华中地区旱地氮素矿化的能力

Nitrogen mineralization potentials of 15 soil samples were studied by the methods of soil aerobic incubation, and the correlation between the potentials and the amounts of nitrogen taken up by rye grass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) in pot culture was calculated. The soils were collected from Hubei Province in Central China. Soil nitrogen mineralization potentials (N_O) were calculated and optimized by a quick-BASIC program. N_O ranged from 60 mg kg^-1 to 340 mg kg^-1, which accounted for 9.1% to 34.6% of the total nitrogen content. Among the examined soils, yellow-brown soil collected from Wuhan had the largest N_O and brown-red soil from Xianning had the smallest one. The mineralization rate constants (k) ranged from 0.00556 d^-1 to 0.01280 d^-1, in average 0.00882 d^-1. Chao soil from Wuhan had the greatest k while yellow-cinnamon soil from Zhaoyang had the smallest one. There were apparent differences between mineralization parameters (N_O and k) optimized and non-optimized ones. Optimized N_O had a better correlation than non-optimized N_O with the amount of nitrogen accumulated in the aerial parts of rye grass. N_O, N_O × k and N_t(accumulated mineralized nitrogen within time t) could be used as indexes of soil nitrogen supply. Among them N_t was the best, which was significantly correlated with the amounts of nitrogen accumulated in the aerial parts of rye grass harvested at three different times.     

苏南地区土壤重金属向蔬菜的迁移研究

Vegetable fields in peri-urban areas receive large amounts of extraneous heavy metals because of rapid urbanization and industrialization in China. The concentrations of Cu, Zn, and Pb in 30 soil samples and 32 vegetable samples, collected from 30 different sites in southern Jiangsu Province of China, were measured and their transfer from soil to vegetable was determined. The results showed that the soil samples had wide ranges of pH (4.25-7.85) and electrical conductivity (EC) (0.24-3.42 dS m^-1). Among the soil samples, there were four soil samples containing higher Cu and two soil samples containing higher Zn concentrations than those specified in the Chinese Soil Environmental Quality Standard II. However, no vegetable sample was found to contain a high level of Cu or Zn. In contrast, one vegetable sample contained 0.243 mg Pb kg^-1 FW, which was above the Chinese Food Hygiene Standard, whereas the corresponding soil Pb concentration was lower than the Chinese Soil Environmental Quality Standard II. The transfer coefficients of Cu of all vegetable samples exceeded the suggested coefficient range, implying that extraneous Cu had high mobility and bioavailability to vegetables. There was no significant correlation between extractable soil heavy metal concentrations with four kinds of extractants and soil pH, EC, heavy metal concentrations in vegetables and soils, except that soil pH correlated well with the extractable soil Cu, Zn, and Pb concentrations with 1.0 mol L^-1 NH₄NO₃. Moreover, diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) extraction method was a more effcient method of extracting heavy metals from the soils independent of soil pH and EC than other three methods used.     

中国某些土壤中的水溶性稀土元素

Water-soluble rare earth elements (WSREEs) of four typical soil profiles in China were determined by using a high-resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. Results showed that the contents of WSREEs decreased from upper layer to lower layer of soils in the southern part of China with a high rainfall and low pH but increased for soils in the northern part of China with a low rainfall and relatively higher pH. Contents of WSREEs in soils were lower than 100 μg kg^-1 in most cases, and varied greatly with both different soils and different layers of the same profile. The highest content was 2816.3 μg kg^-1 but the lowest was 17.6 μg kg^-1 only. The content of individual rare earth lement (REE) in the soil solution also varied greatly with the highest one ranging from 8.4 to 1373 μg kg^-1 for Ce and the lowest one from 0.05 to 4.48 μg kg^-1 for Lu. The sum of WSREEs in the first soil layers ranged from 121.5 to 345.6 μg kg^-1. Great variations existed among ratios of REEs extracted with water to the total REEs of soils, ranging from 0.02×10^-3 to 13.2×10^-3. But as the upper layer was considered, the ratio showed only a small difference, ranging from 0.79×10^-3 to 1.69×10^-3.     

上海郊区园艺土壤氮素的生物形成动态变化

Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) represents a significant pool of soluble nitrogen (N) in soil ecosystems. Soil samples under three different horticultural management practices were collected from the Xiaxiyang Organic Vegetable and Fruit Farm, Shanghai, China, to investigate the dynamics of N speciation during 2 months of aerobic incubation, to compare the effects of different soils on the mineralization of ¹⁴C-labeled amino acids and peptides, and to determine which of the pathways in the decomposition and subsequent ammonification and nitrification of organic N represented a significant blockage in soil N supply. The dynamics of N speciation was found to be significantly affected by mineralization and immobilization. DON, total free amino acids, and NH₄⁺-N were maintained at very low levels and did not accumulate, whereas NO₃^--N gradually accumulated in these soils. The conversion of insoluble organic N to low-molecular-weight (LMW) DON represented a main constraint to N supply, while conversions of LMW DON to NH₄⁺-N and NH₄⁺-N to NO₃^--N did not. Free amino acids and peptides were rapidly mineralized in the soils by the microbial community and consequently did not accumulate in soil. Turnover rates of the additional amino acids and peptides were soil-dependent and generally followed the order of organic soil > transitional soil > conventional soil. The turnover of high-molecular-weight DON was very slow and represented the major DON loss. Further studies are needed to investigate the pathways and bottlenecks of organic N degradation.     

地膜覆盖的玉米地的土壤空气状况

The effects of plastic mulching on soil aeration at the soil depth of 0-100 cm were studied in a corn field. The results indicated that the CO₂ concentration of unmulched soil in the 0-100 cm layer ranged from 0.001 to 0.016 m³/m^3, and that of mulched soil 0.002 to 0.018m³/m³, about 32.39% higher than the former on the average. Such a CO₂ concentration in the soil air is still suitable for crop growth. The O₂ concentration was inversely correlated with CO₂ concentration in the soil air (unmulching r=-0.92^**, mulching r=-0.79^*). O₂ concentration ranged from 0.11 to 0.17 m³/m³ in the mulched soil and 0.13 to 0.18 m³/m³ in the unmulched soil. By contrast, N₂ concentration in soil air remained relatively steady, with no difference between the two treatments. The relationship between the soil respiratory intensity and the depth of a soil layer appeared to be a power function. At the layer of 0-20 cm, the soil respiration intensity in the mulched soil was obviously higher than that in the unmulched. Plastic mulching could also affect soil structure. In comparison with the unmulched soil, the content of >0.25 mm aggregate and 0.05-0.001 mm microaggregate in the mulched soil was reduced by 82.1% and 35.8%, respectively; the soil total porosity, gaseous phase rate and aeration porosity in the depth of 10-20 cm were reduced by 2.85%, 19.89% and 26.54% respectively, but contrary at the depth of 0-10 cm.     

灌溉施用氮肥后氮素在土壤中的转化及淋失状况: 土柱模拟研究

A soil column method was used to compare the effect of drip fertigation (the application of fertilizer through drip irrigation systems, DFI) on the leaching loss and transformation of urea-N in soil with that of surface fertilization combined with flood irrigation (SFI), and to study the leaching loss and transformation of three kinds of nitrogen fertilizers (nitrate fertilizer, ammonium fertilizer, and urea fertilizer) in two contrasting soils after the fertigation. In comparison to SFI, DFI decreased leaching loss of urea-N from the soil and increased the mineral N (NH₄⁺-N + NO₃^--N) in the soil. The N leached from a clay loam soil ranged from 5.7% to 9.6% of the total N added as fertilizer, whereas for a sandy loam soil they ranged between 16.2% and 30.4%. Leaching losses of mineral N were higher when nitrate fertilizer was used compared to urea or ammonium fertilizer. Compared to the control (without urea addition), on the first day when soils were fertigated with urea, there were increases in NH₄⁺-N in the soils. This confirmed the rapid hydrolysis of urea in soil during fertigation. NH₄⁺-N in soils reached a peak about 5 days after fertigation, and due to nitrification it began to decrease at day 10. After applying NH₄⁺-N fertilizer and urea and during the incubation period, the mineral nitrogen in the soil decreased. This may be related to the occurrence of NH₄⁺-N fixation or volatilization in the soil during the fertigation process.     

电解质对酸性土壤铝的溶解及铝形态在土壤溶液中的分布的影响

KCl, CaCl₂, NH₄Cl, NaCl, K₂SO₄ and KF solutions were used for studying the effects of cations and anions on the dissolution of aluminum and the distribution of aluminum forms respectively. Power of exchanging and releasing aluminum of four kinds of cations was in the decreasing order Ca²⁺ >K⁺ >NH₄⁺ >Na⁺. The dissolution of aluminum increased with the cation concentration. The adsorption affinity of various soils for aluminum was different. The aluminum in the soil with a stronger adsorption affinity was difficult to be exchanged and released by cations. The Al-F complexes were main species of inorganic aluminum at a low concentration of cations, while Al³⁺ became major species of inorganic aluminum at a high concentration of cations. The results on the effect of anions indicated that the concentrations of total aluminum, three kinds of inorganic aluminum (Al³⁺, Al-F and Al-OH complexes) and organic aluminum complexes (Al-OM) when SO₄^2- was added into soil suspension were lower than those when Cl^- was added. The dissolution of aluminum from soils and the distribution of aluminum forms in solution were affected by the adsorption of F^- on the soil. For soils with strong affinity for F^-, the concentrations of the three inorganic aluminum species in soil solution after addition of F^- were lower than those after addition of Cl^-; but for soils with weak affinity for F^-, the concentrations of Al³⁺ and Al-OM were lower and the concentrations of Al-F complexes and total inorganic aluminum after addition of F^- were higher than those after addition of Cl^-. The increase of F^- concentration in soil solution accelerated the dissolution of aluminum from soils.     

中国下蜀黄土发育的土壤表层及典型剖面的硫状况

Studies were conducted to examine factors which might influence the status and distribution of S in some surface horizons and typical profiles of soils derived from Xiashu loess on the upper slope (US), middle slope (MS) and lower slope (LS) of Nanjing-Zhenjiang-Yangzhou hilly zone. The total S contents varied from 70.30 to 350.21 mg/kg, and the average for all surface soils was 218.3 mg/kg. The average S contents in the profiles followed the sequence: USo) and the ratio of amorphous iron oxide to free iron oxide (Fe_o/Fe_a), but no significant relationship was found between total S and the ratio of free iron oxide to total iron (Fe_d/Fe_t). Inorganic sulphate in paddy soils (MS and LS) was nearly higher in surface soil than in subsurface soil and subsoil, it, however, remained relatively unchanged with increasing depth for the original soil profile (US). The average organic S accounted for 94% of the total S in the surface soils, but the percentage decreased with depth in the profiles. Like the total S, the organic and inorganic S contents were highly significantly correlated with organic matter, total N, Fe_o and Fe_o/Fe_d ratio, but they were insignificantly related to Fe_d/Fe_t ratio. The C/S and N/S ratios in this study were somewhat lower than the results reported by others. The C/N/S ratios varied considerably within the same profile and among different soils but they fell within the range of values reported worldwide.     

Carbon mineralization in subtropical alluvial arable soils amended with sugarcane bagasse and rice husk biochars

Subtropical recent alluvial soils are low in organic carbon (C). Thus, increasing organic C is a major challenge to sustain soil fertility. Biochar amendment could be an option as biochar is a C-rich pyrolyzed material, which is slowly decomposed in soil. We investigated C mineralization (CO₂-C evolution) in two types of soils (recent and old alluvial soils) amended with two feedstocks (sugarcane bagasse and rice husk) (1%, weight/weight), as well as their biochars and aged biochars under a controlled environment (25 ±2 ℃) over 85 d. For the recent alluvial soil (charland soil), the highest absolute cumulative CO₂-C evolution was observed in the sugarcane bagasse treatment (1 140 mg CO₂-C kg^-1 soil) followed by the rice husk treatment (1 090 mg CO₂-C kg^-1 soil); the lowest amount (150 mg CO₂-C kg^-1 soil) was observed in the aged rice husk biochar treatment. Similarly, for the old alluvial soil (farmland soil), the highest absolute cumulative CO₂-C evolution (1 290 mg CO₂-C kg^-1 soil) was observed in the sugarcane bagasse treatment and then in the rice husk treatment (1 270 mg CO₂-C kg^-1 soil); the lowest amount (200 mg CO₂-C kg^-1 soil) was in the aged rice husk biochar treatment. Aged sugarcane bagasse and rice husk biochar treatments reduced absolute cumulative CO₂-C evolution by 10% and 36%, respectively, compared with unamended recent alluvial soil, and by 10% and 18%, respectively, compared with unamended old alluvial soil. Both absolute and normalized C mineralization were similar between the sugarcane bagasse and rice husk treatments, between the biochar treatments, and between the aged biochar treatments. In both soils, the feedstock treatments resulted in the highest cumulative CO₂-C evolution, followed by the biochar treatments and then the aged biochar treatments. The absolute and normalized CO₂-C evolution and the mineralization rate constant of the stable C pool (K_s) were lower in the recent alluvial soil compared with those in the old alluvial soil. The biochars and aged biochars had a negative priming effect in both soils, but the effect was more prominent in the recent alluvial soil. These results would have good implications for improving organic matter content in organic C-poor alluvial soils.     

较贫瘠的红壤中有机质的积累及其生态意义

Field experiments on the decomposition of organic materials and the accumulation of organic carbon in infertile red soils were conducted at the Ecological Experimental Station of Red Soil, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the potential of CO₂ sequestration by reclamation and improving the fertility of these soils was estimated. Results showed that in infertile red soils, the humification coefficients of organic materials were rather high, ranging from 0.28 to 0.63 with an average of 0.43, which was 41% higher than those in corresponding red soils with medium fertility. This was mainly attributed to the high clay content, high acidity and low native organic matter content of infertile red soils. Compared to those in corresponding normal red soils, the decomposition rates of organic materials were significantly lower in infertile red soils in the first 2 years, thereafter no significant difference was observed between those in the two kinds of soils. Depending on the kind and amount of organic manure applied, the soil properties and the rotation systems, annual application of organic manure with a rate of 4 500 to 9 000 kg ha^-1 increased the organic carbon content in surface 20 cm of infertile red soils by 2.1~7.5 g kg^-1 with an average of 4.7 g kg^-1 within the first 5 years. The organic carbon content in infertile red soils which received organic manure annually increased linearly in the first 10 years, thereafter it slowed down, implying that the fertility of the infertile red soils could reach middle or high level in 10 years if the soil was managed properly. It was estimated that through exploitation of wastelands, re-establishment of fuel forests and improvement of soil fertility, soils in red soil region of China could sequester an extra 1.50 × 10¹⁵ g of atmospheric CO₂.     

春玉米产量、氮肥效率及土壤矿质氮对施氮的响应

为了提高氮肥增产效益,减少对环境的污染,通过田间试验研究了施氮量对春玉米产量、氮肥效率及土壤矿质氮的影响。结果表明,施氮量较低时,春玉米籽粒产量随施氮量增加显著增加,当施氮量高于180 kg·hm-2时,产量保持不变或有减少趋势。氮肥农学利用率、氮素吸收效率、氮素偏生产力和氮收获指数均随着施氮量增加显著降低,氮肥表观利用率和氮肥生理利用率均先增加后降低。从苗期到收获期,施氮处理0~60 cm土层硝态氮含量呈现"上升—下降—上升—下降—稳定"的变化趋势,而60~120 cm土层硝态氮在春玉米生长后期有增加的趋势。随着土层加深,土壤硝态氮含量呈波浪式下降,施氮量240 kg·hm-2和300 kg·hm-2处理在60~100 cm土层硝态氮含量均显著高于其他处理。随着施氮量增加,0~120 cm土层硝态氮累积量显著增加,当施氮量超过240kg·hm-2时,土层中累积的硝态氮存在着较大的淋溶风险。综合考虑产量、氮肥效率和环境效应,179~209 kg N·hm-2是本试验条件下春玉米的合理施氮量。     

配施有机肥减少太湖地区稻田土壤硝态氮淋失的机理研究

采用田间小区试验,设计两种无机氮肥梯度,研究配施有机肥对太湖地区水稻季土壤氮素淋失的影响,并从水/土NO_3~-–N迁移研究其对土壤NO_3~-–N淋失的影响机制。设置的处理有:对照(CK)、常规施氮(CT)、减氮施肥(RT)、常规施氮下配施有机肥(CT+M)、减氮施肥下配施有机肥(RT+M)。结果发现:①除去2015年的CT处理,两年里30 cm处配施有机肥和单施无机肥处理之间的土壤NO_3~-–N淋失均没有显著差异;80 cm处,CT+M处理的NO_3~-–N淋失较CT处理减少41%,RT+M处理较RT处理减少12%。②无机肥处理的田面水NO_3~-–N和土壤淋溶水NO_3~-–N之间存在极显著线性相关,但是有机肥的参与会削弱二者之间的相关性。③配施有机肥有利于土壤有机质含量的提高,CT+M处理的有机质含量较CT处理提高6.7%。0～20 cm土层,配施有机肥处理土壤NO_3~-–N含量明显高于无机肥处理;而20～40 cm土层,二者之间的土壤NO_3~-–N含量差异很小。这表明配施有机肥是通过提高土壤有机质含量,增强土壤表层对NO_3~-–N的吸附固持,从而抑制土壤NO_3~-–N的向下迁移,而不是通过减少田面水NO_3~-–N浓度来实现的。此外,配施有机肥还可以提高土壤质量和水稻产量,促进作物对土壤氮素的吸收,这也是稻田土壤NO_3~-–N淋失减少的一个原因。研究结果为减少农田土壤NO_3~-–N淋失提供了科学依据。     

陕西(土娄)土中硝态氮运移特点及影响因素

利用不同深度的渗漏池研究了陕西(土娄)土中NO3-N运移特点及影响因素。结果表明,NO3-N淋失量与土壤深度呈指数曲线关系,与施N量呈线性相关;NO3-N淋移深度随地而接水量(降水量加灌水量)的增加而增大;NO3-N在土壤剖面中的分布大部分都集中在0～60cm,含量高峰一般出现在20～40cm;不同施N方法对NO3-N的淋失和在土壤中的积累都有明显的影响。     

红壤交换性钙、镁和钾的分布及施肥对其影响

A leaching experiment was Carried out with repacked soil columns in laboratory to study the leaching process of a red soil derived from sandstone as affected by various fertilization practices.The treatments were CK(as a control),CaCO3,CaSO4,MgCO3,Ca(H2PO4)2,Urea,KCl,Multiple(a mixture of the above mentioned fertilizers) and KNO3,The fertilizers were added to the bare surface of the soil columns,and then the columns were leached with 120 mL deionized water daily through perstaltic pumps over a period of 92 days,At the end of leaching process,soils were sampled from different depths of the soil profiles ,i.o.,of 92 days,At the end of leaching process,soils were sampled from different depths of the soil profiles,I.e.0-5cm,5-10cm,10-20cm,20-40cm,and 40-60cm,The results showed when applying Ca,Mg,and K to the bare surface of the soil columns,exchangeable Ca^2 ,Mg^2 ,and K^ in the upper layer of the soil profile increased correspondingly,with an extent depending mainly on the application rates of Ca,Mg,and K and showing a downward trend,CaCO3,CaSO4,MgCO3,and Ca(H2PO4)2 treatments had scarcely and effect on movement of exchangeable K^ ,while CaCO3,and CaSO4 treatments singnificantly promoted the downward movement of exchangealble Mg^2 although these two treatments had no obvious effect on leaching losses of Mg,The fact that under Urea treatment,exchangeable Ca^2 and Mg^2 ,were higher as compared to CK treatment showed urea could prevent leaching of exchangeable Ca^2 and Mg^2 ,the obvious downward movement of exchangeable Ca^2 and Mg^2 was noticed in KCl treatment ,In Multiple treatment,the downward movement of exchangeable Ca^2 and Mg^2 was evident,while that of K^ was less evident,Application of KNO3 strongly promoted the downward movement of exchangeable Ca^2 and Mg^2 in the soil profile.     

小麦-玉米轮作期间不同施肥处理氮素的淋溶形态及数量

利用大型回填土渗漏池研究了陕西关中平原小麦-玉米轮作年生长周期内塿土不同施肥处理氮素淋溶的动态变化。结果表明,小麦-玉米期间土壤淋溶的氮素以硝态氮（NO3--N）为主,溶解性有机氮（DON）次之,铵态氮（NH4＋-N）最低,占淋失总氮的比例平均分别为72.1%、26.2%和1.7%,说明除NO3--N外,DON也是不可忽视的土壤氮素淋失形态。与施氮磷化肥（NP）相比,氮磷化肥和有机肥配施处理（NPM）明显降低了淋溶到100 cm深度土层的氮量;在小麦-玉米生长期间,NPM处理NO3--N、DON和NH4＋-N的累积淋溶量比NP处理分别降低了64.4%、42.9%和54.8%,这与配施有机肥后提高了土壤的持水保肥能力有关,说明有机肥与化肥合理配合施用可以降低氮素的淋溶损失。     

尿素在潮土中淋溶和转化特征研究

采用不同灌溉水量和施N量,研究了尿素在潮土中的淋溶和转化特征。结果表明,在小麦返青期结合灌溉施尿素后,NH4 -N在40cm以上土层中积累,不会产生深层淋溶。而土层中NO3--N含量有较大变化,相同灌溉水量下,施N量越大,NO3--N向下层淋溶越深;相同施N量下,灌溉水量越大,NO3--N也有淋溶越深的趋势。在麦季,即使在超过当地的施N量(N180kg/hm2)和灌溉水量(750m3/hm2)条件下,收获时所有处理的NO3--N主要积累在130cm以上的土层中,NO3--N淋溶深度不超过130cm,不会产生对地下水的污染。     

秸秆还田下氮肥用量对稻田养分淋洗的影响

通过田间试验,研究秸秆还田配施氮肥对稻田土壤养分淋洗的影响。结果表明,随氮肥用量增加,田间渗漏水中NH4+-N、NO3--N、全氮浓度随之增加;与秸秆未还田相比,秸秆还田降低了田面水与渗漏水中NH4+-N、NO3--N的浓度;秸秆还田下各处理30cm土层渗漏水中全氮和NO3--N浓度最高,其浓度范围分别为1.09~12.76mg·L-1和0.76~3.74mg·L-1;全磷浓度范围为0.02~0.79mg·L-1,田面水中全磷浓度随施氮量增加而增加,30cm渗漏水中全磷浓度大于60cm渗漏水。氮肥用量180kg·hm-2时,施肥后5~10d内30cm、60cm渗漏水中的养分以NH4+-N为主,其后均以NO3--N为主。氮肥与秸秆配合施用,可降低田面水和渗漏水中的氮磷浓度,改善肥料利用效率。     

长期不同施肥措施对雨养条件下陇东旱塬土壤氮素的影响

基于1978年开始的陇东旱塬定位试验,分析雨养条件下麦田0~100 cm剖面土壤氮素状况。设计6种试验处理:不施肥、氮肥、氮磷肥、氮磷配施秸秆、有机肥、氮磷配施有机肥。结果表明:有机肥、氮磷配施有机肥处理改善土壤氮素肥力效果优于其他施肥措施,0~40 cm土层全氮、碱解氮、无机氮含量均显著增加,其中0~20 cm土壤全氮较36年前平均提高了26.2%;氮磷配施秸秆处理土壤全氮及碱解氮显著高于对照,全氮与试验前持平或略有提升;氮肥、氮磷肥处理的耕层土壤全氮较试验前分别降低了13.1%和6.4%。氮肥处理深层土壤硝态氮明显较高,其他各施肥处理均能减少硝态氮下移。不同施肥处理改变了土壤的无机氮构成,有机肥与秸秆的作用有较大差异。结果说明不同施肥显著影响农田土壤氮素状况,施用有机肥是培育土壤氮库、而无机氮磷肥配合及有机无机配施是减少NO3--N下移的有效手段。     

生育期水分调控对甘肃河西地区滴灌春小麦氮素吸收和利用的影响

【目的】针对河西地区水资源短缺、作物水肥利用效率低等问题,研究滴灌施肥条件下生育期土壤水分调控对河西地区春小麦氮素吸收和利用的影响,以期探索提高氮肥利用效率的土壤水分调控模式。【方法】以春小麦‘永良 4 号’为试验材料进行田间小区试验,根据前期的滴灌施肥试验,施氮量为 N 180 kg/hm2,在春小麦生育期设置 5 个土壤水分下限 (W1、W2、W3、W4 和 CK) 控制水平,研究生育期土壤水分调控对河西地区滴灌春小麦氮素吸收、分配和转运及根区土壤硝态氮含量的影响。【结果】1) 一定的施肥水平下,土壤水分下限的增长会增加各处理小麦的生育期总灌水量,以充分灌溉 (CK) 处理最大,分别比 W1、W2、W3、W4 处理高 26.6%、15.0%、9.3% 和 4.8%。2) 灌水量的增加会促进小麦植株对土壤养分的吸收同化,与 W4 处理相比,W1、W2、W3 处理的氮素吸收量分别显著减少 29.3%、23.0% 和 15.5%,CK 与 W4 处理差异不显著 (P>0.05)。3) 成熟期各处理小麦营养器官中氮素吸收量以 CK 处理最大,分别比 W1、W2、W3、W4 处理高 28.2%、28.6%、19.2% 和 12.7%,但其子粒中的氮素吸收量比 W4 处理显著低 10.4%。开花期后营养器官中的氮素向子粒的转移量和转移率均以 W4 处理最大,分别比 W1、W2、W3、CK 处理显著增加 40.4%、28.0%、10.6%、10.0% 和 6.8%、3.5%、1.3%、6.9%,但 W4 处理小麦氮素转移量对子粒的贡献率最小 (76.2%)。随着土壤水分下限的增加,各处理氮素吸收效率、氮素生产效率及氮素收获指数呈先增加后减小的变化趋势,均在W4处理下获得最大值。4) 在一定施肥水平下,灌水量的增加会加大硝态氮向土壤深处运移,不利于小麦植株对土壤硝态氮的吸收利用。5) 生育期土壤水分调控对小麦根区土壤硝态氮含量有显著性影响,成熟期 0—100 cm 土层内土壤硝态氮累积量以 W4 处理最小,分别比 W1、W2、W3 和对照 (CK) 处理减少 9.6%、7.2%、6.6% 和 1.4%。【结论】适宜的土壤水分调控更有利于小麦植株对土壤养分的吸收,综合考虑氮素吸收、分配及土壤硝态氮等因素,W4 是基于本试验条件下河西地区滴灌春小麦最佳土壤水分下限处理。     

施氮水平与模拟降雨pH值对玉米冠层NO3--N淋失的影响

为探明降雨特别是酸雨对玉米冠层氮素淋失的影响,以盆栽试验春玉米为指示作物,采用自制人工降雨器进行模拟降雨,研究施氮与不施氮（对照）条件下玉米冠层NO3--N淋失动态、数量及随生育期和降雨酸度的变化规律。结果表明,中性和弱酸性降雨淋洗,NO3--N淋失量主要由冠层氮素含量决定,而强酸雨淋洗,NO3--N淋失量受降雨pH值和冠层氮素含量共同影响。各生育期玉米冠层NO3--N淋失量随降雨pH值降低变化规律不一,生育前期降雨pH值对冠层NO3--N淋失影响较生育后期显著,在研究降雨酸度对玉米冠层NO3--N淋失的影响时,必须考虑生育期。相同pH值模拟降雨条件下,玉米冠层NO3--N淋失量随生育期推进逐渐降低：11叶期>吐丝期>灌浆期,生育前期显著高于中后期。玉米冠层NO3--N淋失量不仅与介质施氮有关,同时受降雨pH值影响,2因素在不同生育期对NO3--N淋失贡献大小有所不同,但总体看,植物体氮素丰富程度是影响冠层NO3--N淋失的主要因素。各生育期玉米冠层均存在一定数量的NO3--N淋失,尤以生育前期为甚,说明在研究农田生态系统氮素流量和冠层氮素损失时,冠层氮素淋失应予以考虑。