不同施肥处理对油菜产量和品质的影响

堆肥化是在微生物作用下通过高温发酵使有机物矿质化、腐殖化和无害化而变成腐熟肥料的过程,在微生物分解有机物的过程中,不但生成大量可被植物利用的有效态氮、磷、钾化合物,而且又合成新的高分子有机物—腐殖质,它是构成土壤肥力的重要活性物质[1]。本文以堆肥、缓释肥和有机无机复混肥3类养分缓释型肥料进行对比研究,旨在深入探讨不同肥料产品在蔬菜上的应用效果。     

尿素作为补充氮源对西番莲果渣高温堆肥进程的影响

利用西番莲废果渣为基本原料进行堆肥试验,研究了添加尿素及2种微生物菌剂（榕风与福贝）在西番莲果渣堆肥过程中温度、C/N比、总氮（T-N）、水溶性NH4＋-N和水溶性NO3--N的动态变化规律。结果表明,加入一定比例的尿素能够增加高温堆肥中〉50℃的高温持续时间、减少最后达到环境温度所需时间;加快堆肥NH4＋-N的下降,促进堆肥化腐熟后期NO3--N的累积,增加腐熟后全氮的含量,加快堆肥化进程。在添加尿素的基础上,添加微生物菌剂,显著加快果渣堆肥中C/N比的下降速度,促进堆肥腐熟进程的作用效果更明显,但两种微生物菌剂之间对堆肥化的促进作用效果无显著差异。     

牛粪堆肥化中氮素形态与微生物生理群的动态变化和耦合关系

在强制通风静态垛装置中研究了牛粪堆肥化中氮素形态和微生物生理群的动态变化。在堆制的56d里,根据堆温变化分阶段采集堆肥样品,测定各种氮素组分的含量和氮素微生物生理群的数量。结果表明,堆肥过程中,总氮减少了21．6％;有机氮是堆肥中的主要氮素形态,其含量降低了19．1％;氨基酸态氮和氨态氮的含量分别降低了20．9％和86．4％,在有机氮和总氮中的比例分别降低了2．2％和5．2％;氨基糖态氮和硝态氮含量分别增加了147％和79％,在有机氮和总氮中的比例分别增加了2倍和1．3倍。氨气的挥发占总损失的63％,高温期的释放量占总挥发量的69％。堆肥中氨化细菌数量较高,在高温期大幅度增加,其数量变化与堆肥中氨气和氨态氮含量都呈极显著正相关关系。在堆肥过程中,硝化细菌数量总体较小,在降温期增加幅度较大;反硝化细菌数量逐渐增加,堆制结束时达到堆肥初期的2．45倍;固氮菌数量总体增加1．8倍,其中降温期数量较多。堆肥过程中存在的反硝化作用,是氮素损失的另一个重要原因。     

有机固体废弃物好氧高温堆肥化处理技术

好氧高温堆肥化是有机固体废弃物资源化处理利用的有效途径之一,其关键技术是如何为微生物繁殖生长提供良好的环境,堆肥水分含量、pH值、C/N值、通气量、翻堆频率等均影响堆肥化的进程和效率。结合城市污泥、城市垃圾及家禽粪便垫料堆肥化处理的生产经验,阐述了堆肥过程的主要技术要求及其调控方法。     

亚热带赤红壤不同林型对土壤微生物区系的影响

研究不同人工林型下土壤微生物区系的差异与变化，定期采样测定结果表明，不同林型是的土壤微生物总数顺序为混效林〉豆科纯林〉纯桉林；其数量在一年中随季节变化很大，各种林型均以秋季最大，其次是春、冬季，夏季最小；三大类菌中又以细菌所占比较最大，其次为放线菌、真菌；它们各自的优势种群在组成上各林林间差别不大，而且全年都保持较稳定的比较，无论是微生物种类还是其数量，都以混交林多于纯林，而在纯林中又以豆科纯林多     

堆肥原位保氮技术研究进展

畜禽粪便等有机固体废弃物高温堆肥化过程中的氮素损失已经越来越受到国内外学者的关注。阐述了堆肥化过程及其过程中氮素损失的途径和特点,介绍了国内外堆肥原位保氮技术研究的进展。堆肥化过程中重要参数包括pH、值通风、含水率、仓内温度、有机质含量、颗粒度、C/N和C/P等。介绍了堆肥添加剂种类(高碳物质、外源微生物、物理性吸附剂和化学材料等),并展望了今后添加剂研究的重点和热点,如综合利用几种方法,开发新的脲酶抑制剂及硝化抑制剂等。     

草畜系统对改良津、翼、鲁盐碱荒地的效果

１９９２－１９９４年在天津市大港、山东省无棣县、河北省海兴县的盐碱荒地上建立草畜系统后，土壤的呼吸作用，固氮作用及硝化作用的强度都明显增大；土壤微生物生理群落和数量增多，活性增强；土壤腐殖质含量增加，但在不同栽培年限的苜蓿地土壤中，其含量变化不大。同时，土壤的蓄水性能明显提高。     

啤酒厂污泥与鸡粪接种菌剂堆肥除臭效果及其作用机制

通过探讨功能性菌剂对堆肥化进程的影响,为减少啤酒厂污泥与鸡粪堆肥臭气产生提供理论依据,将自制具有去除臭味能力的微生物菌剂DF-1接种至啤酒厂污泥与鸡粪的堆体中,测定堆肥化过程中各参数的变化和微生物群落及菌剂DF-1中优势微生物变化情况,以不接种堆体为参照。结果显示,菌剂DF-1中优势菌种为乳酸乳球菌、热带假丝酵母及绿色木霉。相对于不接种菌剂的堆体而言,接种菌剂DF-1的啤酒厂污泥与鸡粪堆体在升温期和高温期仅感觉到微弱的臭味,降温期勉强感觉到臭味,堆肥达到稳定状态后则感觉不到臭味。堆肥的升温期,菌剂中优势菌种乳酸乳球菌,热带假丝酵母和绿色木霉均可检测到;堆肥的高温期,菌剂中优势菌种仅检测到乳酸乳球菌;堆肥的降温期和腐熟期,菌剂中优势菌种仅检测到绿色木霉;菌剂DF-1中优势微生物在堆肥过程中存在一个交替演变的过程。     

磷脂脂肪酸分析方法及其在土壤微生物多样性研究中的应用

磷脂脂肪酸（PLFA）是活体微生物细胞膜的重要组分，不同类群的微生物可通过不同的生化途径合成不同的PLFA。一些PLFA可作为分析微生物量和微生物群落结构变化的“生物标记”。在土壤微生物分析中，越来越多地采用了PLFA方法。本文介绍了表征微生物的一些PLFA、从土壤中提取PLFA的方法以及用GC-MS分析PLFA的原理。本文还将常用的研究微生物多样性的几种方法进行了比较；传统的分析土壤微生物群落的方法依赖于培养技术，只能培养和分离出一小部分微生物群落；Biolog方法可用于研究土壤微生物群落生理多样性，即可反映微生物群落如何利用各种碳源底物，但对快速生长和适合在Biolog实验条件下生长的小部分群落成员有强烈的选择性；核酸分析方法的主要缺点是不能对土壤微生物进行定量分析；而PLFA方法相对于上述几种方法有诸多优势。本文通过一些实例证明PLFA方法的特色或独到之处，也分析了其缺点。采用PLFA方法并结合其他方法有助于获取土壤微生物群落多样性的更多和更全面而完整的信息。     

牛粪堆肥过程中土霉素降解及其与微生物群落结构的关系

畜禽粪便的堆肥化过程可以有效降解土霉素等抗生素,温度是影响降解过程的主要因素,而复杂的微生物群落常被忽视。本研究以土霉素初始含量0做为对照(CK),探析了牛粪堆肥(TG)过程中60 mg·kg^(-1)的土霉素的降解及微生物群落变化规律。结果显示,经28 d的堆肥处理,土霉素降解率达93.3%,63 d后,降解率达96.7%。微生物群落方面,在土霉素处理中,类芽孢杆菌属、芽孢杆菌属和Thermobacillus在高温期增加,其相对丰度由原料中的0.04%、0和0分别升高到高温期的4.25%、1.16%和1.68%,而在空白组中分别为0.20%、0.02%和0.09%。此外,相关性分析发现芽孢杆菌属、短芽孢杆菌属以及Chelatococcus对土霉素的降解过程具有较大的效应,证实土霉素在牛粪堆肥过程中的生物降解与微生物密切相关。     

High Rate Composting with Innovative Process Control

Despite the variety of composting plants present on the market, the design and operation of composting systems to improve the rate of the process and quality of end products are still an objective that has not been achieved. The composting process evolves through a thermophilic phase followed by a mesophilic one. The metabolism of microorganisms involved in the process is deeply disturbed by environmental changes like temperature, oxygen level and moisture. The aim of this study was to carry out a composting process in two separate reactors: the first, only in the thermophilic phase, with the purpose of pathogen destruction and decomposition by selected thermophilic microorganisms; the second, only in the mesophilic phase, to perform the main microbial transformations with a higher rate of volatile solids destruction. The results confirmed that maintaining constant the main parameters which affect the process, the microbial activity is enhanced. In the two-phase process, the evolution of parameters like moisture, organic carbon, humified organic matter, organic N, C/N and germination index (phytotoxicity) is more rapid relative to the single phase process. Also pathogen destruction is improved with the complete elimination of Faecal coliforms and Enterobacteriaceae and with a stronger reduction of Faecal streptococci.     

A Model for Temperature Dependency of Thermophilic Composting Process Rate

To suit the purpose of composting, an optimal control of the composting process will be advantageous. Modeling may be useful for predicting how a composting process will proceed, both for the purpose of dimensioning a process plant and for planning the process runs. It may also be applicable for process control. If an applicable mathematic model can be created from a reasonably simple theoretic basis, it may have advantages compared to an empirical model. An equation for the temperature dependency of decomposition rate is proposed for modeling thermophilic composting processes. The equation is derived from a simple chemical model, including enzyme activity applying the Arrhenius equation.     

Biodegradabilities and Microbial Activities During Composting of Municipal Solid Waste In Bench-Scale Reactors

In the design of large scale, in-vessel systems, the biodegradability of the waste, the optimal nutritional conditions, and the length of time required to complete the high-rate phase are important. Because composting is a microbial process, the overall levels and activities of microorganisms influence the rate and extent of degradation. In this study, bench-scale reactors were used to determine the biodegradability of municipal solid waste, primarily office trash, and the effects of nutrient supplementation on biodegradability during six weeks of composting. Supplementation with nitrogen, phosphorus, vitamins, and trace minerals did not increase the biodegradability of the waste. Although the levels of specific microbial subpopulations varied, total numbers of microorganisms did not change significantly.     

Changes in Thermophilic Bacteria Population and Diversity during Composting of Coal Fly Ash and Sewage Sludge

The thermophilic bacteria in compost made from coal flyash-amended sewage sludge were isolated and identified using theBiolog system to investigate the effect of coal fly ash on thethermophilic decomposition of sewage sludge during composting. Atotal of 8 species of Bacillus were isolated from thecompost and Bacillus brevis was the dominant speciesduring the entire composting process. The present resultsdemonstrate that the Biolog system is a fast and simple methodfor identifying bacterial species in compost, provided thatoptimum conditions could be achieved for the Bacillusculture. Adding coal fly ash as an amendment did not change thedominant bacteria species during composting, but decreased thepopulation and diversity of thermophilic bacteria species due tothe high alkalinity and salinity. Fewer thermophilic bacteriawere detected in ash-amended sewage sludge compost than insludge compost. There was also reduced metabolic activityobserved in the ash-amended sludge compost from the data ofCO₂ evolution and weight loss. Although ash amendmentdemonstrated a negative effect on the population and diversityduring thermophilic phase, it did not cause any significanteffect on compost maturity.     

不同微生物菌剂对鸡粪高温堆腐的影响

以鸡粪和玉米秸秆为原料,采用好氧堆肥的方式,研究添加三种不同微生物菌剂对鸡粪高温腐熟效果的影响,探索有益微生物菌剂在畜禽废弃物高温堆肥中的作用。分析了堆肥不同时期各处理的堆温、pH值、种子发芽指数、水溶性铵态氮、水溶性有机氮、全氮、有机碳的变化。结果表明,在添加玉米秸秆调节物料碳氮比(25/1)的情况下,添加本研究中所采用的微生物菌剂可以迅速降低物料对种子发芽指数的影响,使发芽指数在21 d内达到80%以上,较对照提高45.52%;对水溶性铵态氮的转化和水溶性有机氮的形成都有明显的促进作用,腐熟堆肥的氮素保持提高25.46%;明显提高堆肥初期发酵温度,使堆体在第2 d达到高温阶段,并持续7 d以上,最高温度比对照高4.8℃,满足堆肥无害化卫生要求,大大缩短堆腐周期。综合多项指标分析,接种菌剂M2对促进有机碳的分解、有机氮的形成和提高腐熟效率更为有利。     

接种菌剂对猪粪高温堆肥中酶活性的影响

在静态通气条件下,以猪粪为原料,以小麦秸秆作为调节物质,分别用接种复合微生物和常规堆肥两个处理研究了高温堆肥过程中酶活性的变化特征,并对其与堆料E4/E6和电导率（EC）的相互关系进行了探讨。结果表明,接种菌剂堆肥显著地提高了堆料的温度,延长了高温腐解期,有效地提高了猪粪堆肥过程中各种酶的活性和峰值。酶活性的大小因酶种类和堆肥时期的不同而各异;纤维素酶和蔗糖酶在高温期的活性高,在低温期急速下降;脲酶和多酚氧化酶活性峰值出现在堆肥后期低温阶段;脱氢酶活性峰值出现在堆肥中期,过氧化氢酶活性在整个堆肥过程中呈持续下降的趋势。接种菌剂处理和CK处理堆肥期间的EC值均与纤维素酶和脱氢酶活性呈显著的正相关（p＜0.01）;E4/E6与过氧化氢酶活性成显著正相关（p＜0.01）,说明酶活性大小是反映堆肥过程中矿质化过程和腐殖化过程生物化学进程的很好指标。     

Improvement of media for thermophilic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in compost

Thermophilic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) have the potential to reduce ammonium emissions from commercial-scale animal waste composting operations. Two new media have been designed to culture and enumerate thermophilic AOB species. C-1 medium was designed to reflect compost composition. C-2 medium and CQ-2 medium were modified synthetic organic wastewater for the cultivation and enumeration of AOB, respectively. These new media have several advantages over the conventional medium. C-2 medium is effective for nitrification at 50°C, and C-1 and C-2 media support reasonable growth of thermophilic AOB. Furthermore, C-1 and CQ-2 media allow enumeration of thermophilic AOB during the composting process. This is the first report of the successful cultivation and enumeration of thermophilic AOB in compost. These results suggest the possibility of isolation and manipulation of novel thermophilic AOB species for environmental bioremediation.     

Zelluloseabbau während der Heißrotte von Siedlungsabfällen

Degradation of cellulose during high-temperature composting of municipal wastes Model experiments were carried out to investigate the breakdown of cellulose during the decomposition of municipal wastes at high temperatures. At 70°C only small amounts of cellulose were decomposed. But a very considerable breakdown of cellulose was observed at temperatures of 65°C and below, i.e. at temperatures suitable for the growth and activity of thermophilic microorganisms.     

RFLP法研究接种对农业废物堆肥微生物多样性的影响

用限制性片段长度多态性（Restriction fragment length polymorphism, RFLP）方法研究了在农业废物堆肥一次发酵和二次发酵期间添加黄孢原毛平革菌 （ P. chrysosporium ）对微生物多样性的影响。结果表明,在不同发酵期接种P. chrysosporium对堆肥进程的影响不同。3种典型的限制性内切酶Alu Ⅰ ,Ho Ⅲ和TaqⅠ在分析堆肥细菌微生物多样性的灵敏性上,Hae Ⅲ效果最好,AluⅠ次之,TaqⅠ则并不很适用于分析堆肥细菌微生物多样性。接种黄孢对堆肥细菌群落的影响非常显著且迅速,二次接种可起到巩固一次接种效果的作用。