白龙江流域生态环境质量动态监测与评价

[目的] 分析1990—2020年白龙江流域生态环境变化及驱动因素,为流域可持续发展提供科学依据和决策支持。[方法] 逐年筛选植被生长季6—9月的Landsat TM/OLI影像数据,计算绿度(NDVI)、湿度(WET)、热度(LST)、干度(NDSI)4个生态指标,采用主成分分析法(PCA)构建遥感生态指数(RSEI),对白龙江流域生态环境进行评价。[结果] 1990—2020年白龙江流域RSEI均值从0.531上升至0.675,生态环境质量总体好转;生态环境质量改善区域主要位于舟曲—武都段的白龙江两岸、宕昌县西北及岷江东岸,改善面积达8 393.97 km²,占总面积45.55%;各生态指标对于生态环境质量影响程度在1990年干度＞湿度＞热度＞绿度;2006年干度＞绿度＞湿度＞热度;2020年绿度＞湿度＞干度＞热度。[结论] 利用GEE平台实现RSEI模型扩展了在大范围尺度、长时间序列下对区域生态环境质量监测与评价,近年来白龙江流域生态环境质量整体呈改善态势,对于流域的保护治理工作仍需继续。     

开都-孔雀河流域土地利用转型及其功能变化特征

[目的]探讨开都—孔雀河流域(以下简称"开孔河流域")土地利用功能转型特征及生态环境效应,揭示土地利用转型对区域生态环境造成的影响,为该区生态环境保护和可持续发展提供科学参考。[方法]基于1990,2000,2010和2015年开孔河流域土地利用遥感解译数据,根据"生产—生态—生活"用地(以下简称"三生用地")的主导功能分类,通过土地利用转移矩阵、区域生态环境质量指数和土地利用转型的生态贡献率等方法定量分析开孔河流域土地利用转型、时空格局特征以及生态环境效应。[结果](1)1990—2015年,开孔河流域的土地利用转型表现为生产用地、生活用地的快速增加,生态用地的迅速减少。(2)1990—2000年开孔河流域生态环境质量指数从0.465 4下降为0.453 9,2010—2015年上升到0.455 9。生态环境质量保持相对平衡,并呈现先下降后上升的发展趋势;(3)1990—2015年,开孔河流域上游生态环境质量较高但存在恶化趋势,中游地区生态环境质量持续得到改善,流域下游主要为低质量区和较低质量区。[结论]农业生产用地、城乡生活用地面积增加与草地退化和水域生态用地被占用是造成流域生态环境退化的主要原因,中游地区生态环境质量持续得到改善的原因是大量其他生态用地转型为林地生态用地。     

长江流域生态环境质量的时空演变特征及其驱动因素

[目的]探究2001—2021年长江不同子流域生态环境质量动态变化及其主导驱动因素,以期为长江流域生态环境保护与经济发展战略的协调发展提供理论依据。[方法]基于MODIS数据提取了2001—2021年5—11月长江流域遥感生态指数(remote sensing ecological index, RSEI),并基于RSEI分析了长江流域近21 a来生态环境质量动态及其驱动因素。[结果](1)长江流域中下游生态质量高于上游,南部高于北部。除2006年外,生态质量在中等级以上的面积占80%以上,整体生态水平较好。(2)生态环境质量变化整体以稳定变化为主,呈上升趋势的区域有乌江、太湖水系、宜宾至宜昌、宜宾至湖口、金沙江流域。(3)RSEI变化的主要驱动因素为湿度指标,其次为温度指数。(4)生态环境质量受到风速的正影响较大。气温升高会导致长江流域生态环境质量变差,但在金沙江流域、鄱阳湖流域、嘉陵江流域和湖口及以下干流地区气温升高有利于生态环境质量改善。(5)降水增多有利于大部分地区生态环境质量改善。[结论] 2001—2021年流域生态环境质量整体以不变趋势为主,但嘉陵江流域生态呈现退化现象需...     

1990—2020年阿拉尔垦区生态环境质量动态监测与评价

[目的]借助遥感生态指数(RSEI)对阿拉尔垦区生态环境质量进行动态监测与评价,分析1990—2020年研究区生态环境变化及驱动因素,为阿拉尔垦区发展和生态保护提供科学参考。[方法]选取1990,2000,2011和2020年4期Landsat TM/ETM~+/OLI影像数据,耦合绿度指标(NDVI)、湿度指标(WET)、干度指标(NDSI)、热度指标(LST)构建RSEI,结合研究区气候、人口、经济等驱动因素探究阿拉尔垦区生态环境质量动态变化。[结果] 1990—2020年阿拉尔垦区RSEI均值从0.344上升至0.468,生态环境质量总体好转;1990—2020年阿拉尔垦区生态环境质量变好区域主要位于垦区北部和南部地区,改善面积达1 756.36 km~2,占总面积45.92%;生态环境质量受自然因素和社会经济因素影响,社会经济因素对阿拉尔垦区生态环境质量变化起主导作用。[结论]近30 a来阿拉尔垦区生态环境得到有效改善。遥感生态指数(RSEI)在一定程度上可以快速、有效地反映1990—2020年阿拉尔垦区生态环境质量变化。     

基于遥感生态指数的焦作市生态环境动态监测与评价

[目的] 探究河南省焦作市其近20 a来生态环境质量演化特征，可为该市及其他资源枯竭型城市生态建设提供科学参考。[方法] 选取2000，2006，2009，2014和2019年5期Landsat影像数据，耦合绿度、湿度、温度及干度4个指标，通过主成分分析法建立遥感生态指数（RSEI）评价模型，对焦作市生态环境质量进行定量评价。[结果] ①2000-2014年，焦作市生态环境质量为倒"U"形曲线，2014-2019年生态环境质量好转；②城镇人口占比增幅变缓及产业结构由第二产业向第三产业转变改善了焦作市生态环境质量；③回归分析中所选4个指标中对焦作市生态环境变化影响的重要程度表现为：干度 > 湿度 > 绿度 > 热度。[结论] 遥感生态指数对资源枯竭型城市生态环境质量可进行有效监测与评价。     

基于改进遥感生态指数的岩溶山区生态质量评价——以澄碧河流域为例

[目的] 研究澄碧河流域1988—2019年生态环境的时空演变特征及其变化原因,旨在快速、科学地评价岩溶区生态环境质量变化,为岩溶区生态环境的保护、治理以及发展规划提供科学依据。[方法] 基于Landsat遥感影像,引入归一化山地植被指数（NDMVI）,改进综合生态评价指数（CEEI）模型,对西南典型岩溶区澄碧河流域1988—2019年生态环境质量进行动态监测,利用空间自相关方法定量分析流域生态环境质量的空间分布特征。[结果] ①CEEI具有一定的科学性,并能较好反映研究区生态环境质量情况及时空分异特征;②1988—2019年研究区生态环境质量处于中上水平,整体呈上升趋势,低值区主要分布在流域北部岩溶峰林区与库区周边;③研究区生态环境质量具有一定的空间正相关关系,但聚集性逐渐减弱。[结论] 改进的CEEI模型能够较好地反映澄碧河流域生态环境质量。澄碧河流域CEEI均值总体呈上升趋势,生态环境质量得到改善。     

基于RSEI模型的砒砂岩区生态环境质量演变研究

[目的]探究砒砂岩区生态环境质量状况，为当地生态环境治理工作提供科学依据。[方法]基于GIS和RS技术，利用遥感生态指数RSEI模型，分析砒砂岩区2001—2020年生态环境质量时空演变。[结果](1)基于砒砂岩区4期影像数据提取的遥感生态指数RSEI呈现先下降后上升的趋势，表明生态环境质量在缓慢改善；(2)绿度生态指标与湿度生态指标对砒砂岩区生态环境质量起正向作用，干度生态指标与热度生态指标会起到负面作用，并且绿度生态指标对生态环境质量改善的贡献率更高；(3)在2001—2020年间，生态环境质量改善区域占到研究区总面积的36.79%;生态环境质量恶化区域占15.68%,多为轻度退化。[结论]砒砂岩区2001—2020年间生态环境质量总体呈现出上升趋势，且生态环境质量对人为活动高度敏感，因此在改善生态环境的同时还需融入生态保护理念，做到人与自然和谐共生。     

甘肃省泾河流域2010-2019年农村生态环境质量分析及预测

[目的] 研究甘肃省泾河流域农村生态环境质量评价的相关问题，为农村生态环境保护和高质量发展研究提供参考。[方法] 基于压力—状态—响应（PSR）模型，构建了甘肃省泾河流域农村生态环境质量评价指标体系。运用熵值法和综合指数法对生态环境质量水平进行评价，并采用灰色GM （1，1）模型进行预测。[结果] 2010—2019年农村生态环境质量综合指数等级变化趋势为“劣等—差等—中等”，但总体呈现上升趋势，压力指数呈“Ⅴ”型波动变化，状态指数和响应指数逐年增长，说明环境治理的政策实施有效，预计到2021年将达到良好等级。[结论] 今后还需加大农村环保的资金和政策投入，改善各地环保制度措施，增强民众意识等。     

闽江流域生态环境质量动态变化及其驱动力

[目的]探究闽江流域生态环境质量动态变化的驱动因子及相互作用,为该流域生态环境质量改善和实现人与自然和谐发展提供理论支持。[方法]选用2001—2020年的MODIS系列遥感数据,基于Google Earth Engine(GEE)平台计算闽江流域的遥感生态指数(RSEI),结合趋势分析研究闽江流域生态环境质量的时空变化,最后通过地理探测器探测RSEI的驱动因子。[结果](1)RSEI计算结果中4个生态指标的第一主成分平均贡献率达到69.01%,说明RSEI能够充分反映闽江流域生态环境质量状况。(2)闽江流域生态环境质量良好且向好发展。2001—2020年闽江流域的RSEI均值由0.618上升到0.701,生态环境质量等级优良的面积比例增加了19.16%,流域90.28%的地区生态环境质量有所改善。[结论]闽江流域生态环境质量受多个因子共同影响,其中海拔和夜间灯光对闽江流域生态环境质量解释度较高,是主要的影响因素和驱动力,因子间的相互作用均会加大对生态环境质量的影响。     

2005-2018年澜沧江下游流域景观生态安全时空变化及其驱动因素

[目的] 分析澜沧江下游流域景观生态安全时空变化规律和驱动机制，为该流域及流经国家的人与自然协调可持续发展提供科学依据。[方法] 以2005，2010，2015和2018年4期遥感影像为数据源，通过景观指数和GIS空间分析方法评价流域景观生态安全，采用双变量空间自相关方法明确城市、道路、河流、高程、坡度、气温和降水等因素对景观生态安全的驱动作用。[结果] ①2005—2018年，澜沧江下游流域的整体景观生态安全度呈先升后降的变化特征。其中，北部和中西部景观生态安全较差，东部、南部和东南部较好，但也有恶化趋势；②各景观类型中，景观生态安全度从大到小为：水域 > 林地 > 草地 > 耕地 > 建设用地 > 裸地。其中，林地和草地的景观生态安全度存在波动，耕地和水域的景观生态安全度一直上升，而建设用地和裸地的景观生态安全度持续下降；③距城市距离、距道路距离、气温和降水等社会和气象因素对景观生态安全时空变化的驱动作用最强，距河流距离也对景观生态安全的时空变化有一定解释作用，而高程和坡度等地形因素并非澜沧江下游流域景观生态安全时空变化的主要驱动因素。[结论] 应尽量降低由人类活动引起的生态环境负荷，积极发挥气象因素对生态安全的正向效应，促进澜沧江下游流域的人与自然协调可持续发展。     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.     

Short-term variation in the concentration of selected ions within individual tropical rainstorms

Rainwater was collected at the campus of the University of Brunei Darussalam in Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam, using a funnel-in-bottle sampler. Polypropylene bottles were changed at intervals during rainstorm events. The pH and conductivity were determined immediately after collection on aliquots of the sample. Samples were refrigerated at 5°C for subsequent chemical analysis. Analyses for Na, Mg, Ca, Zn and Fe were carried out by means of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES); Cu and Mn were analysed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS); K was analysed using flame atomic emission spectroscopy (FAES); and Cl^–, NO₃ ^– and SO₄ ^2– were analysed by ion chromatography (IC). Concentration versus time profiles are reported for three rainstorm events. All ions exhibited a decrease in concentration during the rainstorm. The first sample contained the highest concentration of ions, consistent with a first-flush effect. The contribution of the initial stages of the shower to the total quantity of ion deposited during the entire rainstorm is quite overwhelming; in many cases 20 to 30% of the mass was deposited in less than 5% of rainstorm duration. On the other hand, the pH and conductivity variation during rainstorms did not exhibit a consistent pattern.     

The 5S rRNA gene diversity in the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Secale</Emphasis> and determination of its closest haplomes

We analyzed 127 rDNA sequences (5S DNA units) obtained from 23 seed accession samples from more or less 10 taxa in wild and cultivated rye, genus Secale L. The sequences fell into two known groups, here assigned to two unit classes, viz. long R1 and short R1 (designations to reflect on R haplome of rye). The different taxa could not be fully differentiated based on the 5S DNA units. We searched for 5S DNA sequences from known unit classes most closely similar to the long R1 and the short R1. One set with the long R1 unit class contained sequences of the long P1 unit class from Agropyron (P haplome) and from Kengyilia (StYP haplome), long J1 from Thinopyrum (J haplome), whereas the set with the short R1 included the long S1 from Pseudoroegneria (St haplome) and Kengyilia (StYP haplome), the short J1 from Thinopyrum (J haplome) and the short V1 from Dasypyrum (V haplome). Each of the two sets was analyzed separately by maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic analysis from which we were able to infer that the 5S DNA units of Secale differentiated in a non-clock fashion and followed the HKY substitution model in the gene tree with the long R1 unit class and the HKY + G in the gene tree with the short R1 unit class. A complementary Bayesian analysis yielded identical tree topologies to the ML ones for each of the two sequence sets. In the tree with the long R1 units the long P1 and long J1 unit classes were closest to the long R1 unit class, whereas in the tree with the short R1 units the long S1 and short J1 unit classes were closest to the short R1 unit class, indicating possibly a close relationship between the St, J and R haplomes.     

Leaf litter selection by detritivore and geophagous earthworms

Summary Litterbag experiments with 10 different kinds of leaf litter showed that detritivore (Lumbricus species) and geophagous (Aporrectodea species) earthworms prefer certain litter types over others, since different numbers of worms were found below the litter after 50–52 days of exposure in a pasture. The detritivores preferred Fraxinus, Tilia, and predecomposed Ulmus and Fagus litter to Fagus litter and paper, while geophages preferred Tilia litter to Alnus and Ulmus litter, so that the two groups of earthworms showed different preferences. The detritivores seemed to be more selective than the geophages. The palatability of the litter was examined in relation to the C: N ratio, the lignin concentration and the initial and final polyphenol concentration. The numbers of detritivores were significantly correlated with the C: N ratio and the final polyphenol concentration, so that selection of litter seems to be related to palatability. The numbers of geophages were not significantly correlated with any of the parameters for palatability. The disappearance of litter after 50–52 days appeared to be due to detritivore activity, since the numbers found below the litter were positively and significantly correlated with the litter disappearance. There was no significant correlation with geophage activity. This indicates that detritivores use litter as food, and therefore influence the composition of the litter layer.     

Nematode succession and microfauna-microorganism interactions during root residue decomposition

The quality of plant material affects the vigor of the decomposition process and composition of the decomposer biota. Root residues from hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), rye (Secale cereale L.) and vetch+rye, packed in litterbags were placed in pots of soil at 15 C and the content of the bags was analyzed after 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Bacterial biomass did not differ between residues with contrasting composition. Among bacterivores groups of nematodes that require high bacterial production dominated in fast decomposing resources whereas flagellates with smaller requirements prevail in slower decomposing resources. Biomass of bacterial feeding nematodes correlated positively with early phase (0-2 wk) decomposition that increased in the order: rye< vetch+rye<vetch. Bacterial biomass therefore seems to be under top-down (predation) control during early decomposition. In contrast, the fungal biomass differed between resources with highest values for rye. Moreover, this increase in fungal biomass occurred later during succession and was correlated with decomposition activity for rye in that period. Fungal biomass therefore seems to be under bottom-up (resource) control. The composition of the nematode assemblages (composed of 25 taxa) showed a clear relationship to initial plant resource quality as well as decomposition phase. Early successional microbivorous nematodes vary according to resource quality with demanding bacterivores+predators (Neodiplogasteridae) dominating in vetch and less demanding bacterivores (Rhabditidae) and fungivores (Aphelenchus) being equally common in vetch and rye. Later in the succession (2-4 wk) bacterivorous Cephalobidae and fungivorous Aphelenchoides prevailed similarly on the different root materials whereas bacterivorous protozoa and the amoebal fraction thereof dominated in rye. At week 12 no species dominated the nematode assemblages that were similar between the resources. The differences between nematode assemblages among plant resources at 2 week were similar to the results of a field study sampled after 6 weeks with the same soil and plant resources. This lends support to the relevance of the successional patterns observed in this incubation study.     

Cycling of extracellular DNA in the soil environment

Upon entering the soil environment, extracellular DNA is subjected to dynamic biological, physical, and chemical factors that determine its fate. This review concerns the fate of both recombinant and non-recombinant sources of DNA. A schematic of DNA cycling coupled with genetic transformation is presented to understand its behavior in soil. Extracellular DNA may persist through cation bridging onto soil minerals and humic substances, be enzymatically degraded and restricted by DNases of microbial origin, and/or enter the microbial DNA cycle through natural transformation of competent bacteria. Lateral gene transfer may disseminate DNA through the microbial community. An understanding of DNA cycling is fundamental to elucidating the fate of extracellular DNA in the soil environment.