模拟酸雨条件下改性沸石对污染土Pb、Zn的淋溶效应

通过室内模拟土柱淋溶实验,研究了不同pH值(3.1,4.1,6.5)的酸雨下,改性沸石用于控制污染土重金属Pb、Zn的淋溶效果。结果表明,淋溶过程中,酸雨pH值越小,改性沸石剂量越高,淋滤液的pH值相对越大,且酸雨pH值的降低并没有引起Pb、Zn淋溶总量的显著增加;不同pH和不同剂量改性沸石下,Pb的淋溶总量要明显大于Zn的淋溶总量;相比于空白剂量(0g/kg)沸石,高剂量(100g/kg)改性沸石和低剂量(20g/kg)改性沸石均能显著降低Pb和Zn的淋溶总量,且两者所起效果相差不大,其中,酸雨pH值为3.1,4.1和6.5时,对添加低剂量沸石,Pb的淋溶总量分别降低28.7%,34.8%和40%,而Zn的淋溶总量分别降低48.5%,53.9%和45.5%。研究结果表明,天然沸石经过一定方法改性后,可以有效防止酸雨条件下污染土壤重金属Pb和Zn的淋溶流失。     

模拟酸雨条件下生物炭配施沸石对江西某钨矿区Pb、Cd、W的淋溶效应

为解决江西某钨矿区钨及其他重金属污染问题,通过室内模拟酸雨淋溶试验,研究在不同pH （3.1,4.5,5.8）酸雨条件下,添加稻壳生物炭（BC）、天然沸石（ZE）、稻壳生物炭—天然沸石（CO）改良剂对土壤Pb、Cd、W的固定效果。结果表明,酸雨增加了重金属的溶出风险,pH越低,风险越大。添加BC、ZE、CO有效提高土壤的酸缓冲能力,平均分别使得淋溶液pH增加0.53,0.23,0.58个单位,使得淋溶后土壤pH增加0.27,0.09,0.17个单位。在pH=4.5和pH=5.8模拟酸雨后,生物炭联合沸石处理Cd和Pb的淋溶总量明显低于未处理土壤,相较于空白分别降低32.1%,38.0%和36.0%,32.7%。W和Cd、Pb不同,在模拟酸雨pH=3.1条件下,添加改良剂对W淋溶总量均无显著影响,在模拟酸雨pH=4.5和pH=5.8时,单独施用生物炭处理使得W淋溶总量分别增加44.3,53.8 μg/L,但生物炭联合沸石处理使得W淋溶总量分别降低6.0,7.1 μg/L。综合来看,生物炭—沸石能更有效同时防止酸雨条件下污染土壤Pb、Cd、W的淋溶流失,可为后期钨矿区重金属污染防治提供参考。     

氮磷肥施用对保水剂钝化土壤重金属铅镉效果的影响

[目的]探讨氮磷肥施用对保水剂钝化土壤重金属铅镉效果的影响,为揭示土壤水肥保持和重金属污染治理的协调性机制,制定SAP应用技术规程等提供参考。[方法]采用土柱淋溶试验方法,比较添加氮肥和磷肥对SAP钝化土壤铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)效果的影响。[结果]在Pb,Cd复合污染土壤中SAP用量为1.0g/kg时,控氮释磷效果较好,相比无SAP的对照处理,Pb累积淋失量减少5.1%,Cd累积淋失量增加13.6%;氮磷肥添加试验表明,添加氮肥的SAP处理Pb累积淋失量增加76.7%,Cd累积淋失量增加47.6%,添加磷肥的SAP处理Pb累积淋失量减少26.0%,Cd累积淋失量减少20.5%;添加复合氮、磷肥的SAP处理Pb累积淋失量减少2.3%,Cd累积淋失量增加8.3%。[结论]保水剂具有控氮释磷效应,且对土壤中的Pb,Cd有一定钝化作用;氮肥降低SAP钝化Pb,Cd的效果,而磷肥增强SAP钝化Pb,Cd的效果;氮、磷肥复合对SAP钝化Pb的效果影响不显著,但会降低SAP钝化Cd的效果。     

模拟酸雨对红壤重金属元素释放的影响研究

经过9150～10650mm的模拟酸雨淋溶以后，与对照相比，pH4．5的酸雨使红壤Cr累积释放量增加4．02％～88．54％，Co增加-2．35%～56．14％．Ni增加5．82％～79．53％．Cu增加-3．45％～82．23％．Cd增加4．87％～83．14％．Pb增加10．64％～99．19％；pH3．5的酸雨使Cr累积释放量增加6．72％～308．42％，Co增加14．17％～134．81％，Ni增加10．06％～140．32％，Cu增加-3．11％～258．89％．Cd增加8．44％～630．84％，Pb增加17．02％～483．15％。几种重金属元素释放对酸雨的敏感性依次是：Pb和Cd释放对酸雨较敏感．其次为Cr和Cu，而Ni和Co的释放对酸雨较不敏感。红壤中Cr，Co．Ni，Cu．Cd，Pb累积释放量差别较大，但不同土壤之间其分布表现出基本一致的特点，释放量大小依次是：Pb〉Co〉Ni〉Cu〉Cr〉Cd。红壤中Cr，Co，Ni，Cu，Cd．Pb的累积释放量（Q）随淋溶量（H）的变化符合二次模型。     

铅镉高污染土壤的钝化材料筛选及其修复效果初探

本研究以重金属高污染农田土壤(全Pb含量为1 277 mg/kg,全Cd含量为39.0 mg/kg)为研究对象,通过土培试验和玉米苗期盆栽试验,探讨海泡石、石灰、腐植酸、钙镁磷肥、磷矿粉、生物质炭等常用稳定材料不同剂量及复配组合对高污染土壤重金属的钝化修复效应。土培试验结果表明,石灰对Pb和Cd钝化效果最好,其次是海泡石,但两者表现为较高添加量处理间没有显著差异;而低剂量生物质炭和腐植酸显著增加土壤有效态Pb和Cd含量,高剂量生物质炭具有较好的钝化效果。盆栽试验表明,海泡石与石灰配施钝化效果较好,与对照相比,土壤氯化钙提取态Pb、Cd含量分别降低了97.5%、81.4%;玉米根和地上部Cd含量分别降低48.5%、34.0%,Pb含量分别降低35.6%、29.6%;但海泡石与磷材料配施显著增加玉米根Pb含量,对玉米Cd吸收没有显著影响。以上结果表明,重金属高污染农田土壤添加合适的改良剂,可较大幅度降低土壤重金属有效性和植物重金属吸收性。     

2种含铁材料对水稻土中砷和重金属生物有效性的影响

通过盆栽试验研究添加2种含铁材料(Fe(OH)3、FeCl3)对污染水稻土壤中As、Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn生物有效性的影响。结果表明,添加Fe(OH)3对土壤As交换态含量没有显著的影响,添加FeCl3显著降低了土壤As交换态含量,添加量为0.50g/kg时,土壤As交换态含量比对照下降46%。添加Fe(OH)3使土壤Pb、Cu交换态含量显著降低,2.00g/kg的添加量使Pb、Cu交换态含量分别下降63%,74%。添加FeCl3使土壤Pb、Cd、Zn交换态含量显著升高,2.00g/kg的添加量使Pb、Cd、Zn交换态含量分别升高3 834%,247%,1 744%。添加Fe(OH)3对糙米中无机As和重金属Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn含量没有显著的影响,添加FeCl3显著降低了糙米中无机As含量,但显著提高了糙米中Pb、Cu含量,1.00g/kg的添加量使糙米中无机As含量降低33%,Pb、Cu含量分别升高147%,50%。表明添加FeCl3能有效降低土壤As的生物有效性,但提高了土壤重金属的生物有效性。添加Fe(OH)3对土壤pH无显著影响,而添加FeCl3能显著降低土壤pH值,这是FeCl3能有效固定土壤As,提高土壤重金属交换态含量的重要原因之一。     

添加凹凸棒土和钠基蒙脱石对铜锌镉污染红壤的改良效应研究

通过温室盆栽试验.开展了凹凸棒土和钠基蒙脱石处理对铜锌镉污染红壤的改良效应研究.结果表明:添加凹凸棒土和钠基蒙脱石处理能显著增加黑麦草(Lolium multiflorum Lam)两茬的地上部生物量(鲜重).未施入改良剂时,两茬黑麦草地上部的生物量分别为是7.60 g/盆和5.67 g/盆,添加80 g/kg 凹凸棒土处理的两茬地上部生物量分别增加了184%和15%添加80 g/kg钠基蒙脱石处理的两茬地上部生物量分别增加了113%和99.3%.黏土矿物的加入使土壤的pH提高了0.26～1.02个单位.从而降低了植株对Cu、Zn、Cd的生物有效性.随着添加量从20 g/kg增加到80 g/kg,黑麦草地上部Cu、Zn、Cd的含量降低,钠基蒙脱石钝化Cu、Cd的效果好于凹凸棒土,但两者钝化Zn的效果没有显著差异性.添加40 g/kg和80 g/kg的凹凸棒土或钠基蒙脱石处理都显著降低了污染上壤TCLP提取液中Cu、Zn的浓度,对于TCLP提取液中Cd浓度的显著降低只有添加80 g/kg的凹凸棒上这一种处理达到.     

植物吸取修复及钝化处理对后茬水稻镉吸收的影响

采集湖南湘潭县某地镉(Cd)污染酸性农田土壤及其经伴矿景天分别吸取修复两季和三季后的土壤,采用盆栽试验研究了经伴矿景天修复及钝化改良与否对土壤pH、有效态Cd、Zn以及水稻生长和稻米Cd、Zn浓度的影响。结果表明:未改良的处理,随着修复次数的增加,土壤pH显著降低,降低幅度为0.26~0.38个单位;且修复两季、三季土壤CaCl_2提取态Cd浓度较未修复土壤分别降低19.4%、24.0%;修复后土壤种植水稻品种W184,其糙米中Cd浓度显著降低,但依然超标;修复三季土壤种植低积累水稻品种IRA7190,其糙米中Cd由0.47 mg/kg降为0.03 mg/kg。施加钝化剂海泡石和石灰(10 g/kg+1 g/kg)后,修复两季、三季土壤的pH显著升高,较未施钝化剂处理土壤pH分别提高0.95、0.72;土壤CaCl_2提取态Cd浓度分别降低79.8%、79.5%;修复两季、三季土壤上水稻W184糙米的Cd浓度与未施加钝化剂相比,分别降低27.3%、44.4%,均降至国家食品安全限值0.2 mg/kg以下;无论是否添加钝化剂,伴矿景天吸取修复三季的土壤上水稻IRA7190糙米中Cd浓度均仅0.03 mg/kg。     

海泡石对典型水稻土镉吸附能力的影响

通过吸附解吸实验研究了添加海泡石后典型水稻土对Cd的吸附解吸特性及其对吸附溶液pH值变化的响应。结果表明,Freundlich方程可以较好地拟合红黄泥、黄泥田和红沙泥3种典型水稻土对Cd的等温吸附过程（R2〉0.962）。在溶液初始Cd浓度相同的情况下,添加海泡石可使3种水稻土对Cd的吸附量增加20%以上,增强土壤对Cd的吸附强度,有效降低吸附Cd的解吸率,其效果随海泡石添加量的增大而增强。3种水稻土吸附Cd的解吸率均高于70%,而且都随吸附量的增加而上升。溶液的pH值是影响土壤吸附Cd的一个重要因素,在低pH值的条件下（pH〈4）,随着溶液pH值的降低,土壤对Cd的吸附量迅速降低,当溶液pH值高于5时,pH值的变化对吸附量的影响较小。在溶液初始pH值2-8范围内,添加海泡石均能有效提高3种水稻土对Cd的吸附能力。     

柠檬酸对鱼腥草吸收累积铅锌矿区土壤中重金属的影响

采用矿区实地田间试验,通过外源添加柠檬酸(1mmol/kg,3mmol/kg,6mmol/kg和9mmol/kg)处理,研究鱼腥草对重金属复合污染土壤Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr和Cu 5种重金属元素的吸收累积特性,并确定最佳的柠檬酸调控浓度。结果表明,柠檬酸添加浓度为1mmol/kg时能显著促进鱼腥草生物量的提高,比对照增产11.64%,其他处理浓度的柠檬酸对鱼腥草生物量有抑制作用,但不显著;柠檬酸处理能显著提高鱼腥草对Pb、Zn、Cd和Cr这4种重金属元素的吸收累积能力,对Pb和Zn吸收累积能力大于Cd和Cr,对Cu的吸收累积无明显促进作用。但当柠檬酸添加浓度为1mmol/kg时每667m2鱼腥草提取Pb、Zn、Cr和Cu的量分别比对照增加了35.16%,34.39%,59.00%和18.93%,对Cd无明显促进作用。鱼腥草在矿区重金属复合污染土壤上能正常生长,并对多种重金属胁迫具有一定的耐受能力和吸收累积能力,可用于矿区重金属复合污染土壤的植物修复。     

Soil Erodibility and Physicochemical Properties of Collapsing Gully Alluvial Fans in Southern China

In southern China, collapsing gully erosion produces massive deposits of sediment on the plough layer of alluvial fan farmland, leading to reduced nutrients, increased erodibility, and even desertification. The aim of this study was to investigate soil erodibility (the factor K in the universal Soil Loss Equation, USLE) and physicochemical properties of the alluvial fans of the most severe collapsing gully erosion areas (Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong provinces) in southern China. The soils of the collapsing gully alluvial fans had a higher bulk density, but a lower total porosity, saturated water content, and silt and clay fractions than the control (CK) soils from the farmland without desertification. Soil quality gradually decreased from fan edge to fanhead. Significant decreases were found in soil pH, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and total potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorus, as well as available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, resulting in a gradual decrease in soil nutrients from the fanedge to the fanhead. Soil erodibility was greatest in the fanhead, and soil erodibility K values of the alluvial fans were 53.71%, 66.28%, 67.53%, and 71.68 % greater than that in those of the CK soils of Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong, respectively, indicating a significant correlation between the soil erodibility K values and physicochemical properties, particularly sand fraction and organic matter content. The results provide new insights into the relationship between soil physicochemical properties and erodibility of alluvial fans, and suggest that improving soil structure might increase soil fertility in the collapsing gully alluvial fan farmland.     

Bodengefüge gegen Verdichtungen schützen – Lösungsansätze für den Schutz landwirtschaftlich genutzter Böden

Protecting soil structure against compaction—proposed solutions to safeguard agricultural soils To safeguard the ecological soil functions and the functions linked to human activities, measures against harmful changes to the soil are required, in line with the precautionary principle. The German Federal Soil Protection Act sets obligations for precaution in agricultural land use and, if harmful changes to the soil are foreseeable, measures for averting a danger. The results of a research project of the Federal Environmental Agency show that it is possible to describe an impairment of the soil structure, using methods of soil analysis. But this as a sole information would not qualify for the identification of harmful changes to the soil in the context of the Soil Protection Act, which requires an assessment of the severity of disruption of soil functions and the respective subject of protection. This would make additional soil investigations on site mandatory. Approaches in agricultural engineering and soil physics have introduced procedures to preserve the soil structure, in accordance with the precautionary principle. But these procedures have different goals and different ranges of application and hence offer partial solutions to safeguard against soil compaction. The assessment model of “trafficability by measuring the rut depth” provides information about the compaction status of the soil under applied conditions for farming gear, without providing detailed information about affected soil layers. The soil‐physical model of classifying soils into “risk classes for harmful soil compaction” focuses on the relationship between topsoil compaction and crop yields. The soil‐physical models “precompression stress” and “loading ratio” provide information for the assessment of subsoil compaction and a prognosis of a possible impairment of the soil structure at the water content of field capacity. It is necessary to validate the individual models with additional regional data about soil structure before a final assessment of the prognoses is made.     

Soil health – What should the doctor order?

The concept of soil health has been extensively reviewed in the scientific literature, but there is only patchy and inconsistent information available to farmers and growers who are concerned about the declining condition of their soils and are looking for appropriate test methods and management interventions to help reverse it. Although there are well‐established laboratory methods for soil chemical analysis, and a range of laboratory and field methods for measuring soil physical properties, only now are methods starting to emerge for soil biological analysis. This study provides an overview of the methods that are currently available commercially (or are close to commercialization) for farmers and growers in the UK. We examine the science underpinning the methods, the value of the information provided and how farmers and advisors can use results from such assessments for informed decision‐making in relation to soil management.     

长期化肥有机替代对黑土颜色及腐殖物质的影响

基于30年长期定位试验,通过测定黑土光谱反射率和不同腐殖质组分含量,探究了不同施肥对黑土土壤腐殖质含量、土壤颜色及二者之间的关系。试验设置5个处理:(1)休耕(Fallow);(2)不施肥处理(CK);(3)单施化肥(NPK);(4)有机肥部分替代化肥(NPKM);(5)秸秆部分替代化肥处理(NPKS)。结果表明:与NPK处理相比,Fallow、NPKS、NPKM分别显著提高49.7%,74.3%,27.0%的土壤有机碳含量(p<0.05)。NPKM处理中胡敏酸(HA)含量最高为3.9 g/kg,随后依次为CK、NPKS、NPK、Fallow。NPKM、NPKS和Fallow处理中土壤富里酸(FA)含量为2.2~2.3 g/kg,显著高于NPK和CK。NPKM处理中胡敏素(HM)含量为18.6 g/kg,显著高于其他处理(p<0.05)。不同处理间土壤光谱反射率由高到低依次为NPK>Fallow、CK>NPKS>NPKM,与CK处理相比,NPK土壤光谱反射率在平均提高6.5%,NPKS和NPKM则分别降低11.1%和15.1%。根据线性相关分析结果,黑土土壤光谱反射率与土壤HAHM均呈显著负相关关系(p<0.01),相关系数(r)分别为-0.858,-0.681。综合上述结果,长期有机物料投入可以显著提高黑土腐殖物质含量,降低黑土光谱反射率,使黑土颜色加深,而长期化肥施入则使黑土光谱反射率提高,出现"褪色"现象,有机粪肥在黑土中对土壤有机质和腐殖质含量的提升效果优于秸秆。     

金沙江干热峡谷中退化的土壤生态系统生物学特征初探

Distribution characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity were studied in the dry red soil and Vertisol ecosystems with different degradation degrees in the Yuanmou dry hot valley of the Jinsha River,China.Results showed that Hymenoptera,Araneae and Collembola were the dominant groups of soil animals in the polts studied.The numbers of groups and individuals and density of soil animals in the dry red soil series were higher than those in the Vertisol series,and the numbers of individuals and density of soil animals decreased with the degree of soil degradation.Bacteria dominated microbiococnosis not only in the dry red soils but also in the Vertisols.Microbial numbers of the dry red soil series were higher than those of Vertisol series,and decreased with the degree of soil degradation.The activities of catalase,invertase,urease and alkaline phosphatase declined with the degradation degree and showed a significant decline with depth in the profiles of both the dry red soils and the Vertisols,but activities of polyphenol oxidase and acid and neutral phosphatase showed the same tendencies only in the Vertisols.It was concluded that the characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity could be used as the bio-indicators to show the degradation degree of the dry red soils and Vertisols.Correlation among these soil bio-indicators was highly significant.     

土壤孔隙结构与土壤微环境和有机碳周转关系的研究进展

土壤结构是土壤功能的基础,不仅影响土壤养分的供应、水分的保持及渗透、气体的交换等过程,还为土壤微生物提供了物理生境,并调控土壤有机碳的周转这一关键过程。土壤的孔隙特征能够直接、真实地反映土壤结构的好坏;用土壤的孔隙特征作为试验指标能更好地反映土壤结构对这些过程的调节作用。在此基础上,将高度异质性的土壤孔隙结构同土壤微环境的变化和土壤有机碳的周转过程进行定量分析,对深入了解土壤结构在土壤生态系统中的功能至关重要。因此,着重从土壤孔隙结构对土壤微环境的影响及其与有机碳的关系两方面展开,剖析土壤孔隙结构调控作用下的土壤微环境响应过程,阐述土壤孔隙结构对土壤有机碳周转产生的直接、间接影响,强调土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转进程中的重要作用,并对土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转、植物残体分解及其与微生物协调作用机制等方面研究提出展望。     

设施栽培下原状土与扰动土水分特性的试验研究

以四川省双流县设施栽培土壤为研究对象,对其原状土与扰动土的土壤水分特征曲线、水分物理性质和比水容量等项目进行了研究。结果表明,扰动土水分特征曲线总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土含水量高于原状土,在高吸力阶段两者差异较小。扰动土毛管孔隙度、总孔度和凋萎含水量在剖面上的总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。扰动土不同土层田间持水量和有效水含量差异较小,原状土的田间持水量和有效水含量均随土层加深而减少。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土比水容量远高于原状土,但随土壤水吸力增加,扰动土比水容量变化趋势逐渐与原状土一致。     

植物苗期根系抗侵蚀特性试验研究——以构树和顶坛花椒为例

植物的固土抗蚀作用大小与其根系密切相关,而根系特征决定了根的固土抗蚀作用的发挥,本文以相同基质下构树和顶坛花椒不同特征的根系为研究对象.通过研究根系特征与土壤抗冲性、抗蚀性、抗拉性、紧实度的关系,结果表明,苗期根系能强化土壤抗冲性,构树苗、顶坛花椒苗根系强化值大小分别为78.01>77.71;根系可提高土壤抗蚀性,其抗蚀性强弱为.构树苗>顶坛花椒苗>对照,构树、顶坛花椒、对照试验的土壤水稳性指数分别为4.36,3.16,1.67;不同树种根系对土壤的固结能力不同,构树苗生长下的土壤抗拉能力为214.92 N,明显大于顶坛花椒苗生长下的土壤154.87 N;土壤紧实度大小为构树苗>顶坛花椒苗.并采用加权综合指数法综合评价了苗期不同特征植物根系的固土能力强弱,得出构树苗综合指数为1.058.而顶坛花椒苗为0.902.即构树苗的固土能力强于顶坛花椒,以期为今后的水土保持工作提供一定的理论依据.     

土壤润湿性受土壤特性及土地使用的影响

Depth distribution of soil wettability and its correlations with vegetation type, soil texture, and pH were investigated under various land use (cropland, grassland, and forestland) and soil management systems. Wettability was evaluated by contact angle with the Wilhelmy plate method. Water repellency was likely to be present under permanently vegetated land, but less common on tilled agricultural land. It was mostly prevalent in the topsoil, especially in coarse-textured soils, and decreased in the subsoil. However, the depth dependency of wettability could not be derived from the investigated wide range of soils. The correlation and multiple regression analysis revealed that the wettability in repellent soils was affected more by soil organic carbon (SOC) than by soil texture and pH, whereas in wettable soils, soil texture and pH were more effective than SOC. Furthermore, the quality of SOC seemed to be more important in determining wettability than its quantity, as proofed by stronger hydrophobicity under coniferous than under deciduous forestland. Soil management had a minor effect on wettability if conventional and conservation tillage or different grazing intensities were considered.     

土壤因子研究综述

介绍了国内外土壤因子的研究方法及研究成果,指出我国目前土壤因子研究中存在的问题,并结合我国土壤因子研究现状,认为继续土壤水蚀机理的研究是今后土壤因子研究的内容之一,同时,随着GIS和RS技术发展,应用GIS和RS技术研究区域土壤因子也将成为潮流。