南疆阿拉尔垦区海岛棉耗水规律研究

通过对7个海岛棉品种土壤水分动态变化分析研究,结果表明,不同品种各生育期土壤含水量、土壤蓄水量存在极显著差异.所有品种土壤含水量在不同土层的变化趋势基本一致,呈现出"Z"字型的规律性变化.即随土层深度的增加,土壤含水量逐渐减少,80-100 cm土层土壤含水量又升高.含水量最高的土层是0-20 cm,最低的土层是60-80 cm.这种规律性变化与棉花生长特点、根系的发育特点以及吸收特点有关.534、IZ181、新海21是节水型品种,能够较充分利用有限的灌溉水,在干旱半干旱地区具有强大的优势.     

不同紫花苜蓿品种土壤水分动态变化研究

对紫花苜蓿品种西香和会宁不同刈次和不同深度土壤含水量测定结果表明,在不同刈次,引进种土壤含水量明显小于当地种;不同深度土壤含水量引进种西香明显小于当地品种会宁,且多数表现为高—低—高"V"字型变化。但在60～80cm,80～100cm土层,土壤含水量变化有所波动。这种规律性变化与引进种根系强大、有较强的生长势与生长量以及外界降水有关。引进种能吸收深层土壤的水分,且有较强的增产潜力和抗旱能力。     

不同海岛棉品种土壤水分动态变化研究

通过对5个海岛棉品种土壤水分动态变化分析研究,结果表明,不同海岛棉品种各生育期土壤含水量、土壤蓄水量以及水分利用效率存在差异。含水量最高的土层是80~100 cm,最低的是0~20 cm。这种规律性变化与棉花根系的发育特点、吸收特点有关。新海21是节水型品种,能够较充分的利用有限的灌溉水,在干旱半干旱地区具有强大的优势。     

高海拔地区樱桃园土壤水分变化特征分析

为给樱桃园土壤水分管理提供依据,2018年对云南省曲靖市马龙区某樱桃园的土壤水分变化进行了监测,探究樱桃园土壤水分变化特征。结果表明:1)樱桃生育期内,土壤含水量随土层深度增加而增加;生育前期(发芽、开花期)土壤含水量变化幅度较小,生育后期(幼果、硬核、成熟期)的变化幅度相对较大。2)浅层土壤(20 cm、40 cm)含水量变化幅度较大,而深层土壤(60 cm、80 cm)含水量趋于稳定,即随土层深度增加,土壤含水量变化幅度减小。3)土层间土壤含水量的相关性随土层间距增大而减弱;相邻土层间(20 cm和40 cm土层)土壤含水量相关性较好,相关系数为0.92;40 cm土层的含水量变化趋势最能代表0～80 cm土层土壤含水量变化特征。     

膜下滴灌棉花土壤水分动态变化研究

通过系统观察不同土壤类型棉花土壤水分动态变化规律，研究膜下滴灌棉花土壤水分的变化，以有效地提高棉花产量和水分利用效率。结果表明：膜下滴灌棉花土壤含水量呈现规律性的变化：在黏土地上，土壤含水量的变化趋势近似于抛物线，0～20cm土壤含水量最低，随土层深度增加，土壤含水量逐渐增加，至60-80cm达最大，随后又降低。而在沙土地，土壤含水量的变化趋势与黏土地相反。这种变化与土壤的理化、生物学特性以及棉花根系的生长发育有关。不同土壤类型膜下滴灌棉花产量、总耗水量及水分利用效率存在明显差异。     

蒸渗仪控制下烤烟土壤水分的时空动态研究

采用蒸渗仪试验,研究了不同水分处理下烤烟土壤水分时空动态变化。结果表明,全生育期0～20cm土层水分含量变化最为活跃,20～40cm土层次之,40～60cm土层较为稳定;建立了不同土层土壤含水量随时间变化的数学模型,以此来推测烤烟土壤水分随时间的变化动态;烤烟伸根、旺长、成熟期的计划湿润层深度分别以20～30cm,50～60cm,30～40cm较佳;各时期适宜土壤相对含水量水分处理组合以60%-80%-70%或60%-80%-60%优于其它组合。     

荒漠草原2种典型群落类型下土壤含水量与土壤粒径分布的关系

为明确荒漠草原区土壤含水量和土壤粒径分布随土层深度的变化趋势及二者之间的关系,以宁夏盐池荒漠草原蒙古冰草群落和短花针茅群落2种典型群落土壤为研究对象,通过对其浅土层(0～40 cm)、中土层(40～80 cm)、深土层(80～160 cm)土壤含水量和土壤粒径分布的动态变化分析,揭示荒漠草原区土壤结构与土壤养分的相关性。结果表明:①不同深度的土壤含水量受降雨影响不同,其中表层最大,20～60 cm土层次之;2个群落0～80 cm浅、中土层的含水量无显著差异,深土层土壤含水量具有显著差异;雨水入渗与土壤结构关系密切,蒙古冰草群落土壤结构较短花针茅群落土壤结构有利于雨水入渗,其深层土壤含水量显著高于短花针茅群落。②土壤颗粒中,黏粒和粉粒含量随土层深度增加而增加,砂粒含量随土层深度增加而减少;土壤含水量、土壤分形维数与土壤黏粒和粉粒含量呈正相关关系,与土壤砂粒含量呈负相关关系;相比而言,蒙古冰草群落深层土壤水分亏缺不严重,短花针茅群落深层土壤水分长期处于亏缺状态。③土壤分形维数受土壤颗粒大小影响较大,即土壤颗粒越小其分形维数越大;2种典型群落的土壤分形维数有差异但不显著,不同群落间的差异大于不同土层间的差异。     

陕北黄土区阳坡微地形土壤水分特征研究

采用定点动态监测的方法对陕西省吴起县合沟流域内的阳坡微地形土壤含水量进行了对比研究。结果表明:(1)微地形土壤水分的季节变化滞后于降雨的季节变化,其对土壤含水量的影响旱季大于雨季;(2)在0—180 cm土层中,随着土层深度的增加,微地形土壤含水量呈增加的趋势,变异系数减小;(3)微地形不同土层的土壤含水量具有差异,在0—20 cm土层,所有微地形土壤含水量均大于对照坡面,土壤含水量呈现:缓台>塌陷>切沟>陡坎>浅沟;20—80 cm土层土壤含水量则表现为:切沟>缓台>塌陷>陡坎>浅沟>坡面;80—180 cm土层中,土壤含水量最大的是缓台,坡面、浅沟、切沟土壤含水量相差不多,陡坎土壤含水量比坡面略小,塌陷土壤含水量最小。     

临夏市玉米田土壤墒情监测浅析

选择临夏市不同土壤类型的玉米田，建立10个土壤墒情监测固定点，定期对各监测点0～20 cm、20～40 cm土层土壤墒情进行测定。结果表明，土壤墒情的变化规律与自然降水量、地区气温变化、作物的生长期及生长规律密切相关。土壤墒情总体上随降水量的增多而增加，土壤体积含水量的变化与本区域的降水规律相吻合。不同时期各监测点20～40 cm土层土壤体积含水量高于0～20 cm土层。     

不同苜蓿品种头茬草土壤水分动态分析

通过对12个国内外紫花苜蓿品种头茬草土壤水分状况的分析研究,结果表明,不同品种之间头茬草土壤含水量与水分利用效率存在明显差异。头茬草不同土层深度土壤含水量变化呈现高一低一高的“V”字型变化,这种规律性变化与苜蓿根系发育特点、吸收特性有关。所有引进种的水分利用效率均大于地方品种会宁。抓好头茬草是获得苜蓿高产、优质、提高水分利用效率的关键。引进种能吸收深层土壤的水分,有较强的增产潜力和抗旱能力。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.