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1.
稻田甲烷产生途径研究进展   总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9  
张广斌  马静  徐华  蔡祖聪 《土壤》2011,43(1):6-11
H2/CO2还原和乙酸(CH3COOH)发酵是稻田CH4产生的主要途径。C同位素示踪技术、添加CH4产生途径抑制剂和稳定性C同位素方法是稻田CH4产生途径的主要研究方法。本文综述了这3种研究方法及研究结果,并指出了今后的研究重点:加强我国有关稻田CH4产生途径的研究;对比分析3种研究方法,查明研究结果存在差异的原因;加强同位素分馏系数α(CO2/CH4)和ε(ac/CH4)以及C同位素组成δ13CH4和δ13CH4(CO2/H2)的研究。  相似文献   

2.
H2/CO2还原和乙酸(CH3COOH)发酵是稻田CH4产生的主要途径。碳同位素示踪技术、添加甲烷产生途径抑制剂和稳定性碳同位素方法是稻田CH4产生途径的主要研究方法。本文综述了这三种研究方法及研究结果,并指出了今后的研究重点:加强我国有关稻田CH4产生途径的研究;对比分析三种研究方法,查明研究结果存在差异的原因;加强同位素分馏系数a(CO2/CH4)和e(ac/CH4)以及碳同位素组成δ13CH4和δ13CH4(CO2/H2)的研究  相似文献   

3.
徐华  蔡祖聪  八木一行 《土壤》2006,38(6):671-675
通过盆栽和培养试验研究了不同水分历史水稻土CH4产生、氧化及排放间的相互影响。水稻土CH4产生、氧化和排放皆受土壤水分历史条件的强烈影响,非水稻生长期土壤水分含量越高,随后水稻生长期CH4排放量越大,产生和氧化能力也越强。无论是水稻生长期平均值还是季节变化,CH4排放皆受CH4产生的显著影响。CH4产生量和排放量的相对差值很好地说明了各处理间土壤CH4氧化潜力的差异。水稻土CH4排放通量主要受CH4产生率,而不是CH4氧化潜力的影响,但CH4氧化能牵制CH4产生率对CH4排放通量的影响,水稻土这种自然调节CH4排放量的特性对减少稻田CH4排放具有重要的意义。  相似文献   

4.
尿素施用对稻田土壤甲烷产生、氧化及排放的影响   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
张广斌  马静  马二登  徐华  蔡祖聪 《土壤》2010,42(2):178-183
通过田间和培养试验研究了不施尿素(N0kg/hm2)和施用尿素(N300kg/hm2)对水稻生长期稻田土壤CH4产生潜力、氧化潜力和排放通量的影响。结果表明,水稻全生育期内,施用尿素降低土壤CH4产生潜力,并推迟其达到最大值的时间;尿素作为基肥和穗肥施用抑制土壤CH4氧化,而作为分蘖肥施用短暂地促进然后抑制土壤CH4氧化;施用尿素降低稻田CH4排放量。施用尿素通过同时影响CH4产生潜力和氧化潜力来影响稻田CH4排放。  相似文献   

5.
水稻土CH4产生潜力及其影响因素   总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4       下载免费PDF全文
培养试验所用15种水稻土样品采自全国各主要稻米产区。15种水稻土产CH4潜力差异很大,厌氧培养CH4产生率显著大于好氧培养,整个培养期(132d)总CH4产生量的变化范围为1.18~1180μgg-1(厌氧培养)和0.41~136μgg-1(好氧培养)。土壤CH4产生量受与土壤有机质含量有关的有机碳和全氮含量的显著影响,而与活性铁锰含量、颗粒组成、阳离子交换量、土壤pH等其他土壤理化性质之间无显著相关性,表明土壤有机质含量是影响CH4产生的最重要土壤性质。与类似试验的结果比较说明,土壤有机质含量对CH4产生量的影响程度可能与土样代表的空间尺度有关。  相似文献   

6.
郑燕  贾仲君 《土壤学报》2016,53(2):490-501
稳定性同位素示踪复杂土壤中微生物DNA/RNA的技术难点是13C-DNA/RNA的鉴定。本研究针对我国六种典型水稻土,利用稳定性同位素13CH4示踪活性的甲烷氧化菌,超高速密度梯度离心获得不同浮力密度DNA/RNA后,以甲烷氧化菌独有的pmo A功能基因和16S r RNA特异基因作为分子标靶,通过半定量凝胶电泳技术评价了特异基因作为分子标靶判定13C-DNA/RNA的可行性,进一步利用克隆文库技术研究水稻土中的活性甲烷氧化菌群落结构。结果表明:甲烷氧化菌功能基因pmo A作为分子标靶,能够准确鉴别13C-DNA,而甲烷氧化菌特异的16S r RNA基因则能较好地区分12C和13C标记的RNA,但13C-RNA中的非目标微生物污染高于13C-DNA示踪技术。进一步以13C-DNA和13C-RNA为模板,分别构建了pmo A和16S r RNA基因的克隆文库,系统发育分析表明I型菌主导了土壤甲烷氧化过程,其中江西鹰潭和黑龙江五常土壤中活性甲烷氧化菌全部属于Ia型,而四川资阳、浙江嘉兴、江苏常熟和江都土壤中Ia型和Ib型甲烷氧化菌均有发现,并且后者比例较低。这些结果表明分子标靶基因能够有效判定复杂土壤中的甲烷氧化菌13C-DNA/RNA,在DNA和RNA水平的结果基本一致,我国典型水稻土中活性甲烷氧化菌可能存在一定的地理分异规律。  相似文献   

7.
甲烷氧化微生物和氨氧化微生物均是既可以氧化甲烷(CH4)又可以氧化氨(NH3),氨氧化是硝化作用的限速步骤,也是好氧土壤氧化亚氮(N2O)排放的主要生物路径。选取内蒙古草原围封禁牧土壤为研究对象,利用稳定同位素核酸探针技术(DNA-SIP)探讨不同氮水平下土壤活性甲烷氧化微生物与硝化微生物及其相互作用机制。结果发现低氮添加促进甲烷氧化活性,而高氮添加抑制甲烷氧化活性;低氮和高氮添加均显著增强硝化活性。基于DNA-SIP的高通量测序结果发现Methylobacter MOB和Nitrosospira AOB/Nitrospira NOB分别是该土壤的主要活性甲烷氧化和硝化微生物。网络结构分析发现Methylobacter MOB和Nitrosospira AOB/Nitrospira NOB存在显著负相关关系,进一步证明活性甲烷氧化和硝化微生物之间存在竞争性相互作用。以上结果表明,氮素水平影响草原土壤甲烷氧化和硝化微生物的相互作用,研究结果为采取措施调控草原土壤CH4的汇和N2O...  相似文献   

8.
冬季淹水稻田CH4排放通量及其δ13C的时间变化特征   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
通过田间试验研究了持续淹水稻田冬季休闲期和水稻生长期CH4排放通量及其稳定性碳同位组成的时间变化。结果表明:CH4排放在冬季休闲期从4月份呈逐渐上升趋势,至6月份出现排放峰,为CH46.4 mg m-2h-1;水稻移栽后则迅速增加,于7月和8月出现两个排放峰,分别为CH423.1 mg m-2h-1和CH429.8 mg m-2h-1,此后急剧下降,末期稻田排水落干期间出现一个排放峰。冬季休闲期CH4排放总量为CH43.3 g m-2,占全年排放总量的8.9%。稻田排放的δ13CH4在冬季休闲期后期逐渐从-51‰上升至-44‰,然后下降至-56‰。水稻移栽后,δ13C值从-62‰迅速降至-68‰,然后慢慢上升至-60‰,并在较长一段时间内保持不变,后期再次富集13C。末期排水落干对排放δ13CH4影响显著。排放δ13CH4在水稻生长期较冬季休闲期低得多,原因在于冬季休闲期的CH4氧化率很高(60%~90%),而水稻生长期的CH4氧化率相对较低(10%~80%)。全观测期内,CH4排放通量的季节变化均与土壤温度显著正相关(p<0.01),与土壤Eh显著负相关(p<0.01),与δ13CH4呈显著负相关(p<0.05)。  相似文献   

9.
FACE对水稻土产甲烷菌和甲烷氧化菌种群及其活性的影响   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
王殳屹  韩琳  史奕  梅宝玲  朱建国 《土壤》2006,38(6):768-773
利用江都市小记镇的稻-麦轮作FACE平台,采用最大可能(MPN)法,在2005年水稻生长季研究了不同施肥(常规N量和低N量)、不同秸秆还田(秸秆全还田和秸秆不还田)处理土壤中的产甲烷菌和甲烷氧化菌数量在大气CO2浓度升高(FACE)条件下随时间的变化情况,并且借助气相色谱测定了土壤的产甲烷潜力和甲烷氧化潜力。结果表明:在秸秆全还田情况下,FACE对于产甲烷菌在分蘖期具有促进作用,而在抽穗期与收获期具有抑制作用,这种作用在低N条件下达到显著性(P<0.05)水平。而秸秆不还田情况下,FACE对产甲烷菌无明显促进作用;在低量N的施用情况下,FACE对于土壤甲烷氧化菌的活性具有刺激作用,在水稻抽穗期土壤甲烷氧化菌数量明显地高于对照,达到显著性水平(P<0.05);而常规施N量秸秆全还田的情况下,在水稻的分蘖期、拔节期和收获期FACE土壤中的甲烷氧化菌数量却受到一定程度的抑制。土壤的产甲烷潜力测定结果表明,FACE能促进土壤的CH4释放,尤其是在常规N量施用条件下。当底物(加入外源CH4)充足时,FACE条件下能使土壤具有较高的氧化CH4的能力,其CH4氧化潜力明显大于对照土壤,并且这种作用在常规N肥施用条件下尤为明显,达极显著性水平(P<0.01)。  相似文献   

10.
稻田甲烷传输的研究进展   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
张晓艳  马静  李小平  徐华  蔡祖聪 《土壤》2012,44(2):181-187
稻田生态系统中CH4 排放是由土壤中CH4 产生、氧化和向大气传输这3个过程相互作用的结果,CH4传输主要通过液相扩散、冒气泡和植株传输3种方式。这3种途径的相对强弱取决于水稻植株通气组织的完善与否以及水稻品种、种植密度和温度的季节变化等。但大量研究表明,稻田土壤中产生的CH4 绝大部分通过植株通气组织排放到大气中。在应用稳定性碳同位素方法研究水稻植株向大气传输CH4的过程时发现,在传输过程也会发生同位素分馏,据现有文献报道,CH4传输的同位素分馏系数 e传输 有两种计算方法,获得的结果也比较接近,为 -18‰ ~ -9‰。但研究方法还存在一些缺陷,可能对结果的准确性产生影响。此外有关稻田CH4传输在模型的建立方面还比较缺乏。  相似文献   

11.
Abstract

The efficiency of two modified Kjeldahl procedures (H2SO4‐H2‐O2‐Li2SO4‐Se and H2SO4‐Na2SO4) for digestion of plant tissue for analysis of P, K, Ca and Mg contents was compared with a conventional wet (HNO3‐HClO4) and a dry ashing procedure. Six plant tissues were chosen as test material: leaves of Malus pumila Mill., Medicago sativa L., Dactylis glomerata L., fruit and wood tissue of M. pumila and Nothofagus mensiesii Oerst. leaf litter. Apart from low P contents of M. pumila wood tissue by dry ashing, the mean P, K, Ca and Mg contents as determined after the four digestion procedures were in good agreement. Furthermore, the precision of the data for each element was generally quite similar for each of the digestion methods. The N contents determined by the two modified and a conventional Kjeldahl procedure (H2SO4‐K2SO4‐CuSO4‐Se) also agreed closely.  相似文献   

12.
Trichloroethylene (TCE), as one of the most common chlorinated organic compounds in soils and aquifers at many industrial sites, is carcinogenic and often recalcitrant in environment. TCE degradation in artificially contaminated soil samples was conducted using Fenton-like processes, i.e., by addition of excess hydrogen peroxide (H2O2 ). H 2 O 2 could directly oxidize TCE without addition of ferrous iron in contaminated soil. Under the optimal condition (H2O2 concentration of 300 mg kg 1 , pH at 5.0, and reaction time of 30 min), the removal efficiency of TCE in the soil was up to 92.3%. When the initial TCE concentration increased from 30 to 480 mg kg 1 in soil, the TCE removal rates varied from 89.2% to 86.6%; while the residual TCE in soil ranged from 2.28 to 47.57 mg kg 1 . Results from successive oxidations showed that the TCE removal rate with the TCE concentration of 180 mg kg 1 increased slightly from 91.6% to 96.2% as the number of successive oxidation cycle increased from one to four. Therefore, increasing the frequency of H2O2 oxidation was perhaps a feasible way to increase TCE removal rate for TCE-contaminated soil.  相似文献   

13.
The influence of elevated levels of micronutrients on the growth and flowering of French marigold (Tagetes patula L.) was investigated. Plants were grown with nutrient solution containing 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 mM boron (B), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), or zinc (Zn) and toxicity development was monitored. The threshold micronutrient concentrations that induced visible foliar toxicity symptoms were 0.5 mM B, 4 mM Cu, 4 mM Fe, 2 mM Mn, 1 mM Mo, and 5 mM Zn. The dry matter yields during the 5 week experimental period were reduced when micronutrient concentrations exceeded 0.5 mM B, 3 mM Cu, 3 mM Fe, 6 mM Mn, 0.5 mM Mo, and 5 mM Zn in the fertilizer solution. Leaf chlorophyll contents decreased when the nutrient solution concentrations of Cu, Fe, and Mn were greater than 0.5 mM, 3 mM, and 2 mM, respectively. Visual toxicity symptoms of the six micronutrients were characterized.  相似文献   

14.
为探明4℃冷藏和-18℃冻藏对牦牛瘤胃平滑肌脂肪和蛋白质氧化及其加工特性的影响,以PE薄膜和PE真空包装的牦牛瘤胃为研究对象,分别测定其在贮藏过程中的脂肪氧化(硫代巴比妥酸)、蛋白质氧化(羰基值、总巯基、表面疏水性)和加工品质(失水率、蒸煮损失率、剪切力、质构特性)的变化。结果表明,不同贮藏温度和包装方式下的瘤胃均发生了不同程度的脂肪和蛋白质氧化,与薄膜包装相比,真空包装可延缓牦牛瘤胃脂肪和蛋白质氧化的发生,且-18℃冻藏下更为显著。此外,冷(冻)藏条件下不同包装牦牛瘤胃的失水率和蒸煮损失率均显著增大(P<0.05),剪切力值显著降低(P<0.05),硬度先减小后增大,且薄膜包装在冷藏0~5 d和冻藏0~28 d时,其加工特性均优于真空包装。综上表明,2种包装下的牦牛瘤胃在冷(冻)藏过程中均发生了脂肪和蛋白质氧化,但真空包装可以有效地延缓氧化反应的发生。此外,在冷藏0~5 d和冻藏0~28 d时,薄膜包装更有利于改善瘤胃的加工特性,增加其嫩度和弹性,但长时间贮藏会导致瘤胃加工特性下降,冷藏条件下薄膜包装瘤胃的变化表现最为显著。本研究可为瘤胃贮藏过程中食用品质的控制提供参考。  相似文献   

15.
甲烷厌氧氧化微生物的研究进展   总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4  
沈李东  胡宝兰  郑平 《土壤学报》2011,48(3):619-628
甲烷是一种重要的温室气体,其对全球气候变暖的贡献率约占20%。微生物进行的甲烷厌氧氧化(Anaerobic oxidation of methane,AOM)是减少自然环境中该温室气体排放的重要生物途径。根据耦联反应的不同,可将AOM分为两类,即硫酸盐还原型甲烷厌氧氧化(Sulphate-dependent anaerobic methane oxida-tion,SAMO)和反硝化型甲烷厌氧氧化(Denitrification-dependent anaerobic methane oxidation,DAMO),前者以SO42-作为AOM的最终电子受体,后者以NO2-/NO3-作为AOM的最终电子受体。深入了解这两种类型AOM的发生机理,有助于更好地理解该生物过程的重要性,为AOM工艺的开发提供理论依据。鉴此,本文简要介绍了不同类型的AOM及其参与的微生物,着重阐述了其发生机理,并探讨了AOM未来的研究方向与应用前景。  相似文献   

16.
Production of C2H4, but not of CH4, was observed in anoxically incubated soil samples (cambisol on loamy sand) from a deciduous forest. Ethylene production was prevented by autoclaving, indicating its microbial origin. Ethylene production gradually decreased from 4 to 12 cm soil depth and was not affected by moisture or addition of methionine, a possible precursor of C2H4. Oxidation of atmospheric CH4 in soil samples was inhibited by C2H4. Ethylene concentrations of 3, 6 and 10 μl l−1 decreased CH4 uptake by 21, 63 and 98%, respectively. Methionine and methanethiol, a possible product of methionine degradation, also inhibited CH4 oxidation. Under oxic conditions, C2H4 was consumed in the soil samples. Ethylene oxidation kinetics exhibited two apparent Km values of 40 μl l−1 and 12,600 μl l−1 suggesting the presence of two different types of C2H4-oxidizing microorganisms. Methanotrophic bacteria were most probably not responsible for C2H4 oxidation, since the maximum of C2H4 oxidation activity was localized in soil layers (2-8 cm depth) above those (8-10 cm depth) of CH4 oxidation activity. Our observations suggest that C2H4 production in the upper soil layers inhibits CH4 oxidation, thus being one reason for the localization of methanotrophic activity in deeper soil layers.  相似文献   

17.
不同土壤水分状况下遮蔽对棉花叶片气体交换的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
An incubation experiment was carried out in laboratory to study the effect of temperature,moisture,phosphorus,organic matter,cropping and previous elemental sulfur application on elemental sulfur oxidation in four selected soils,fluvo-aquic soil,black soil,yellow-brown soil and red soil,In all the soils tested,sulfur oxidation rate was influenced by temperature and the temperature coefficient(Q10) values at the range from 10 to 30℃ were 4.41,,6.19 and 3.71 for the four soils,respectively.The rate of sulfur oxidation was parabolically related to soil water content.The optimum moisture content for the maximum oxiation rate was different among soils,Phosphorus increased the oxidation rate of elemental sulfur by 57.7%,33.1%,21.7% and 26.4% for the above four soils,respectively,compared with the control (no phosphorus applied).Organic material of corn straw which was gound and passed through a 0.5-mm sieve also increased th oxidation rate of elemental sulfur in the four soils by 59.8%,7.8%,39.2% and 540.4%,respectively.Elemental sulfur which was applied previously to soils significantly enhanced the oxidation of elemental sulfur subsequently added and increased sulfur-oxidizing populations such as autotrophic elemental sulfur oxidizers with pH optimum 6.8,autotrophic thiosufate oxidizers with pH optimum 6.8,heterotrophic thiosulfate oxidizers and heterotrophic sulfate producers.Cropping had little effect on elemental sulfur-oxidizing potentiality of soils.  相似文献   

18.
宋怡轩  金锐  张鑫磊  张洁  贾仲君  张耀鸿 《土壤》2020,52(6):1196-1202
全程氨氧化微生物(comammox)的发现根本改变了学术界对硝化过程的认识,但其地理分异规律及对氮转化过程的贡献仍不清楚。本研究选择长江口崇明东滩不同围垦年限(0、27、51、86年)稻田表层耕作土壤,采用好氧培养试验测定土壤硝化潜力;通过标靶功能基因amoA实时荧光定量硝化微生物的数量变异特征,包括全程氨氧化细菌(comammox)、氨氧化细菌(AOB)和古菌(AOA)。结果表明,与围垦0年的自然滩涂湿地相比,围垦27、51、86年的水稻土净硝化速率从2.24mg N /(kg·d)分别增加至19.3、11.6和11.4mg N /(kg·d),增幅高达5.1-8.7倍。土壤氨氧化古菌AOA的丰度与围垦年限显著正相关。自然滩涂湿地中氨氧化古菌AOA和AOB的数量分别为0.34×107 copies/g和1.14×107 copies/g,围垦86年后增幅最高可达27.9倍。自然滩涂湿地中comammox Clade A和Clade B amoA基因拷贝数高于围垦稻田土壤,且Clade A随着围垦年限增加其丰度显著增加。统计分析发现,氨氧化细菌AOB与土壤硝化速率显著正相关,可能在围垦水稻土氨氧化过程中发挥了重要作用;而全程硝化细菌comammox Clade A和Clade B与土壤总有机碳(TOC)、铵含量(NH4+)呈显著负相关关系,可能更适应于营养贫瘠的滩涂自然湿地土壤。  相似文献   

19.
The influence of NH4+ on microbial CH4 oxidation is still poorly understood. Therefore, the influence of NH4Cl and (NH4)2SO4 on CH4 oxidation was studied in soils at the different stages of the induction of enhanced methanotrophic activity. After a brief peak in the methanotrophic activity, a steady state was observed in which NH4+ inhibited CH4 oxidation at low CH4 concentrations, and stimulated CH4 oxidation at high concentrations. Chloride did not strongly inhibit CH4 oxidation during this phase. During a second phase methanotrophic activity increased again. Ammonium no longer stimulated CH4 oxidation, and Cl became an important source of uncompetitive inhibition. It was hypothesized that type I methanotrophs dominated during the first, soil-N-dependent phase while N2-fixing type II methanotrophs dominated the second, soil-N-independent phase.  相似文献   

20.
 This paper aims at a better understanding of methane oxidation under conditions that are representative of landfill cover soils. The kinetics of methane oxidation were studied in landfill cover soils that had been exposed to high methane mixing ratios. This was done in batch experiments, under various environmental conditions. V max increased exponentially with temperature in the range 5–35  °C, with a Q 10 value of 2.8. K m increased approximately linearly in this range from 1.2 μM to 7 μM. Consequently, the influence of temperature on methane consumption was more pronounced at high concentrations than at low concentrations. The inhibition by ammonium of methane consumption was much stronger after 6–7 months of exposure to high methane mixing ratios than after 5–7 weeks of exposure, indicating that there was a shift of dominating methanotrophic species in soils after long exposure times. Additions of nitrifying sludge or compost to soils initially inhibited methane oxidation, followed by a stimulation after a few days. Received: 19 May 2000  相似文献   

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