核桃苗木对模拟降雨变化的生理响应

为选育适宜的核桃树种,做到适地适树,探究核桃树响应水分变化的生理机制,通过人工控制降雨量(-50%、-25%、CK、+25%、+50%),采用盆栽苗木法测定3个核桃品种苗木的叶片相对含水量(RWC)、水分饱和亏缺(WSD)以及可溶性糖(SS)、可溶性蛋白(SP)、脯氨酸(Pro)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素和丙二醛(MDA)含量,并通过灰色关联度法分析各指标与核桃苗木水分适应性的关系。结果表明,模拟降雨导致核桃苗木的RWC、叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素含量随着降雨量的增加逐步递增;WSD、SS、SP、Pro、MDA含量以及SOD、POD、CAT活性随着降雨量的增加逐步递减,且不同品种反应变化程度不同;灰色关联度分析结果显示,各项生理指标与核桃苗木水分适应性的关联顺序为SOD>MDA>叶绿素b>SP>叶绿素a >POD>RWC>WSD>Pro>SS>CAT。SOD的关联度大于0.70;MDA和叶绿素b的关联度在0.65以上;与降雨量+25%相比,降雨量+50%时香玲RWC及WSD并未发生变化,叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素则递减,MDA含量有所上升;降雨-50%时,香玲中SOD和POD活性比降雨量-25%时有所降低。因此,核桃栽植时应注意,香玲不适于较干旱及较湿润地区,辽核1号对水分适应性较强,清香次之。本研究为核桃生产中合理栽植及水分管理提供了理论参考。     

控水处理对胡杨、灰胡杨生长特性及水分利用效率的影响

为提高塔里木盆地农田防护林灌溉水的利用效率,选择适宜的防护林树种,以塔里木荒漠优势树种胡杨和灰胡杨为试验材料,利用盆栽方法研究不同控水处理对2树种的生长特性、光合参数、叶绿素荧光动力学参数、蒸腾耗水特性和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,2树种光合参数、叶绿素荧光动力学参数（除非光化学猝灭系数qN）、耗水量、耗水强度、生物量和水分利用效率均随供水量的减少而下降,重度胁迫下明显降低。与适宜水分相比,不同水分胁迫处理下胡杨的光合参数、叶绿素荧光参数、耗水量与生物量下降幅度均小于灰胡杨,重度胁迫下明显高于灰胡杨。胡     

太行山低山丘陵区7种典型植物水分利用特征

 为准确评价植物对环境的适应性,以太行山低山丘陵区的7种典型植物为对象,通过测定植物蒸腾速率、光合速率以及水分利用效率等指标,研究不同植物的水分利用特征。结果表明:1)在所研究的7种植物中,火炬树、侧柏、刺槐、荆条和酸枣5种植物的蒸腾速率日变化都属于单峰型;栓皮栎和黄连木为双峰型,双峰型主要与植物的"午休"现象有关,是植物对高温、干旱环境胁迫的主动适应;2)植物之间的水分利用效率有较大的差异,刺槐具有最高的水分利用效率;水分利用效率日均值排序为刺槐>酸枣>栓皮栎>黄连木>荆条>火炬树>侧柏,蒸腾耗水量排序为栓皮栎>火炬树>侧柏>黄连木>刺槐>荆条>酸枣;3)根据蒸腾耗水量和水分利用效率,测试植物可以分为3种类型,栓皮栎和酸枣属于高蒸腾耗水量和高水分利用效率类型,侧柏属于低蒸腾耗水量和低水分利用效率类型,刺槐则属于低蒸腾耗水量和高水分利用效率类型,具有最大的水分竞争优势。     

修剪强度对枣林地耗水及水分利用效率的影响

为了探索修剪强度对枣林地耗水及水分利用效率的影响,以控制树高、冠幅、二次枝总长度等为手段,由轻到重设置了4个修剪强度,2014—2016年连续3年对枣树规格进行了控制,定期测量了枣树生长指标并计算生物量,同时利用TDP液流测定系统监测了枣树液流,中子水分仪监测了土壤水分,气象站测量了各气象要素。结果表明:(1)枣树通过修剪强度的增加可以实现降低枣树蒸腾耗水的效果,蒸腾耗水量的减小有利于林地土壤水分的提升,可以缓解林地土壤干化现象;不同降雨年份,修剪对于降低枣树蒸腾耗水效果不同,在降雨充沛的年份效果更为显著。(2)不同修剪强度间枣树蒸腾效率差异较小(变异系数10%),适度的修剪能够较好地控制树体枝叶生物量,而对果实产量影响较小,各修剪强度间枣树产量无显著性差异,且枣树水分利用效率随着修剪强度的增大得到了显著性提高,试验修剪强度4处理下的枣树较强度1相比3年平均水分利用效率提高了11.99%。该研究对中国黄土高原旱作枣林及其他旱作经济林防治林下土壤干化具有较强的参考意义。     

河北低平原区春玉米一熟替代麦玉两熟制的 水生态与粮食安全分析

本研究针对河北低平原区水资源日益短缺的现状,于2011—2014年在河北省吴桥县开展田间试验,以小麦?玉米两熟制(WS)为对照,设置零灌溉春玉米一熟制(SMRF)和适水条件下春玉米一熟制(SMSW)2种种植模式,共3个处理,研究该区改传统高耗水的小麦?玉米两熟制为春玉米一熟制的可行性。结果表明:周年耗水量SMSW、SMRF较WS分别降低48.4%和54.2%;冬小麦耗水主要来自灌溉水和土壤储水,试验年间降雨仅能满足冬小麦耗水总量的32.9%,春玉米生育期内耗水主要来自降雨,试验年间SMSW和SMRF生育期内有效降雨总量分别满足春玉米耗水总量的91.9%和94.9%。SMSW和SMRF周年产量平均较WS分别降低24.4%和45.8%。SMSW和SMRF水分利用效率较WS平均分别高24.8%和0.3%。SMSW和SMRF的经济效益较WS平均分别减少5.2%和36.8%。经济水分利用效率SMSW和SMRF较WS平均分别高56.7%和17.5%。当下WS较SMSW仍具有一定的产量和效益优势,但WS对地下水灌溉依赖严重;而SMSW的水分利用效率和经济水分利用效率显著高于WS,未来随着春玉米高产技术体系的成熟,春玉米产量的进一步提高,在我国粮食总产、库存、进口"三增"的"新常态"下,该区改小麦玉米两熟为春玉米一熟具有兼顾水生态和粮食安全的可行性。     

不同种类抗蒸腾叶面肥对山杏水分利用效率的影响

研究抗蒸腾叶面肥对苗木水分利用效率的调节作用,可为提高苗木成活率提供参考.采用盆栽法试验,在充分供水的条件下,用不同叶面肥对山杏进行处理,对山杏苗木叶片净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)等水分生理指标及其相应的环境因子进行测定.结果表明:不同叶面肥处理下,山杏的净光合速率、蒸腾速率日变化都呈双峰曲线,且净光合速率日变化曲线存在光合午休现象.山杏的水分利用效率在8:00左右达到最大值,10:00 16:00出现一个低谷,期间基本保持稳定,16:00后逐渐增大.自制叶面肥A处理过的山杏水分利用效率最高,清水对照的山杏水分利用效率最低.自制叶面肥A对提高山杏水分利用效率效果最明显,在干旱地区,为了提高苗木水分利用效率,提高苗木栽植的成活率,可以选择喷施自制A种的抗蒸腾叶面肥.喷施抗蒸腾叶面肥不仅能提供植物生长所需养分,而且还能抑制植物蒸腾作用,提高植物水分利用效率,在一定程度上提高植物的生存能力.     

赤水河上游水源涵养树种的水分生理特征

以赤水河上游32个水源涵养树种为试验材料,研究其水分、光合等生理特征差异。结果表明:(1)叶片δ13 C值变幅为(-26.97‰)~(-31.72)‰,均值为(-29.44±1.19)‰,低于中国总体水平,与最大持水率、最大持水速率呈显著的指数函数关系(P0.05),但与自然含水率无显著的相关关系;(2)叶片含水量为54.44%~80.46%,束缚水/自由水为0.02~10.07,蒸腾速率为0.06~1.30g/(cm2·h),水势为(-2.43)~(-14.74)MPa,相对水分亏缺为34.74%~69.03%,比叶面积为230.15~585.39cm2/g,干物质量为8.39~31.83;(3)光合特征表现为高光合低蒸腾高水分利用效率、低光合低蒸腾高水分利用效率、低光合高蒸腾低水分利用效率、低光合低蒸腾低水分利用效率和高光合高蒸腾低水分利用效率5种类型;(4)可将植物适应水分特征划分为高水分亏缺低自由水、高水势高束缚水、高干物质量低水分亏缺、高自由水低水势和高光合高蒸腾低水势5组适应功能群。     

覆盖方式对旱地马铃薯阶段耗水量特征和产量的影响

为明确不同覆盖方式对旱地马铃薯田土壤耗水、耗水规律、水分利用效率、产量及产量形成的影响,在陇中半干旱农区设置了玉米秸秆带状双行覆盖(SSM2)、玉米秸秆带状单行覆盖(SSM1)、玉米秸秆全覆盖(SFM)、地膜春覆盖(PMS)和地膜秋覆盖(PMA)5种覆盖方式,以传统露地平作为对照(CK)。结果表明:2年试验中,玉米秸秆带状覆盖和地膜覆盖处理土壤贮水消耗量较CK分别增加13.5,14.8 mm。玉米秸秆带状覆盖能显著提高降水对马铃薯耗水贡献率,不同降雨年型内均以SSM2处理贡献率最高,2年分别为95.6%和94.3%。于CK相比,覆盖处理均降低了生育前期(播种-块茎形成期)耗水量,地膜覆盖显著增加了生育中期(块茎形成期-淀粉积累期)耗水量,玉米秸秆带状覆盖显著增加了生育后期(淀粉积累期-收获期)的耗水量。玉米秸秆带状覆盖和地膜覆盖分别能使马铃薯干薯产量增加27.9%和24.2%,干薯水分利用效率提高23.1%和19.3%。综上可知,玉米秸秆带状覆盖处理能显著增加马铃薯生育时期内农田土壤贮水消耗量,并改善马铃薯生育前期和生育后期耗水,减少旱地马铃薯农田无效耗水,能显著提高马铃薯干薯产量和水分利用效率。     

不同供水条件下土壤水分与烤烟蒸腾耗水的关系

采用旱棚人工控水试验，研究了不同供水条件下烤烟的生理需水规律及蒸腾耗水与土壤水分的关系。结果表明，在充分供水条件下，烤烟全生育期蒸腾耗水量的变化呈单峰曲线，以旺长期蒸腾耗水量最大，成熟期次之，伸根期最小，各时期蒸腾耗水模系数分别为45.23%，34.8％和19.97％。烤烟的蒸腾耗水量与土壤供水量成正比，各生育期供水不足均影响烟株的蒸腾耗水，尤其以旺长期干旱的影响最大。根据本试验结果，计算出了不同供水条件下烤烟蒸腾耗水的土壤水分胁迫系数，建立了非充分供水条件下土壤水分胁迫系数的订正函数和烤烟实际蒸腾耗水的时间－水分函数模型。     

节水灌溉对黄淮海地区冬小麦水分消耗与光合特性的影响

20082~009年在大田试验条件下研究了节水灌溉对冬小麦耗水特性、光合特性、产量及水分利用效率(WUE)的影响。结果表明,小麦播种至拔节期,以消耗0—40 cm土层水分为主,在此期间42 mm降水条件下,不灌冻水处理在拔节前0—40 cm土层达到重度水分亏缺,灌冻水处理只为轻度水分亏缺。前期重度水分亏缺对后期根系吸收深层水分和旗叶光合速率起到显著影响。轻度水分亏缺条件下,气孔导度下降,蒸腾速率随之降低;而光合速率可得以维持,单叶水分利用效率提高。随灌水次数增加,总耗水量加大,土壤水和降水的消耗比例显著降低。产量、WUE与耗水量均呈二次曲线关系,但变化趋势不一致,两曲线在耗水量360 mm处相交,为两者理论上最佳结合点。本试验中,冻水+拔节水处理产量最高,达到7753 kg/hm2,比不灌水处理(W 0)提高了40.2%,WUE值为1.9 kg/m3,与W 0处理差异不显著,为本试验的最优节水高产灌溉方案。     

Changes in gas exchange capacity and selected physiological properties of squash seedlings (Cucurbita pepo L.) under well-watered and drought stress conditions

Water use efficiency (WUE) is considered as an important component of adaptation to drought stress. This study was conducted to determine the effect of drought stress on gas exchange parameters and selected physiological properties, and also its relations with WUE in summer squash seedlings (Cucurbita pepo L.). Plants were grown in pots under different irrigation levels (D0: 100%, D1: 67% and D2: 33% of the water required to reach the field capacity) in controlled greenhouse. The results show that drought treatments significantly decreased the leaf chlorophyll reading values (LCRV), leaf relative water content (LRWC), stomatal conductance (g_s), photosynthetic rate (P_N), transpiration rate (T_r), fresh weight (FW) and dry weight (DW) of squash seedlings by 7, 42, 69, 62, 62 63 and 82%, respectively, in D2 treatment compared to D0. However, electrolyte leakage (EL) values increased 72% with severe drought treatments (D2). The highest WUE was obtained by D0 treatment as 0.26 g mm^?1. The relationship between P_N and WUE is the strongest one among all leaf gas exchange parameters. Together with T_r, the linear relation with WUE was considerably higher compared to other measured parameters.     

Retranslocation,Plant, and Soil Recovery of Nitrogen‐15 Applied to Bareroot Black Walnut Seedlings

Although retranslocation or nitrogen (N) derived from plants (NDFP) may account for more than 50% of the annual N demand in new growth of conifer seedlings, the proportional contribution of NDFP vs. current uptake or N derived from fertilizer (NDFF) in new growth of hardwood seedlings is relatively unknown. The current uptake was labeled with ammonium sulfate [(¹⁵NH₄)₂SO₄] at the rate of 1.56 g N plant^?1 and reared for 90 days in sand culture under greenhouse conditions, and NDFP vs. NDFF was quantified in new growth of half‐sib bareroot black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) seedlings. Nitrogen derived from plants accounted for 68 to 83% of the total N demand in new shoot growth of black walnut seedlings vs. NDFF (17 to 32%). Recovered applied fertilizer was 43% in soil and 9% in plants. The greater proportion of NDFP in new growth demonstrates the importance of retranslocation in meeting early N demand of transplanted black walnut seedlings.     

Smoke‐water and karrikinolide (KAR1) foliar applications promote seedling growth and photosynthetic pigments of the biofuel seed crop Jatropha curcas L.

This greenhouse study tested the effect of smoke‐water and the smoke‐isolated biologically active compound karrikinolide (KAR₁) on growth and photosynthetic pigments of Jatropha curcas L. seedlings. Fifteen‐day‐old seedlings were sprayed once weekly for 5 weeks with three dilutions of smoke‐water (1 : 250, 1 : 500, and 1 : 1000 v/v) or KAR₁ (10^–7, 10^–8, and 10^–9 M). Growth parameters and photosynthetic pigment concentrations of 75‐d‐old seedlings were measured. Foliar application of both smoke‐water and KAR₁ on J. curcas seedlings showed significant increases in stem width, shoot length, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and total carotenoid concentrations compared to the untreated control. KAR₁ significantly improved leaf area, shoot and root dry mass, seedling‐vigor index, and photosynthetic pigments as compared to control treatments. These results suggest the possible use of smoke‐water and KAR₁ to achieve a vigorous and well established crop of J. curcas.     

干旱胁迫对小叶杨幼苗生长的影响

[目的]了解小叶杨的抗旱机理,为山西省北部半干旱风沙区小叶杨防护林建设提供科学依据。[方法]通过在山西省苗圃基地盆栽模拟干旱试验,以小叶杨生长过程中的苗木株高和地径,根、茎、叶生物量,叶片相对含水量和水势,净光合速率、蒸腾速率等为生长和生理指标,研究干旱胁迫对小叶杨幼苗生长的影响。[结果]干旱胁迫抑制了小叶杨幼苗的生长,包括地上部分和根系的生长;叶片相对含水量和水势随土壤相对含水量降低而下降;各干旱梯度下CK,T1,T2,T3,T4,T5的净光合速率、蒸腾速率也随干旱梯度加深而降低,但从CK(田间持水量,土壤含水量20.3%)到T3(田间持水量的40%,土壤含水量8.12%)净光合速率和蒸腾速率随干旱梯度加深降幅逐渐较小,并且干旱时也能保持较大的光合速率和蒸腾速率,表明小叶杨具有明显抗旱特性;当土壤水分进一步减少,T4(田间持水量的30%,土壤含水量为6.09%)时小叶杨开始出现干枯现象,T5(田间持水量量的20%,土壤含水量为4.06%)时小叶杨全部死亡。[结论]山西省西南部及其周边地区进行小叶杨造林时,土壤水分应尽量要保持在6.09%(T4)以上。     

Growth,Nutrition, and Photosynthetic Response of Black Walnut to Varying Nitrogen Sources and Rates

ABSTRACT

Black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) half-sib 1+0 seedlings were exponentially fertilized with ammonium (NH₄ ⁺) as ammonium sulfate [(NH₄)₂SO₄], nitrate (NO₃ ^?) as sodium nitrate (NaNO₃), or a mixed nitrogen (N) source as ammonium nitrate (NH₄NO₃) at the rate of 0, 800, or 1600 mg N plant^?1 and grown for three months. One month following the final fertilization, N concentration, growth, and photosynthetic characteristics were assessed. Compared with unfertilized seedlings, N addition increased plant component N content, chlorophyll content, and photosynthetic gas exchange. Net photosynthesis ranged from 2.45 to 4.84 μmol m^?2 s^?1 for lower leaves but varied from 5.95 to 9.06 μmol m^?2 s^?1 for upper leaves. Plants responded more favorably to NH₄NO₃ than sole NH₄ ⁺ or NO₃ ^? fertilizers. These results suggest that N fertilization can be used to promote net photosynthesis as well as increase N storage in black walnut seedlings. The NH₄NO₃ appears to be the preferred N source to promote black walnut growth and physiology.     

Combined effect of deficit irrigation and foliar-applied salicylic acid on physiological responses,yield, and water-use efficiency of onion plants in saline calcareous soil

Field-applied salicylic acid (SA) could provide a potential protection against drought stress in onion large-scale production. Two-season field experiments were consecutively conducted in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 to study the effect of 1 and 2 mM SA on growth, yield, plant water relations, chlorophyll a fluorescence, osmoprotectants, and water-use efficiency (WUE) in onion plants under four levels of irrigation (I₁₂₀ = 120%, I₁₀₀ = 100%, I₈₀ = 80%, and I₆₀ = 60% of crop evapotranspiration). Foliar application of SA enhanced drought stress tolerance in onion plants by improving photosynthetic efficiency and plant water status as evaluated by membrane stability index and relative water content. These results were positively reflected by improving plant growth, productivity, and WUE under drought stress conditions. Therefore, SA application may, in future, find application as a potential growth regulator for improving plant growth and yield under deficit irrigation by 20–40%.     

留茬高度对小叶锦鸡儿光合生理和生长特征的影响

[目的] 研究不同留茬高度小叶锦鸡儿生长和光合生理的变化规律,揭示不同留茬高度下小叶锦鸡儿生长和光合能力的强弱,探索其平茬时的最适留茬高度,为寻求合理抚育管理措施、指导小叶锦鸡儿生产实践提供理论依据。[方法] 选择2003年人工种植小叶锦鸡儿为研究材料,设置未平茬（CK）、留茬高度5 cm （T₁）,10 cm （T₂）,15 cm （T₃）,20 cm （T₄）,25 cm （T₅）共6个处理于2018年秋季进行平茬,分别测定次年生长季小叶锦鸡儿生长和光合生理指标。[结果] 平茬能显著提高小叶锦鸡儿株高、冠幅、新稍长的增长;不同留茬高度处理净增长量均不同,留茬高度15 cm处理株高、冠幅长和宽度、新稍长净增长量值最高,分别较未平茬处理增加了203.44%,278.10%,292.59%,385.43%;留茬高度5,10和20 cm处理的净增长量次之,留茬高度25 cm的值最低,较未平茬处理分别增加了25.15%,26.38%,25.93%,88.48%;一定留茬高度平茬能显著提高小叶锦鸡儿净光合速率（P_n）、蒸腾速率（T_r）和水分利用效率（WUE）;不同处理小叶锦鸡儿日变化均有不同程度的光合、蒸腾“午休”现象;留茬高度15 cm处理叶片P_n,T_r,WUE日均值均最高,分别比未平茬处理增加了2.52,0.37和1.52倍;留茬高度5,10和20 cm处理次之,留茬高度25 cm处理值最低,其P_n和WUE值分别比未平茬处理增加了0.45和0.32倍,而T_r值比未平茬处理降低了0.02倍。[结论] 平茬后次年生长季内,留茬高度15 cm的平茬小叶锦鸡儿具有较强的生长补偿和光合能力,留茬5,10和20 cm植株的生长补偿和光合能力次之,留茬25 cm植株的生长补偿和光合能力最弱。     

Zinc‐biofortified seeds improved seedling growth under zinc deficiency and drought stress in durum wheat

High zinc (Zn) concentration of seeds has beneficial effects both on seed vigor and human nutrition. This study investigated the effect of Zn biofortification on growth of young durum wheat (Triticum durum cv. Yelken) seedlings under varied Zn and water supply. The seeds differing in Zn concentrations were obtained by spraying ZnSO₄ to durum wheat plants at different rates under field conditions. Three groups of seeds were obtained with the following Zn concentrations: 9, 20, and 50 mg Zn kg^?1. The seeds differing in Zn were tested for germination rate, seedling height, shoot dry matter production, and shoot Zn concentration under limited and well irrigated conditions in a Zn‐deficient soil with and without Zn application. In an additional experiment carried out in solution culture, root and shoot growth and superoxide dismutase activity (SOD) of seedlings were studied under low and adequate Zn supply. Low seed Zn concentration resulted in significant decreases in seedling height both in Zn‐deficient and sufficient soil, but more clearly under water‐limited soil condition. Decrease in seed germination due to low seed Zn was also more evident under limited water supply. Increasing seed Zn concentration significantly restored impairments in seedling development. Drought‐induced decrease in seedling growth at a given seed Zn concentration was much higher when soil was Zn‐deficient. Increasing seed Zn concentration also significantly improved SOD activity in seedlings grown under low Zn supply, but not under adequate Zn supply. The results suggest that using Zn‐biofortified seeds assures better seed vigor and seedling growth, particularly when Zn and water are limited in the growth medium. The role of a higher antioxidative potential (i.e., higher SOD activity) is discussed as a possible major factor in better germination and development of seedlings resulting from Zn‐biofortified seeds.