砒砂岩类型区筑坝材料可行性分析

对黄河中游砒砂岩分布区的黄土、沟床沙、红砒砂岩风化物、白砒砂岩风化物的有机质与易溶盐含量、颗粒组成、渗透性、可塑性、抗剪强度等指标的测定分析表明,黄土、沟床沙、红砒砂岩风化物这三种材料是良好的筑坝材料,并可作为防渗材料;白砒砂岩风化物属不良级配土,但与红砒砂岩风化物混合可互补不足,仍可作为筑坝材料。     

内蒙古砒砂岩不同类型区土壤水分、养分特征研究

[目的]探究砒砂岩不同类型区及不同土地利用方式对土壤水分、有机碳和全氮含量的影响,对于砒砂岩区进一步发展具有重要指导作用。[方法]以内蒙古准格尔旗砒砂岩覆土区的13年生沙棘林地、6年生沙棘林地、天然草地及砒砂岩裸露区草地和砒砂岩覆沙区的天然草地、柠条林地、农地、退耕5年地共8个样地为研究对象,通过测定0—100 cm深度不同土层土壤含水量、有机碳和全氮含量,研究和比较了不同土层土壤水分、有机碳和全氮含量与变化规律。[结果](1)覆土区(13年生沙棘林地152.36 mm、6年生沙棘林地165.16 mm、天然草地160.97 mm)0—100 cm土层土壤储水量均高于覆沙区(天然草地73.03 mm、柠条林地66.56 mm、农地79.70 mm、退耕5年地107.03 mm)。(2)裸露区草地土壤有机碳含量均低于覆土区和覆沙区,0—100 cm土壤有机碳储量(1.97 kg/m²)分别比覆土区天然草地、6年生沙棘林地、13年生沙棘林地和覆沙区天然草地、柠条林地、农地、退耕5年地分别低了2.24 kg/m²,2.36 kg/m²     

砒砂岩不同类型区土壤氮磷养分特征

砒砂岩区生态环境脆弱,侵蚀剧烈,研究不同类型砒砂岩区土壤氮（N）、磷（P）养分特征,可为该区的植被恢复及生态修复提供理论依据和数据支撑。该研究以内蒙古准格尔旗什布尔太沟裸露区、二老虎沟覆土区和特拉沟覆沙区为研究对象,根据流域长度分别在什布尔太沟、二老虎沟和特拉沟的沟口至沟头处,各选5、8和4个断面,共计17个土壤断面,于各断面不同坡位,采集共计153个样点的土样,测定0～20 cm土层全氮（Total Nitrogen,TN）、氨氮（Ammonia Nitrogen,AN）、硝态氮（Nitrate Nitrogen,Ni）、全磷（Total Phosphorus,TP）及速效磷（Available Phosphorus,AP）含量。结果表明：1）砒砂岩土壤TN含量0.24～1.39 g/kg、AN含量5.07～30.70 mg/kg、Ni含量0.76～5.87 mg/kg、TP含量0.10～0.57 g/kg及AP含量0.97～7.63 mg/kg。2）覆土区土壤N、P养分平均含量最高,覆沙区次之,裸露区最低;同类型区内土壤AN、Ni和AP含量相关系数较高,整体上速效养分间的相关性相对更强。3）同类型砒砂岩区,坡顶与坡底附近,土壤TN、AN、Ni、TP和AP含量相对较高;阴坡土壤AN、Ni和AP整体养分水平高于阳坡。综上,可根据砒砂岩不同类型区不同坡位土壤N、P养分特征,因地制宜地进行植被恢复,遏制该区水土流失强度,促进砒砂岩区生态系统修复。     

浅析沙棘根系在砒砂岩地区坡面上的分布情况

以人工种植在砒砂岩地区坡面上的中国沙棘的根系为研究对象,通过对其不同径级的三个生长指标：根密度、根长、根量进行研究,可以得出：沙棘根系主要分布在0-40 cm土层范围内,这种分布为浅根型分布,且水平根系比较发达。对于径级〈3 mm的根系,它的根密度值在表层最大,之后沿土层深度的增加而减少;其它径级的根系其根密度的实测点分布呈现出表层较少,10-20 cm处最大,20 cm以下沿土层深度的增加而递减的规律。根长随根系径级的增加大致呈现出减小的趋势。根量则反之,随径级的增加而增大。具有固氮能力的根瘤主要分布在0-40 cm的土层内,在表层最多。     

砒砂岩不同类型区坡谱特征与空间分异

砒砂岩区是黄河流域土壤侵蚀严重的区域。研究不同类型区坡谱特征与空间分异可为砒砂岩区水土流失治理提供参考。该研究利用砒砂岩30 m分辨率DEM（Digital Elevation Model）,分析不同类型区坡谱特征。对曲线型坡谱和坡度-景观图谱量化分析,描述不同地表覆盖区地貌形态。结果表明：1）砒砂岩区自西向东坡谱曲线由正偏逐渐近正态变化。覆沙区中西部坡度尤为集中坡谱呈\     

利用沙棘治理砒砂岩

<正> 一、砒砂岩的分布 砒砂岩,是当地群众对伊克昭盟广泛分布的中生代陆相碎屑沉积岩类的砂岩、泥岩和砂砾岩的俗称。它主要分布在东胜市、准格尔旗中北部、伊金霍洛旗东北部和达拉特旗的丘陵区。从水系分,砒砂岩地区涉及皇甫川流域、窟野河流域。以及库布其沙漠的部分地区,面积约一万平方公里     

内蒙古砒砂岩不同类型区土壤有机质与速效钾特征

选择内蒙古鄂尔多斯准格尔旗不同类型砒砂岩区,通过野外采样和室内分析试验,研究了土壤有机质和速效钾特征,并探讨不同土层、坡位和坡向以及植被丰富度等因子对其影响。结果表明:(1)整体上看,覆土区、覆沙区和裸露区有机质含量介于6.65～7.41 g/kg,处于低水平,速效钾含量介于74.61～137.38 mg/kg,处于中高水平。(2)覆土区地形因子对土壤有机质和速效钾的影响最明显,根据3个不同类型区坡向、坡位及坡向与坡位的交互作用对土壤有机质、速效钾呈现的显著或者极显著关系出现频数,初步判断其影响程度大小为坡位(6次)坡向(4次)坡向×坡位(2次)。(3)3个类型区植被丰富度指数与土壤有机质、速效钾含量相关性较高,是进行土壤养分研究应考虑的重要因素。     

基于Landsat 8 OLI数据的砒砂岩区生物量遥感估算

为了评价砒砂岩区植被生长状况和地上生物量的空间分布特征,采用Landsat 8 OLI和同期实测生物量数据对砒砂岩区生物量估算方法进行了研究。结果表明:(1)NDVI,RVI,SAVI,MSAVI与地上生物量(Above ground biomass,AGB)的相关性显著,其中MSAVI和AGB的相关性最高(R²=0.4416),SAVI次之(R²=0.3923),NDVI(R²=0.1375)和RVI(R²=0.1306)相对最低,NDVI和RVI在荒漠生态系统生物量遥感估算中并不是效果最佳的植被指数;(2)高斯低通3×3滤波核滤波的MSAVI与AGB的相关性(R²=0.4757)高于未滤波处理图像,滤波后建立的AGB-MSAVI_GLPF3估算模型平均相对误差MRE为13.41%,模型具有较高的估算精度;(3)遥感估算2019年砒砂岩研究区总AGB为9.2×10⁵t,其中AGB低值区的面积占比为13.03%,AGB中值区面积占比为47.56%,AGB高值区面积占比为39.41%。荒漠生态系统AGB与MSAVI的相关性显著,基于高斯低通滤波建立起的AGB-MSAVI_GLPF3模型可以较好地实现砒砂岩区AGB遥感估算。     

砒砂岩区典型坡面土壤颗粒组成空间分布特征研究

为揭示土壤颗粒组成在垂直和水平方向上的分布规律,采集砒砂岩区典型坡面0—100 cm剖面的土壤,运用经典统计学测定其颗粒组成。结果表明：坡面0—100 cm土壤质地主要为砂壤土(59.21%)和壤砂土(36.40%)。随土层深度增加,砂粒含量增加,粉粒和黏粒含量减少,土壤逐渐呈现粗粒化的趋势;坡面尺度上,表层0—10 cm砂粒为弱变异,其余各层各粒级均为中等程度变异,且随土层深度增加变异性增强,不同粒级的变异系数表现为砂粒<粉粒<黏粒。沿坡面等高线方向,样带B粗粒化程度最弱,10 cm土层以下,样带B粗粒化程度最强。沿垂直坡面等高线方向,坡中砂粒含量(73.60%)相比于坡上和坡下分别增加6.90%(p<0.05)和11.66%(p<0.05),坡下粉粒(31.85%)和黏粒(3.10%)含量相比于坡上和坡中分别增加13.13%(p<0.05),23.59%(p<0.05)和4.36%,51.70%(p<0.05),坡中粗粒化程度最强,坡下是细颗粒堆积的主要区域。研究结果可加强对砒砂岩区坡面土壤颗粒空间分布规律的认识。     

内蒙古砒砂岩地区水土流失规律研究

内蒙古砒砂岩地区是黄河重要的粗沙来源区,该地区具有水蚀、风蚀及重力侵蚀交互的特点。利用三个试验流域1983～1997年的天然观测资料,分析得到了砒砂岩侵蚀交互作用的时空分布规律;通过对砒砂岩的理化及侵蚀产沙特性的分析表明,砒砂岩的产流和产沙能力均高于当地的黄土和风沙土。本研究建立了砒砂岩地区的水蚀模型,并对水力侵蚀过程进行了模拟。     

铁改性生物炭促进土壤砷形态转化抑制植物砷吸收

通过盆栽试验研究了不同砷污染水平(10、20、40和80 mg/kg)下,添加不同量(10、20和40 g/kg)改性前后的生物炭对土壤砷形态及植物吸收砷规律的影响。该文以棉花秸秆生物炭及改性生物炭(棉花秸秆生物炭与Fe Cl3?6H2O按质量比为20∶1)为试材,小白菜为供试植物。结果表明:生物炭(10~40 g/kg)和改性生物炭(10 g/kg)能促进小白菜的生长,在添加量分别为20和10 g/kg时生物量最大,其最大值分别为8.26和6.68 g/盆,改性生物炭在添加量为10 g/kg时高于对照组和等量未改性生物炭处理组。在砷质量分数为10和20 mg/kg的基础上,添加生物炭(10~40 g/kg)后,土壤中砷主要以残渣态形式存在;水溶态砷分别增加了0.22%~3.36%和0.96%~3.70%;改性生物炭添加对土壤砷质量分数为10 mg/kg时水溶态砷无明显影响,土壤砷质量分数为20 mg/kg时,添加改性生物炭(10~40 g/kg)后水溶态砷减少了0.12%~0.58%。在高浓度(40和80 mg/kg)砷土壤中,水溶态砷含量随着土壤中砷含量的增加而增大;添加生物炭(10~40 g/kg)后,土壤中水溶态砷分别增加了0.21%~1.56%和2.11%~8.94%,但砷主要以铝形砷形式存在,残渣态砷次之。各处理组小白菜可食部分和根部砷质量分数在添加10~40 g/kg生物炭后的变化规律不尽相同,等量的改性生物炭添加后,可食部分由18.28 mg/kg显著降低至2.66 mg/kg(P0.05),根部从133.99 mg/kg显著降低至20.21 mg/kg(P0.05)。改性生物炭与未改性生物炭相比,改性生物炭能降低土壤中水溶态砷的含量及对小白菜吸收砷有显著的抑制作用。因此,该研究可为改性生物炭在含砷土壤的修复应用中提供数据支撑与理论基础。     

外源砷、铅在三类紫色土中形态分配与其化学、生物有效性研究

对比研究了酸、中、石灰性紫色土添加砷、铅后其形态分配变化及化学、生物有效性特征.试验表明砷、铅在三种紫色土中形态分配不同,外源砷、铅分配与原始土样本底值有较大差异.从提取能力、生物效应方面比较了几种浸提剂效果,认为用0.5N NaHCO3提取As、2.5%HAc提取Pb可以较好地表征3种紫色土砷、铅的有效量.植物吸收砷、铅与土壤有效量有较好的相关性,但吸收形态却因土而异.试验还证明,As的形态分级中H3BO3可以很好地掩敝F-对比色的干扰.     

施肥和外源砷对小白菜生长和抗性生理的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了施用有机肥料与氮、 磷、 钾肥以及不同浓度砷对小白菜（Brassica campestris L. ssp. Chinensis L.）株高、 根长、 单株鲜重、 砷含量以及小白菜植株脯氨酸（Pro）、 丙二醛（MDA）、 超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、 过氧化物酶（POD）等的影响。结果表明: 在施肥条件下外源砷10 mg/kg促进小白菜生长,鲜重最高,株高、 根长增加,外源砷继续提高则抑制小白菜生长; 小白菜砷含量随外源砷提高而增加,施肥则促进砷吸收; 小白菜Pro和MDA含量随外源砷提高而增加,施肥则有助于降低Pro和MDA含量; 小白菜POD活性在不施肥处理下随砷浓度的提高呈上升下降的变化趋势,且以砷 50 mg/kg时最高; 在施肥条件下随砷浓度的增加而增强; 小白菜SOD活性在有机肥处理下随砷浓度的增加而增强,在不施肥、 施氮磷钾肥以及氮磷钾肥和有机肥混施处理下随砷浓度的升高呈上升下降的变化趋势,均以砷 50 mg/kg处理最高。     

沙壤性碳酸盐土壤上砷和重金属的运移

The continued effect of the pyrite-tailing oxidation on the mobility of arsenic, lead, zinc, cadmium, and copper was studied in a carbonated soil under natural conditions, with the experimental plot preserved with a layer of tailing covering the soil during three years. The experimental area is located in Southern Spain and was affected by a pyrite-mine spill. The climate in the area is typically Mediterranean, which determines the rate of soil alteration and element mobility. The intense alteration processes that occurred in the soil during three years caused important changes in its morphology and a strong degradation of the main soil properties. In this period, lead concentrated in the first 5 mm of the soil, with concentrations higher than 1500 mg kg^-1, mainly associated to the neoformation of plumbojarosite. Arsenic was partially leached from the first 5 mm and mainly concentrated between 5-10 mm in the soil, with maximum values of 1239 mg kg^-1; the retention of arsenates was related to the neoformation of iron hydroxysulfates (jarosite, schwertmannite) and oxyhydroxides (goethite, ferrihydrite), both with a variable degree of crystallinity. The mobility of Zn, Cd, and Cu was highly affected by pH, producing a stronger leaching in depth; their retention was related to the forms of precipitated aluminium and, in the case of Cu, also to the neoformation of hydroxysulfate.     

氢化物发生——原子荧光光谱法同时测定肥料中砷、汞的研究

通过对消化体系的选择及双道原子荧光光度计测试条件的优化，建立了氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法同时测定肥料中砷、汞的方法。方法线性范围宽（As0-100μg／L；Hg0-10μg／L），检出限低（As0．05μg／L和Hg0.07μg／L）。无机肥料中As回收率为98．8％-100．4％，Hg回收率为98．9％-102．2％；有机肥料中As回收率为94．4％-105．6％，Hg回收率为97．6％-103．8％。     

氢化物发生--原子荧光光谱法同时测定肥料中砷、汞的研究

通过对消化体系的选择及双道原子荧光光度计测试条件的优化,建立了氢化物发生—原子荧光光谱法同时测定肥料中砷、汞的方法。方法线性范围宽(As 0~100μg/L;Hg 0~10μg/L),检出限低(As 0.05μg/L和Hg 0.007μg/L)。无机肥料中As回收率为98.8%~100.4%,Hg回收率为98.9%~102.2%;有机肥料中As回收率为94.4%~105.6%,Hg回收率为97.6%~103.8%。     

Elevated CO2 may reduce arsenic accumulation in diverse ecotypes of Arabidopsis thaliana

Rising concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide [CO₂] could, potentially, increase contaminant uptake and the overall efficiency of phytoremediation. To determine the ability of elevated [CO₂] to sequester arsenic (As), five Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes were grown at ambient (～400 µmol mol^?1) and elevated (～800 µmol mol^?1) CO₂ at three levels of As concentration (0, 50, and 110 µM) to determine whether: (a) elevated CO₂ increased the concentration of As in above-ground biomass (AGB), and, (b) the effect of [CO₂] on As concentration was ecotype specific. We found that elevated CO₂ significantly increased AGB of A. thaliana, but the extent of biomass stimulation was specific to ecotype. Overall, at the highest As concentration, the relative effect of elevated [CO₂] was to reduce both As concentration and As uptake per plant; however, genetic variation was also evident among A. thaliana in regard to phytoextraction of As at current and projected CO₂ levels.     

Intensification of arsenic toxicity to paddy rice by hydrogen sulfide and ferrous iron

Abstract

The phytotoxicity of arsenic to paddy rice was examined by the pot culture method using Utsunomiya grey lowland soil which had received nutrient salts including ammonium sulfate with or without additional rice straw powder as a reducing agent.

By treatment with 50 ppm of arsenic and straw, plant growth was retarded from the beginning of culture, and about 6 weeks later, at the middle of July, small reddish black spots emerged near the tips of expanded green leaves. The spots then increased and spread over the whole leaves resulting in bronzing and final dieback in about the mid-August. On treatment with higher concentrations of arsenic and straw, the plants were more severely injured and died through bronzing at earlier stages. All such dead plants were found to have accumulated abnormally high iron in their leaf tissues. On treatment with lower concentrations of arsenic and straw or in the case of higher arsenic without straw, plant growth and grain yield were reduced with the occurrence of partial bronzing or oranging of leaves and the iron content of the plants was somewhat increased.

These results indicate that arsenic may induce ferrous iron toxicity which intensifies the toxicity of arsenic to paddy rice.     

Use of water-treatment residue containing polysilicate-iron to stabilize arsenic in flooded soils and attenuate arsenic uptake by rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants

A pot experiment was conducted to examine how soil amendment with water-treatment residue (WTR) containing polysilicate-iron affected dissolved arsenic (As) in flooded soils and As uptake by rice plants (Oryza sativa L.). The WTR was applied at a rate of 0 (control), 5, 10 or 20 t ha^?1. Simple linear regression analyses showed significant negative relationships between the concentrations of dissolved As in soil solution and WTR application rates at all sampling times, probably due to adsorption of As onto ferrihydrite in the WTR. Compared to As concentrations in rice plants grown on control soil, the concentrations in plants grown on WTR-treated soils decreased by 20.1–41.6% in straw (stems and leaves), 19.8–31.7% in husk and 18.6–21.0% in grain. The regression analyses demonstrated that the concentration and content of As in rice are negatively correlated with WTR application rate. Total As content was 16.5–32.0% lower in rice shoots grown on WTR-treated soils than on control soil. The percentage of each As species in grain decreased in the following order: As(III) » dimethylarsinic acid » As(V). The application of WTR did not change the As speciation in grain. Silicon contents in shoot significantly increased with application of WTR, indicating the potency of WTR as a silicate fertilizer. Taken together, our results indicate that WTR containing polysilicate-iron promises to be a practical amendment for stabilizing As and attenuating As uptake by rice plants.