PH对红壤微生物生物量碳和生物量磷的影响

The impact of pH changes on microbial biomass carbon (Cmic) and microbial biomass phosphorus (Pmic) were examined for 3 red soils under citrus production with different lengths of cultivation. Soil pH significantly affected Cmic and Pmic. The Cmie and Pmic changes, as a function of soil pH, appeared to follow a normal distribution with the original soil pH value at the apex and as pH increased or decreased compared to the original soil pH, Cmic and Pmic declined. Moreover, there were critical pH values at both extremes (3.0 on the acidic side and 8.0 to 8.5 on the alkaline side), beyond which most of microorganisms could never survive. The effect of pH on Cmic and Pmic was also related to the original soil pH. The higher the original soil pH was, the less Cmic or Pmic were affected by pH change. It is suggested that soil microorganisms that grow in a soil environment with a more neutral soil pH range (i.e. pH 5.5-7.5) may have a greater tolerance to pH changes than those growing in more acidic or more alkaline soil pH conditions.     

氨固定对土壤微生物生物量氮矿化测定的影响

Two soils with relatively high(Soil 1)and low(Soil 2) ammonium fixation capacities were used in this study to examiune the effect of ammonium fixation on the determination of N mineralized from soil microbial biomass.Organism suspension was quantitatively introduced to Soil 1 at various rates.Both fumigation-incubation (FI) and fumigation-extraction (FE) methods were used to treat the soil.The amount of fixed NH4^ increased with increasing rate of organism-N addition.A close correlation was found between the amount of fixed ammonium and th rate of organism-m addition.The net increases of fixed NH4^ -N were equivalent to 38% and 12% of the added organism-N for FI and FE treatments,rspectively,in this specific soil.To provide isotopic evidence,^15N-labelled organism-N was added to Soils 1 and 2 at 121.4 mg N kg^-1.In FI treatment,22 and 3mg N kg^-1 of labelled N were found in the fraction of fixed NH4^ -N in Soile 1 and 2 respectively;while in FE treatment,9 mg N kg^-1 of labelled N was found in the fraction of fixed NH4^ -N in Soil 1 only.There was no labelled N in the fraction of fixed NH4^ -N in Soil 2.In all of the unfumigated (check) soils,there was little or no labelled N in the fixed fractions,probably because the organism-N added was easily mineralized and nitrified.A mean of 0.64 for KN value,the fraction of N mineralized in the killed microbial biomass,as obtained with inclusion of the net increase of fixed NH4^ -N,The corresponding value calculated with exclusion of the net increase of ficed NH4^ -N was 0.46 ,It was concluded that ammonium fixation was a problem in deterination of KN,particularly for soils with a high ammonium fixation capacity, Results also showed that microbial biomass N measurement by FFE method was less affected by ammonium process than that by FI method.     

两类温带森林下土壤氮的有效性指标比较

To evaluate the validity of different indices in estimating soil readily mineralizable N, soil microbial biomass （Nmic）, soil active N （SAN）, soluble organic N （SON）, net N mineralization rate （NNR） and gross N mineralization rate （GNR） in mineral soils （0-10 cm） from six forest stands located in central Germany were determined and compared with two sampling times： April and November. Additionally, soil density fractionation was conducted for incubated soils （with addition of ^15NH4-N and glucose, 40 days） to observe the sink of added ^15N in different soil fractions. The study showed that Nmic and NNR in most stands differed significantly （P 〈 0.05） between the two sampling times, but not GNR, SAN and SON. In November, no close relationships were found between GNR and other N indices, or between Nrnic, SON, and SAN and forest type. However, in April, GNR was significantly correlated （P 〈 0.05） with Nmic, SAN, and NNR along with Nmlc under beech being significantly higher （P 〈 0.05） than under conifers. Furthermore, density fractionation revealed that the light fraction （LF, 0.063-2 mm, 〉 1.7 gcm^-3） was not correlated with the other N indices. In contrast, results from the incubation study proved that more 15N was incorporated into the heavy fraction （HF 〈 0.063 ram, 〉 1.7 g cm^-3） than into LF, indicaing that more labile N existed in HF than in LF. These findings suggested that attention should be paid to the differences existing in N status between agricultural and forest soils.     

集约水稻系统下施肥对土壤有机氮形态及供氮的影响

Changes of soil organic nitrogen forms and soil nitrogen supply under continuous rice cropping system were investigated in a long-term fertilization experiment in Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, China. The fertilizer treatments included combination of P-K, N-K, N-P, and N-P-K as well as the control. After six years of continuous double-rice cropping, total soil N and hydrolysable N contents remained stable in plots with N treatments, while the hydrolysable N contents were substantially reduced in those plots without N application. Compared to the unbalanced fertilization treatments, P and K increased the percentage of hydrolysable ammonium N in the total soil N with the balanced application of N, and also maintained higher rice grain yields and nitrogen uptake. Grain yield was positively correlated with total N uptake （r = 0.875^＊＊）, hydrolysable N （r = 0.608^＊＊）, hydrolysable ammonium N （r = 0.560^＊＊） and the hydrolysable unknown N （r = 0.417^＊＊）. Total N uptake was positively correlated with hydrolysable N （r = 0.608^＊＊）, hydrolysable ammonium N （r = 0.440^＊＊） and hydro, lysable unknown N （r = 0.431^＊＊）. Soil nutrient depletion and/or unbalanced fertilization to rice crop reduced N content in soil microbial biomass, and therefore increased C/N ratio, suggesting a negative effect on the total microbial biomass in the soil.     

土壤碳氮对多年生能源草、覆盖作物和氮施肥的响应

Cover crop and nitrogen(N) fertilization may maintain soil organic matter under bioenergy perennial grass where removal of aboveground biomass for feedstock to produce cellulosic ethanol can reduce soil quality. We evaluated the effects of cover crops and N fertilization rates on soil organic carbon(C)(SOC), total N(STN), ammonium N(NH_4-N), and nitrate N(NO_3-N) contents at the0–5, 5–15, and 15–30 cm depths under perennial bioenergy grass from 2010 to 2014 in the southeastern USA. Treatments included unbalanced combinations of perennial bioenergy grass, energy cane(Saccharum spontaneum L.) or elephant grass(Pennisetum purpureum Schumach.), cover crop, crimson clover(Trifolium incarnatum L.), and N fertilization rates(0, 100, and 200 kg N ha~(-1)). Cover crop biomass and C and N contents were greater in the treatment of energy cane with cover crop and 100 kg N ha~(-1) than in the treatment of energy cane and elephant grass. The SOC and STN contents at 0–5 and 5–15 cm were 9%–20% greater in the treatments of elephant grass with cover crop and with or without 100 kg N ha~(-1)than in most of the other treatments. The soil NO_3-N content at 0–5 cm was 31%–45% greater in the treatment of energy cane with cover crop and 100 kg N ha~(-1)than in most of the other treatments.The SOC sequestration increased from 0.1 to 1.0 Mg C ha~(-1)year~(-1)and the STN sequestration from 0.03 to 0.11 Mg N ha~(-1)year~(-1)from 2010 to 2014 for various treatments and depths. In contrast, the soil NH_4-N and NO_3-N contents varied among treatments,depths, and years. Soil C and N storages can be enriched and residual NO_3-N content can be reduced by using elephant grass with cover crop and with or without N fertilization at a moderate rate.     

Leaching and Transformation of Nitrogen Fertilizers in Soil After Application of N with Irrigation： A Soil Column Method

A soil column method was used to compare the effect of drip fertigation （the application of fertilizer through drip irrigation systems, DFI） on the leaching loss and transformation of urea-N in soil with that of surface fertilization combined with flood irrigation （SFI）, and to study the leaching loss and transformation of three kinds of nitrogen fertilizers （nitrate fertilizer, ammonium fertilizer, and urea fertilizer） in two contrasting soils after the fertigation. In comparison to SFI, DFI decreased leaching loss of urea-N from the soil and increased the mineral N （NH4^＋-N ＋ NO3^--N） in the soil. The N leached from a clay loam soil ranged from 5.7% to 9.6% of the total N added as fertilizer, whereas for a sandy loam soil they ranged between 16.2% and 30.4%. Leaching losses of mineral N were higher when nitrate fertilizer was used compared to urea or ammonium fertilizer. Compared to the control （without urea addition）, on the first day when soils were fertigated with urea, there were increases in NH4^＋-N in the soils. This confirmed the rapid hydrolysis of urea in soil during fertigation. NH4^＋-N in soils reached a peak about 5 days after fertigation, and due to nitrification it began to decrease at day 10. After applying NH4^＋-N fertilizer and urea and during the incubation period, the mineral nitrogen in the soil decreased. This may be related to the occurrence of NH4^＋-N fixation or volatilization in the soil during the fertigation process.     

酸雨对土壤有机碳氮潜在矿化的影响

Acid rain is a serious environmental problem worldwide. In this study, a pot experiment using forest soils planted with the seedlings of four woody species was performed with weekly treatments of pH 4.40, 4.00, 3.52, and 3.05 simulated acid rain （SAR） for 42 months compared to a control ofpH 5.00 lake water. The cumulative amounts of C and N mineralization in the five treated soils were determined after incubation at 25 ℃ for 65 d to examine the effects of SAR treatments. For all five treatments, cumulative CO2-C production ranged from 20.24 to 27.81 mg kg^-1 dry soil, net production of available N from 17.37 to 48.95 mg kg^-1 dry soil, and net production of NO3-N from 9.09 to 46.23 mg kg^-1 dry soil. SAR treatments generally enhanced the emission of CO2-C from the soils; however, SAR with pH 3.05 inhibited the emission. SAR treatments decreased the net production of available N and NO3-N. The cumulative CH4 and N2O productions from the soils increased with increasing amount of simulated acid rain. The cumulative CO2-C production and the net production of available N of the soil under Acmena acuminatissima were significantly higher （P 〈 0.05） than those under Schima superba and Cryptocarya concinna. The mineralization of soil organic C was related to the contents of soil organic C and N, but was not related to soil pH. However, the overall effect of acid rain on the storage of soil organic matter and the cycling of important nutrients depended on the amount of acid deposition and the types of forests.     

水分含量对秸秆还田土壤碳矿化和微生物特性的影响

An 80-d incubation experiment was conducted to investigate straw decomposition,the priming effect and microbial characteristics in a non-fertilized soil(soil 1) and a long-term organic manure-fertilized soil(soil 2) with and without13 C-labeled maize straw amendment under different moisture levels. The soil 2 showed a markedly higher priming effect,microbial biomass C(Cmic),and β-glucosidase activity,and more abundant populations of bacteria and fungi than the soil 1. Also,soil CO2 emission,Cmic,β-glucosidase activity,and bacterial and fungal population sizes were substantially enhanced by straw amendment. In the presence of straw,the amount of straw mineralization and assimilation by microbes in the soil at 55% of water holding capacity(WHC) were significantly higher by 31% and 17%,respectively,compared to those at 25% of WHC. In contrast,β-glucosidase activity and fungal population size were both enhanced as the moisture content decreased. Cmicdecreased as straw availability decreased,which was mainly attributed to the reduction of straw-derived Cmic. Amended soils,except the amended soil 2 at 25% of WHC,had a more abundant fungal population as straw availability decreased,indicating that fungal decomposability of added straw was independent of straw availability. Non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis based on fungal denatured gradient gel electrophoresis band patterns showed that shifts in the fungal community structure occurred as water and straw availability varied. The results indirectly suggest that soil fungi are able to adjust their degradation activity to water and straw availability by regulating their community structure.     

西藏高原自然生态系统转化为农田后提高了土壤的净矿化和净硝化

A comparative study was conducted to determine the NH4^＋ and NO3^- concentrations in soil profiles and to examine the net nitrogen （N） mineralization and nitrification in adjacent forest, grassland, and cropland soils on the Tibetan Plateau. Cropland soil showed significantly higher inorganic N concentrations in soil profiles compared with forest and grassland soils. NO3^- -N accounted for 70%-90^ of inorganic N in cropland soil, while NH4^＋ -N was the main form of inorganic N in forest and grassland soils. The average net N mineralization rate at 0 20 cm depth was approximately twice in cropland soil （1.48 mg kg^-1 d^-1） as high as in forest （0.83 mg kg^-1 d^-1） or grassland soil （0.72 mg kg^-1 d^-1）. Cropland showed strong net nitrification, with the net rate almost equal to the total net N mineralization. Urea addition stimulated soil respiration, particularly in forest soil. Most urea-N, however, remained as NH4^＋ in forest and grassland soils, while NO3^- was the main form of inorganic N to increase in cropland soil. Higher rates of net nitrification in cropland soils suggest that land use change on the Tibetan Plateau may lead to high N losses through nitrate leaching.     

中国亚热带稻田土壤碳氮含量及矿化动态

Dynamics of soil organic matter in a cultivation chronosequence of paddy fields were studied in subtropical China. Mineralization of soil organic matter was determined by measuring CO2 evolution from soil during 20 days of laboratory incubation. In the first 30 years of cultivation, soil organic C and N contents increased rapidly. After 30 years, 0-10 cm soil contained 19.6 g kg^-1 organic C and 1.62 g kg^-1 total N, with the corresponding values of 18.1 g kg^-1 and 1.50 g kg^-1 for 10-20 cm, and then remained stable even after 80 years of rice cultivation. During 20 days incubation the mineralization rates of organic C and N in surface soil （0-10 cm） ranged from 2.2% to 3.3% and from 2.8% to 6.7%, respectively, of organic C and total N contents. Biologically active C size generally increased with increasing soil organic C and N contents. Soil dissolved organic C decreased after cultivation of wasteland to 10 years paddy field and then increased. Soil microbial biomass C increased with number of years under cultivation, while soil microbial biomass N increased during the first 30 years of cultivation and then stabilized. After 30 years of cultivation surface soil （0-10 cm） contained 332.8 mg kg^-1 of microbial biomass C and 23.85 mg kg^-1 of microbial biomass N, which were 111% and 47% higher than those in soil cultivated for 3 years. It was suggested that surface soil with 30 years of rice cultivation in subtropical China would have attained a steady state of organic C content, being about 19 g kg^-1.     

樟子松人工林土壤养分、微生物及酶活性的研究

对章古台不同林龄樟子松人工林土壤养分、微生物及酶活性进行了测定和分析,结果表明:各林地的土壤养分、微生物和酶活性均表现出差异。与健康林相比,出现生长衰退林地土壤样品的养分指标、微生物和酶活性均有显著程度的降低,表明土壤地力已出现严重衰退。土壤微生物数量、酶活性与土壤养分间呈显著相关关系,可作为评价土壤肥力的指标。解决当前人工林退化的主要措施是因地制宜进行间伐或轮伐,改善林地微生态条件,尽量避免营造人工纯林,建议营造混交林。     

彰武松生长及适应性初步研究

彰武松是赤松的天然杂交新变种,经繁殖观察研究表明,其顶芽饱满、长势旺盛,无性嫁接愈合能力强,生长速度快,1年生、2年生彰武松实生苗的地径和苗高均大于同龄樟子松、赤松、油松,2年生苗高分别为樟子松、赤松、油松的136％、151％和133％。彰武松与11年生樟子松树高比为1.82:1,地径比为1.47:1,差异显著。彰武松有较强的抗旱和抗病能力,是“三北”地区很育发展前景的优良造林树种,值得大力繁殖推广。     

不同氮源对烤烟漂浮育苗氮素利用及烟苗生长的影响

采用水培漂浮育苗的方法,研究4种氮源（硝态氮、铵态氮、酰胺态氮、硝酸铵）对烤烟漂浮育苗系统中氮的利用状况。结果表明,在烤烟漂浮育苗系统中,氮的表观利用率由高到低依次为:硝态氮源＞酰胺态氮源＞硝酸铵＞铵态氮源;氮的实际利用率表现为前三种氮源之间无显著差异,但它们均显著高于铵态氮;烟苗根系活力、光合色素含量、木质化程度等壮苗指标是以硝酸铵、酰胺态氮为氮源的效果显著高于单纯的硝态氮。尿素添加少量的硝态氮是烤烟漂浮育苗培养壮苗最佳的氮源选择。     

樟子松林下土壤养分、微生物及酶活性的研究

为探讨樟子松林土壤生化特性及其与土壤肥力的关系,本文对我国最重要樟子松原产地—红花尔基地区的不同林龄樟子松林下土壤养分、微生物及酶活性进行了测定和分析,结果表明:不同林地的土壤养分、微生物和酶活性均表现出差异。土壤养分、微生物和土壤酶活性总体变化趋势是先随着树龄增加而增加,到60~70年树龄时达到最大,后随着树龄增大各项指标呈现下降的趋势。土壤微生物数量、酶活性与土壤养分含量之间呈显著相关关系,可作为评价土壤肥力的指标。     

水分及铵、硝营养对水稻幼苗氮素吸收的影响

采用5% PEG模拟水分胁迫,研究武育粳3号水稻幼苗生长状况以及在水分胁迫下对不同NH4+-N / NO3--N质量比例（100/0、75/25、50/50、25/75、0/100）处理的响应。结果表明,模拟水分胁迫后水稻幼苗生长对不同的NH4+-N/NO3--N处理反应不同,水稻对NH4+-N和NO3--N的吸收发生显著改变,水稻幼苗更偏向于吸收NO3--N营养,与正常水分处理相比其对总氮和NO3--N的吸收量显著增加。     

土壤中可溶性氮和pH对有机肥和化肥的短期响应

通过温室盆栽试验,施用猪粪堆肥(PC)、污泥堆肥(SC)、菜籽饼肥(CM)和无机化肥(IF)后,对土壤pH值和不同形态氮素的短期响应进行研究,探讨土壤可溶性无机氮、有机氮及土壤pH值之间的相互关系。结果表明,CM,PC和IF处理的pH值都呈现先快速下降后缓慢回升的趋势,但PC处理下降幅度较小;而SC处理和不施肥对照(CK)处理的pH值基本不变;不同施肥处理均提高了土壤中氮素水平,3种有机肥中以CM处理最显著地提高了土壤中总可溶性氮(TDN)、NH4+-N、NO3--N和可溶性有机氮(DON)浓度,PC处理的次之,SC处理的最弱,而IF处理与CM处理提高幅度相似。不同施肥处理中土壤可溶性氮表现出不同的短期响应,IF处理和CM处理的TDN分别经过11,13d的稳定期后迅速上升到一个较高的水平,至31d开始下降;PC处理和SC处理未出现突然升高的现象,而是前20d较稳定在一定的范围内波动,之后缓慢下降,总体与对照趋势一致。不同处理土壤中NH4+-N均呈下降趋势;IF处理、CM处理的NO3--N呈增加趋势,PC处理的呈先增加后降低趋势,而SC处理的呈缓慢下降趋势,结果说明不同有机肥在土壤中的转化存在明显的差异。相关性分析显示,CM处理、IF处理的土壤pH值与NH4+-N呈极显著正相关,而与NO3--N呈极显著负相关;除PC处理外,其他处理的DON含量与TDN具有显著正相关性,而PC处理的DON同时与NH4+-N、NO3--N呈显著负相关。     

城市园林废弃物生物质炭对小白菜生长、 硝酸盐含量及氮素利用率的影响

【目的】我国温室种植蔬菜迅速发展,温室种植中肥料利用率低及蔬菜硝酸盐积累等问题日益突出。同时,我国城市化快速发展,城市园林废弃物日益增多,这些木质废弃物的处理也成为城市可持续发展的挑战。本文采用城市园林废弃物制成的生物质炭用于温室栽培生产,分析其对温室蔬菜产量和品质以及养分保持的影响,从而探索一种为绿色环保的现代城市农业服务的技术。【方法】本研究采用温室盆栽试验方法,以小白菜为研究对象,设置5个生物质炭添加水平。 C0 (0 g/kg, CK)、 C1(20 g/kg)、 C2(40 g/kg)、 C3(60 g/kg)和C4(80 g/kg)。研究生物质炭对小白菜产量、 植株硝酸盐含量、 土壤氮素含量与形态以及氮素保持效应的影响。【结果】与对照相比,添加不同比例的生物质炭均显著提高小白菜产量,其中,C3和C4处理下增产幅度达到75%,生物质炭添加量与产量呈显著正相关关系;生物质炭对小白菜植株地上部和地下部的影响并不一致,其中收获指数显著增加,提高幅度在2.5%～9.5%之间,有随着生物质炭用量增加而增加的趋势;对照处理小白菜地上部硝酸盐含量达504 mg/kg,各处理植株硝酸盐含量介于161～256 mg/kg之间,显著降低50%以上,特别是C1处理降低硝酸盐含量的幅度达到68%,而不同生物质炭添加量之间植株硝酸盐含量差异不显著;生物质炭的添加增加了土壤中总氮素的含量,氮素损失率由不施炭处理的5.6%降低到了3.3%以下,显著降低了42%,同时土壤氮素生产率较对照提高幅度大于35%;与C0相比较,生物质炭添加显著降低了土壤NO-3-N的积累,降低幅度在60%以上,生物质炭用量在4%左右时降低作用最大,达到80%,同时土壤NH+4-N在生物质炭添加下降低了77%,生物质炭对降低土壤中铵态氮和硝态氮的累积作用并不与其用量呈正相关,铵硝比随着生物质炭添加量而呈下降的趋势;同时从研究结果看,产量与土壤NH+4-N和NO-3-N含量呈负相关关系,与土壤全氮呈正相关关系,而蔬菜植株硝酸盐含量与土壤NH+4-N和NO-3-N含量具有相关性,但与土壤全氮含量相关性不显著。【结论】温室大棚栽培小白菜的土壤中, 加入不同量的生物质炭能显著提高小白菜产量,同时降低小白菜植株的硝酸盐含量,添加量在2%时效果最好;土壤硝态氮和铵态氮积累随生物质炭施入而降低;生物质炭显著降低氮素损失率而提高氮素生产率。本研究得出生物质炭通过降低损失、 吸持更多氮素而提高了氮素的持续供应,在增产的同时降低了蔬菜硝酸盐积累,提高了品质。因此,在温室大棚蔬菜生产的土壤中添加一定量生物质炭(本试验下添加2%～4%)可以达到高产和优质。     

Chemical and biochemical properties in a silty loam soil under conventional and organic management

To improve soil fertility, efforts need to be made to increase soil organic matter content. Conventional farming practice generally leads to a reduction of soil organic matter. This study compared inorganic and organic fertilisers in a crop rotation system over two cultivation cycles: first crop broad bean (Vicia faba L.) and second crop mixed cropped melon-water melon (Cucumis melo-Citrullus vulgaris) under semi-arid conditions. Total organic carbon (TOC), Kjeldahl-N, available-P, microbial biomass C (Cmic), and N (Nmic), soil respiration and enzymatic activities (protease, urease, and alkaline phosphatase) were determined in soils between the fourth and sixth year of management comparison. The metabolic quotient (qCO₂), the Cmic/Nmic ratio, and the Cmic/TOC ratio were also calculated. Organic management resulted in significant increases in TOC and Kjeldahl-N, available-P, soil respiration, microbial biomass, and enzymatic activities compared with those found under conventional management. Crop yield was greater from organic than conventional fertilizer. The qCO₂ showed a progressive increase for both treatments during the study, although qCO₂ was greater with conventional than organic fertilizer. In both treatments, an increase in the Cmic/Nmic ratio from first to second crop cycle was observed, indicating a change in the microbial populations. Biochemical properties were positively correlated (p < 0.01) with TOC and nutrient content. These results indicated that organic management positively affected soil organic matter content, thus improving soil quality and productivity.     

岩溶洼地土壤微生物指标对不同土地利用方式的响应

为探索岩溶洼地典型农业土地利用方式对土壤微生物性质的影响,对比分析研究四种不同农业土地利用方式下表层土壤微生物量碳、微生物量氮、微生物量碳氮比、土壤基础呼吸、代谢熵、微生物熵等土壤微生物指标。结果显示,不同利用方式下土壤微生物指标差异显著(P<0.05),土壤微生物量碳和微生物量氮变化趋势一致,且与其余四个土壤微生物指标与微生物碳(氮)变化趋势不同,结合土壤的物理化学性质分析发现,土壤微生物碳氮比、土壤微生物代谢熵和微生物熵比其它土壤微生物指标对土地利用方式的响应更加敏感,因此,利用土壤微生物代谢熵、微生物熵衡量土地利用方式对土壤肥力的影响比微生物量碳氮等土壤微生物指标更可靠。