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1.
农作物低温冷害监测评估及预报方法评述   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
对作物冷害指标、风险及损失评估、监测和预报,以及近年来业务化应用的研究成果进行总结和归纳,比较了这些领域新老研究方法的优缺点.重点介绍3S技术和作物模型在这些领域的应用.探讨了遥感温度反演与冷害监测相结合的可行途径,作物模型用于区域冷害损失评估所需的尺度转换及相应冷害模块添加等问题.明确了新技术与冷害研究相结合过程中需要重点考虑和解决的关键技术难题.可为冷害研究的技术革新提供参考.  相似文献   

2.
WOFOST模型的发展及应用   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
作物生长模拟模型已经成为一门新兴的科学,可以为农业资源的管理利用、农业最大收益的获取提供科学的依据。WOFOST(W orld Food Stud ies)模型是荷兰瓦根宁农业大学和世界粮食研究中心共同开发研制的,是模拟特定的土壤和气候条件下一年生作物生长的动态的、解释性模型。WOFOST模型已经在欧洲、非洲以及亚洲的一些地区得到了运用和验证,可用于水稻、玉米、小麦等多种一年生作物的模拟。WOFOST模型可用来分析作物产量风险,不同年份产量的变化,土壤类型及气候变化对产量变化的影响;确定播种策略以及农业机械使用的关键时期;该模型还可用于估计某种作物最大潜在产量,提高灌溉和施肥的增产效益,对生长在不利条件以及地区的作物产量进行预测等。该模型对可持续农业的发展具有积极的指导作用。  相似文献   

3.
利用作物模拟模型辅助决策小麦新品种推广初探   总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2  
在田间试验和前人研究的基础上,以比较成熟的CERES-WHEAT模型为研究工具,以我国的主要作物小麦为研究材料,探讨了作物模型在区域试验和良种评价方面的潜在应用。目的在于应用作物模型的动态性和预测性功能,通过利用品种已有生理和遗传参数以及各地的气象、土壤资料,对冬小麦不同品种同一地点和同一品种不同地点的生育期、物候期、产量和产量构成因素进行模拟,并与实测值进行比较,最后对品种的生态适应性进行了综合评价。最终在品种产量表现和生态适应性等方面为品种区域试验和良种推广提供决策的依据,试图尝试用一条新的途径,辅助  相似文献   

4.
区域尺度作物生产力对全球变化响应的研究进展及展望   总被引:6,自引:4,他引:2  
王宗明  张柏 《中国农业气象》2005,26(2):112-115,118
作物生产力对气候变化高度敏感,因而成为全球气候变化科学研究中的焦点问题之一。开发作物生产力的区域模型,与区域气候模式相耦合,有利于对作物生产力形成过程中的时间和空间变量进行分析,为针对各地不同的气候、土壤、作物与耕作管理条件制定适应性对策奠定基础。本文综述了作物生产力对CO2 增加和气候变化响应的研究方法,指出应用遥感、地理信息技术与作物模拟技术、高分辨率的区域气候变化模式相结合,研究区域尺度上的作物生产力及其气候变化响应是未来研究的热点和发展方向  相似文献   

5.
分布式水文模型在陕西省冬小麦产量模拟中的应用   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
利用分布式水文模型和作物模型模拟了不同深度的土壤含水量,以及在连接分布式水文模型和不连接分布式水文模型两种方式下,利用作物模型分别对冬小麦叶面积指数、干物重增量和产量进行了模拟,最后采用连接分布式水文模型的作物模型模拟了全流域内冬小麦产量的空间分布。模拟结果经对比检验表明,分布式水文模型在土壤水分模拟方面准确性高于作物模型;连接分布式水文模型的作物模型对冬小麦生长过程和产量的模拟结果准确性均高于作物模型独立模拟的结果;连接分布式水文模型的作物模型在流域内对冬小麦产量的空间分布模拟结果也与农业试验站观测产量和社会统计产量基本一致,高产区、低产区分布与实际基本相吻合。这为分布式水文模型和作物模型耦合应用,以及通过引进分布式水文模型来推动作物模型和产量预报研究进一步发展提供了基本的试验支持。  相似文献   

6.
利用大型水盐运动模拟土柱研究了在田间气候作用下作物 (小麦 玉米连茬种植 )生长对土壤水盐运移的影响。研究并建立了土壤水盐运移的数学模型 ,就模型所需的饱和导水率、水力传导度、水分特征曲线、水动力弥散系数进行了室内外测定 ,并对数学模型进行了数值求解。对四个土柱的模拟结果与实测结果进行了数据分析和对比。结果表明 :数值模拟结果和实测数据比较 ,除个别点有一定偏离之外 ,模拟计算结果与实测值拟合效果比较理想 ,说明该模型用于模拟种植作物条件下粉砂壤质土壤的水盐运移是实际可行的。  相似文献   

7.
本文就作物生产管理系统的基本概念和理论进行了阐述,指出它是计算机科学,农业科学和自动化科学相互交叉的产物,它的理论基础是作物模拟模型(或称为人工作物)、作物管理专家系统和作物管理优化理论,并提出其未来的发展方向是高度集成化、高度智能化和高度自动化。  相似文献   

8.
作物模型研究与应用中存在的问题   总被引:18,自引:4,他引:14       下载免费PDF全文
罗毅  郭伟 《农业工程学报》2008,24(5):307-312
该文以CERES-Wheat、Maize模型为例,系统阐述了作物模型的研究与应用发展情况,分析了模型当中仍然存在的问题,指出在冠层结构与作物光能截获计算方法和作物水分、养分对生长过程的胁迫机理与定量方法方面需要深入的实验研究,以探索其机理,提高模型模拟预测性能.该文强调指出目前绝大多数的作物模型是空间一维的田间尺度模型,借鉴区域生物地球化学循环模拟方法或与分布式水文模型耦合进行尺度扩展开发区域尺度作物模型,既是区域水、土资源评价与管理的应用需求,也将能促进作物模型发展并发挥更大作用.  相似文献   

9.
基于Web服务和GIS的作物生长模拟系统及应用   总被引:8,自引:7,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
鉴于Web服务技术的优越性以及当前作物模拟模型共享存在的困难,该文提出了基于Web服务和GIS的作物生长模拟系统架构;实现了作物模拟生长Web服务,开发了"YIELD作物产量模拟系统",并进行了实际应用.实践表明:将Web服务应用于作物生长模拟切实可行,有利于系统集成和作物模拟模型的全社会范围内的共享.同时,也为其它农业信息系统的集成提供了参考.  相似文献   

10.
基于GIS的区域作物生长模拟模型   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
利用VB程序语言改写SUCROS作物生长模型,将其模块法并改进了水分平衡和作物系数算法。通过试验数据对参数的校验,模型可以较准确模拟主要作物生长变量和预测产量。以GIS与作物生长模拟模块紧密集成的方式,采用ArcGIS Engine控件开发了区域作物模拟模型(RCGM),可用以模拟区域作物生长和产量时空分布。建立空间数据库管理区域作物生长模拟所需空间数据。以河北省栾城县为例,应用RCGM进行县域冬小麦生长模拟和产量预测,模拟产量平均相对误差为12.51%,表明区域模型模拟也有较高准确性。  相似文献   

11.
HIMS模型蒸散发模块的改进及在海河流域的应用   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1  
利用流域分布式水文模型精确模拟计算和分析流域内不同植被类型实际蒸散发量及其时空分布特征,是当前流域蒸散发研究的一个前沿与难点问题。本文基于点尺度蒸散发观测试验与机理研究,对HIMS(Hydro-Informatic Modelling System)日过程模型蒸散发模块进行改进,考虑流域内植被空间分布和生长变化特性及灌溉措施的影响,利用分类汇总和分段单值作物系数法计算流域实际蒸散发,并在海河流域进行验证分析。研究结果表明:流域实际蒸散发模拟值与水量平衡法计算值相差3.4%,与原HIMS模型相比,蒸散发模拟精度提高9.2%;改进的模型对原有模型的模拟内容有所扩展,能够模拟林地蒸散发、草地蒸散发、冬小麦?夏玉米农田总蒸散发、作物有效蒸腾和土壤无效蒸发。改进后的HIMS模型能够快速模拟分析流域内不同植被类型实际蒸散发量及其时空分布特性,可为海河流域蒸散发管理提供技术支撑。  相似文献   

12.
用GIS和作物模型对作物生产进行区域模拟方法   总被引:20,自引:6,他引:14  
简要地介绍了区域模拟及对模拟结果进行检验的方法。基于空间地理信息的模拟既能反映大范围地区内气候、土壤等地理信息的空间变量对作物产量的影响 ,也能反映不同地区社会经济情况、农业耕作方式等对作物生产的影响。在GIS技术支持下 ,对基于站点的作物生长模拟模型进行改造 ,从而对大区域范围进行以特点网格 (如 5 0km× 5 0km)为单元的模拟  相似文献   

13.
作物单产估算模型研究进展与展望   总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3  
作物单产估算是服务现代农业的一项重要内容,也是农业监测的难点之一,及时准确的产量模拟对国家农业决策、农田生产管理、粮食仓储安全等都有重要意义。利用模型对作物生长发育和产量形成过程进行动态模拟是当前产量估算的主流方式。本文通过对比当前主流模型构建的理论基础,将估产模型分为经验统计模型、作物生长模型、光能利用率模型和耦合模型4种类型,并对比分析4种模型的优缺点,得到了各个模型的优势和不足。同时分别分析了遥感技术在4种估产模型中的应用,对模型中遥感数据的使用方法、限制因素、解决办法等进行了总结,并分析了遥感技术在作物估产模型方面使用的优势、不足和应用前景。分析了模型发展过程中存在的问题和限制因素,最后对模型的研究热点和发展趋势进行了展望,总结了遥感数据的使用方法、不同模型的耦合、现有模型的优选3个作物估产模型研究需要重点关注的方向。  相似文献   

14.
The objective of this study was to explore if more crop-specific plant growth modules can improve simulations of crop yields, and N in tile flow under different management practices compared with a generic plant growth module. We calibrated and evaluated the Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM) with the Decision Support for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT v3.5) plant growth modules (RZWQM-DSSAT) for simulating tillage (NT — no till, RT — ridge till, CP — chisel plow, and MP — moldboard plow), crop rotation {CC — continuous corn, and CS — corn (Zea mays L.)-soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]}, and nitrogen (N) (SA — single application at preplant, and LSNT — late spring soil N test based application) and manure (SM — fall injected swine manure) management effects on crop production and water quality. Data from 1978 to 2003 from a water quality experiment near Nashua (Nashua experiments), Iowa, USA, were used. The model was calibrated using data from one treatment plot and validated for the rest of the plots. Simulated management effects on annual N loading in tile flow were agreeable with measured effects in 85%, 99%, 88%, and 78% of the cases for tillage, crop rotation (CS vs. CC), N application timing (SA vs. LSNT), and swine manure applications (SM vs. SA), respectively. On average, the LSNT plots were simulated to have 359 kg ha− 1 higher corn yield compared to SA, when the observed increase was 812 kg ha− 1. Grain yield simulations were not sensitive to differences between RT and NT, between SM and SA treatments, and between CS and CC. We conclude that considering the uncertainties of basic input data, processes in the field, and lack of site specific weather data, the results obtained with this RZWQM-DSSAT hybrid model were not much better than the results obtained earlier with the generic crop growth module.  相似文献   

15.
Development of the Hungarian ecological systems model 4M was initiated because the conditions and methods of Hungarian applications are different from the ones that appear in international crop simulation software packages. Because the majority of ecological systems models, just like the CERES model that was used during the development of 4M, do not have phosphorus and potassium modules, 4M initially was incomplete. Based on the work of Hungarian and foreign experts, a nutrient module was developed and was incorporated into the 4M model. The new module was calibrated and validated for phosphorus and potassium using the results of Hungarian aftereffects and long-term experiments. In principle, the nutrient module can be made suitable for simulating the turnover of any kind of nutrient by giving adequate values to the parameters.  相似文献   

16.
作物水分生产函数研究进展   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
作物水分生产函数(cropwaterproductionfunctions,CWPF)一般指作物产量(cropyield,Y)与蒸散发(evapotranspiration, ET)之间的函数关系,是作物模型中联系水分和生产力的关键。本文系统地梳理了近半个世纪以来CWPF的相关研究,发现CWPF受多种因素影响,不同地区获得的田间试验结果往往差异较大;常用的CWPF模型多是基于统计信息,缺少坚实的物理基础和可靠的理论支撑,在跨地区、跨物种应用时存在一定缺点。同时基于碳同化过程的机制模型和更为复杂的作物模型也因为参数过多而不易在实际中应用。在以往研究的基础上,从公开发表的41篇文献中筛选出592组田间试验数据,发现小麦产量与ET基本呈线性关系,但数据分布相对离散,而玉米、棉花、水稻因数据量较少其产量与ET关系不明显。利用生长季降水量和累计蒸发皿蒸发数据对不同地区获得的小麦水分生产函数进行了修正,发现改进后的小麦水分生产函数表现出较好的跨地区应用潜力(r2从0.36提高到0.75),并提出了进一步的CWPF修正思路。指出通过改进函数关系虽然能提高统计模型的可移植性,但发展机制模型仍是未来CWPF研究的根本出路。  相似文献   

17.
Resource use in crop production is analysed with reference to the concept of potential yield, based on the relationships between the balances of energy and mass in plant growth. Three models of the production process are proposed: a bio-physical model which looks at the conversion of energy and mass into a potential yield of biomass, a business model which assesses the economics of the conversion process and a feed-back model which points the way towards on-line optimisation. The impacts of environmental, nutritional and physiological constraints on potential yield are discussed. The business model emphasises the importance of scale of operation in reducing the costs of crop production by spreading the fixed costs of machinery. The contributions of additional energy inputs in the form of fertilisers, agrichemicals and machinery in improving the overall efficiency with which solar energy is converted into biomass, together with the pivotal role of nitrogenous fertiliser in increasing yields, are examined. Nitrogenous fertilisers underpin high yields and account for about half the energy supplied by the farmer to a cereal crop. Tillage helps in ameliorating the environmental constraints on crop growth. The implications of sustainability, and climate change, for resource use in crop production are discussed briefly.  相似文献   

18.
利用交叉信息熵模拟东北地区水稻种植面积空间分布   总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4  
作物时空分布变化是农业研究的重要内容。近30a来,东北地区水稻种植面积显著增加,为探讨东北地区水稻时空变化特征,进一步丰富和完善作物空间分布信息获取方法,研究作物空间分布对包括气候变化在内的多种影响因素的响应关系,该研究综合80年代以来的作物面积与产量统计数据、耕地数据、农业灌溉数据以及作物生长适宜性分布等多源数据,利用基于交叉信息熵原理的作物空间分配模型(spatial production allocation model,SPAM)构建了针对中国作物分布特点的SPAM-China模型,模拟了中国东北地区1980-2008年像元尺度上水稻空间分布信息。结果表明,模拟结果能较好地反映出东北地区水稻主要种植区域,近30a东北地区水稻种植时空变化特征显著,水稻种植区域向北向东扩展,种植重心北移了约1.76个纬度,中北部地区水稻种植面积增加且趋势明显,南部地区变化趋势不显著。  相似文献   

19.
Soil compaction influences crop growth, movement of water and chemicals in numerous ways. Mathematical modelling contributes to better understanding of the complex and variable effects. This paper reviews models for simulating topsoil and subsoil compaction effects. The need for including both topsoil and subsoil compaction results from still increasing compactive effect of vehicular pressure which penetrates more and more into the subsoil and which is very persistent. The models vary widely in their conceptual approach, degree of complexity, input parameters and output presentation. Mechanistic and deterministic models were most frequently used. To characterise soil compactness, the models use bulk density and/or penetration resistance and water content data. In most models root growth is predicted as a function of mechanical impedance and water status of soil and crop yield—from interactions of soil water and plant transpiration and assimilation. Models for predicting movement of water and chemicals are based on the Darcy/Richards one-dimensional flow equation. The effect of soil compaction is considered by changing hydraulic conductivity, water retention and root growth. The models available allow assessment of the effects of topsoil and subsoil compaction on crop yield, vertical root distribution, chemical movement and soil erosion. The performance of some models was improved by considering macro-porosity and strength discontinuity (spatial and temporal variability of material parameters). Scarcity of experimental data on the heterogeneity is a constraint in modelling the effects of soil compaction. Suitability of most models was determined under given site conditions. Few of the models (i.e. SIBIL and SIMWASER) were found to be satisfactory in modelling the effect of soil compaction on soil water dynamics and crop growth under different climate and soil conditions.  相似文献   

20.
The integration of remotely sensed data into models of evapotranspiration (ET) facilitates the estimation of water consumption across agricultural regions. To estimate regional ET, two basic types of remote sensing approaches have been successfully applied. The first approach computes a surface energy balance using the radiometric surface temperature for estimating the sensible heat flux (H), and obtaining ET as a residual of the energy balance. This paper compares the performance of three different surface energy balance algorithms: an empirical one-source energy balance model; a one-source model calibrated using inverse modeling of ET extremes (namely ET = 0 and ET at potential) which are assumed to exist within the satellite scene; and a two-source (soil + vegetation) energy balance model. The second approach uses vegetation indices derived from canopy reflectance data to estimate basal crop coefficients that can be used to convert reference ET to actual crop ET. This approach requires local meteorological and soil data to maintain a water balance in the root zone of the crop. Output from these models was compared to sensible and latent heat fluxes measured during the soil moisture–atmosphere coupling experiment (SMACEX) conducted over rain-fed corn and soybean crops in central Iowa. The root mean square differences (RMSD) of the estimation of instantaneous latent and heat fluxes were less than 50 W m−2 for the three energy balance models. The two-source energy balance model gave the lowest RMSD (30 W m−2) and highest r2 values in comparison with measured fluxes. In addition, three schemes were applied for upscaling instantaneous flux estimates from the energy balance models (at the time of satellite overpass) to daily integrated ET, including conservation of evaporative fraction and fraction of reference ET. For all energy balance models, an adjusted evaporative fraction approach produced the lowest RMSDs in daily ET of 0.4–0.6 mm d−1. The reflectance-based crop coefficient model yielded RMSD values of 0.4 mm d−1, but tended to significantly overestimate ET from corn during a prolonged drydown period. Crop stress can be directly detected using radiometric surface temperature, but ET modeling approaches-based solely on vegetation indices will not be sensitive to stress until there is actual reduction in biomass or changes in canopy geometry.  相似文献   

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