleotides were used as primers to amplifygenomic DNA of 48 wild Spanish populations of Agropyroncristatum, Elymus hispanicus,E. caninus,E. repens,Thinopyrum curvifolium, Th.junceum and Th.intermedium. Genetic diversity was analysedusing nineteen primers. The number of amplified products ranged from8 to 18 per primer and a total of 240 markers were scored. Differentlevels of intraspecific genetic diversity were found, the allogamousspecies E. repens andTh. intermedium being themost variable. Jaccard's similarity coefficients for internalmeasure within and between populations were used to produce a clusterdiagram. The results demonstrate differences in the degree ofsimilarity between taxonomic units. Interpopulational variability andinterspecific genomic relationships of these species arediscussed.     

Mycorrhizae,biocides, and biocontrol. 4. Response of a mixed culture of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and host plant to three fungicides

The effects of three commonly used fungicides on the colonization and sporulation by a mixture of three arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi consisting of Glomus etunicatum (Becker & Gerd.), Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe, and Gigaspora rosea (Nicol. & Schenck) in symbiosis with pea plants and the resulting response of the host-plant were examined. Benomyl, PCNB, and captan were applied as soil drenches at a rate of 20 mg active ingredient kg^-1 soil 2 weeks after transplanting pea seedlings in a silty clay-loam soil containing the mixed inocula of AM fungi (AM plants). Effects of fungicides were compared to untreated plants that were inoculated with fungi (AM control). The effect of mycorrhizal inoculation on plant growth was also examined by including nonmycorrhizal, non-fungicide-treated plants (non-AM control). Fungicides or inoculation with AM fungi had only a small effect on the final shoot weights of pea plants, but had greater effects on root length and seed yield. AM control plants had higher seed yields and lower root lengths than the corresponding non-AM plants, and the fungicide-treated AM plants had intermediate yields and root lengths. Seed N and P contents were likewise highest in AM control plants, lowest in non-AM plants, and intermediate in fungicide-treated AM plants. All three fungicides depressed the proportion (%) of root length colonized by AM fungi, but these differences did not translate to reductions in the total root length that was colonized, since roots were longer in the fungicide-treated AM plants. Pea plants apparently compensated for the reduction in AM-fungal metabolism due to fungicides by increasing root growth. Fungicides affected the population of the three fungi as determined by sporulation at the final harvest. Captan significantly reduced the number, relative abundance, and relative volume of G. rosea spores in the final population relative to the controls. The relative volume of G. etunicatum spores was greater in all the fungicide-treated soils, while G. mosseae relative volumes were only greater in the captan-treated soil. These findings show that fungicides can alter the species composition of an AM-fungal community. The results also show that AM fungi can increase seed yield without enhancing the vegetative shoot growth of host plants.