供氮和不供氮条件下玉米穗部性状的QTL定位

【目的】分析供氮（+N）和不供氮（-N）2种条件下玉米穗部性状QTL定位结果的差异，挖掘在-N条件下特异表达的主效QTL，为玉米的氮高效分子育种提供理论依据。 【方法】以优良玉米自交系许178（氮高效）×K12（氮低效）衍生的150个F₇代重组自交系（recombinant inbred lines，RILs）为试验材料，在+N和-N 2种处理条件下进行2年的田间试验，对玉米的穗长、穗粗、穗行数、行粒数和单株产量共5个穗部性状进行表性鉴定。使用基于混合线性模型（mixed liner model，MLM）的最佳线性无偏预测法（best linear unbiased prediction，BLUP），结合2年的表型数据，估计各家系各性状在不同氮水平下的育种值。然后利用QTL IciMapping V4.0软件的完备区间作图法（inclusive composite interval mapping，ICIM）对这5个性状的育种值进行+N和-N条件下的QTL分析。 【结果】玉米的穗长、穗粗和穗行数在不同氮水平下差异不大，而行粒数和单株产量在-N条件下呈现出显著降低的结果。两种氮水平下共定位到20个穗部性状QTL，其中+N条件下定位到11个QTL，包括穗长2个、穗粗1个、穗行数2个、行粒数1个和单株产量5个。-N条件下定位到9个QTL，包括穗长1个、穗粗1个、穗行数2个、行粒数1个和单株产量4个。这些QTL分布在除第2染色体以外的其余染色体上。两种氮水平下定位到5个“一致性QTL”，分别为qEL7a，qED7a，qRNE9b，qGYP1a和qGYP6a，这5个“一致性QTL”具有较高的表型贡献率，在不同氮水平下的贡献率均超过了10.00%。在-N条件下共发现4个特异表达的QTL，分别为qRNE9a，qKNR6a，qGYP3a和qGYP8a，其中qRNE9a和qGYP3a是贡献率超过10.00%的主效QTL。无论是在+N还是-N条件下，都发现了控制不同性状的基因之间紧密连锁或是同一个基因的一因多效现象，这与穗部各性状间的高度相关性表现一致。 【结论】控制玉米穗部性状的基因在不同氮水平下的特异性表达直接导致了玉米穗部性状表型上的差异。5个“一致性”主效QTL和2个在不供氮条件下特异表达的主效QTL，均有利于提高玉米抵抗低氮胁迫的能力。研究中发现的几个控制玉米穗部性状的QTL富集区可能存在一些关键基因，值得进一步研究。     

氮胁迫与非胁迫条件下玉米叶形相关性状的QTL分析

【目的】叶片是植物光合作用的重要器官，也是蒸腾作用和抗逆的主要器官。在施氮 (N+) 与不施氮 (N–) 条件下鉴定玉米叶片相关性状的QTL，为高光效玉米新品种选育提供重要的理论依据。【方法】利用玉米骨干系综3为供体，许178为受体，通过杂交、回交和分子标记辅助选择的方法，构建了一套以许178为背景的综3单片段代换系 (SSSLs) 群体，其中包含160个单片段代换系。以这套SSSLs以及许178为材料，在施氮和不施氮条件下，通过一年三点 (贵州贵阳、德江和云南罗平) 的表型评价，利用复合区间作图法对叶面积、叶绿素含量和穗下绿叶数3个叶片相关性状进行QTL定位。【结果】在基因组范围内，两种氮处理条件下共检测到42个主要叶片相关性状QTLs，分布于10条染色体上。N+条件下，在3个地点共检测出8个叶面积的QTLs，5个穗下绿叶数的QTLs，8个叶绿素QTLs。其中，qLAI1b在3个环境中同时被检测到；qLAI1b在德江、贵阳和罗平点对叶面积的贡献率分别为14.41%、14.47%和16.38%，来自于综3的等位基因起增效作用。同时，穗下绿叶数QTL (qLN7a和qLN7b) 在3个环境中均被检测到。在氮胁迫 (N–) 条件下，3个环境中共检测出9个叶面积QTLs，7个穗下绿叶数QTLs，8个叶绿素QTLs；其中，位于bin3.08的叶面积QTL qLAI3b，片段大小为120.48 cM，在德江、贵阳和罗平的贡献率分别为20.4%、12.8%和13.2%，来自于许178的等位基因起增效作用；玉米穗下绿叶数QTL，位于bin9.01区的穗下绿叶数QTL qLN9 (umc1957～umc1867～umc2078)，片段大小为62.7 cM。位于bin4.08的叶绿素含量QTL qCHL4a，片段大小为18.69 cM，在德江、贵阳和罗平点对叶绿素含量的贡献率分别为17.6%、10.6%和11.4%，且来自于亲本综3的等位基因起减效作用。【结论】不同氮素处理下，检测出一些共有的玉米氮响应的主效 QTLs，如qLAI3b (umc1844～umc1320～bnlg1182)、qLN7a (umc1642～umc2160～umc1929)、qLN7b (phi328175)。这些区段可能在玉米氮素吸收、转运和利用过程中起重要作用，可作为下一步精细定位和图位克隆玉米叶片相关基因的重要候选区域。     

波兰小麦×普通小麦品系中13重组自交系(RIL)群体穗部性状的QTL分析

小麦穗部性状是与籽粒产量关系密切的重要农艺性状。本研究以一个由99个株系组成的来源于波兰小麦(Triticum polonicum L.)和普通小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)品系中13杂交后代的F8重组自交系(recombinant inbred lines,RIL)群体为实验材料,利用微卫星(simple sequence repeat,SSR)标记对穗长、穗粒数和有效小穗数进行数量性状基因座(quantitative trait locus,QTL)定位分析。所构建的A染色体组和B染色体组共14个连锁群的遗传连锁图谱由115个SSR标记位点组成,图谱全长822.9cM,标记间的平均遗传距离为7.16cM。采用复合区间作图法在两年的环境中检测到分布在2A、3A、3B、5B和7B染色体上的6个穗长QTL,5个穗粒数QTL和2个有效小穗数QTL,表型变异贡献率分别为9.21%～22.94%,9.18%～19.71%和11.48%～13.01%。两年中都在3A染色体上的Xbarc12～Xbarc310区间内检测到控制穗粒数的主效QTL,说明该QTL较少受环境条件的影响,是一个稳定可靠的穗粒数QTL。该QTL与最近标记的遗传距离为0.01cM,可用于小麦产量性状的分子标记辅助育种。     

玉米主要营养品质性状的QTL定位

淀粉、蛋白质和油分是普通玉米籽粒的主要营养成分.本研究通过SSR分子标记,以玉米(Zeamays L.)杂交种黄C×178的F2群体构建的遗传连锁图,结合2007年重庆(F口2)、2007年海南(F2.3)和2008年重庆(F2:4)三个环境品质检测结果,运用区间作图法,对品质性状进行全基因组QTL扫描,共检测到16个品质性状QTL.其中,油分含量检测到6个位点,解释性状表型变异6.2％～17.8％;蛋白质含量检测到5个位点,解释性状表型变异6.3％～ 12.0％;淀粉含量检测到2个位点,解释性状表型变异6.3％～10.0％.16个QTL多数以超显性和部分显性为主.这16个与品质性状相关的QTL可作为利用分子标记辅助育种途径进行玉米遗传改良的依据.     

玉米自交系产量和品质相关性状与简单重复序列(SSR)的关联分析

为寻找并确定控制玉米产量、品质的基因组区域,本研究利用64对核心SSR(simple sequence repeats)标记对257份玉米(Zea maysL.)自交系构成的群体进行基因分型,分析群体连锁不平衡位点、群体结构,在此基础上,采用TASSEL软件的GLM(general linear mode)程序对株高、穗位、生育期、穗长、穗行数、百粒重、脂肪含量、蛋白质含量和淀粉含量共9个性状的表型数据与标记进行回归分析,确定标记对表型的解释率。结果表明:(1)在公共图谱上的SSR位点组合都有一定程度连锁不平衡(linkage disequilibrium,LD),P<0.01时,LD成对位点占总位点组合20.29%,D’>0.5成对位点比例为12.65%。(2)SSR数据遗传结构分析表明,群体可分为5个亚群。(3)共鉴定出26个标记位点与9个性状相关联,大多集中在4、6、7和10染色体上,其中第7染色体上标记最多,为5个。8个位点的变异分别与株高、穗位、生育期、穗长、穗行数和蛋白质含量等6个表型性状极显著相关(P<0.01),分别为umc1294作用于株高,对表型的解释率为7.2%;umc1741及phi116作用于穗位,对表型的解释率为11.37%和8.57%;phi328175及phi260485作用于生育期,对表型的解释率为4.74%和5.6%;umc1741作用于穗长,对表型的解释率为5.77%;umc1309作用于穗行数,对表型的解释率为6.68%;bnlg1450及bnlg1185作用于蛋白质含量,对表型的解释率为9.41%和9.81%;其他18个标记与9个性状显著相关(P<0.05)。与单个性状关联的标记数目为1～7个,解释率为4.74%～14.31%。与产量相关性状关联的位点(次)累计为30个,与品质相关性状关联的位点(次)累计为7个,位点数目上品质性状远少于产量性状。部分标记与多个性状关联,可能是性状相关或一因多效的遗传基础,一些标记同时与某性状关联,多数标记与定位于遗传图谱的QTL(quantitative trait loci)一致,也有互补性。研究结果表明,这些位点及其区域内存在很多与产量、品质等性状相关的QTL,对提高玉米产量、改善玉米品质可能起到重要作用。     

玉米雌穗扁平性状的遗传研究

基于SAS分析软件,同时采用P1、P2、F1、F2、B1、B26个世代和混合模型,系统研究了玉米雌穗扁平性状的遗传特性及与其他穗粒性状的相互关系,估算了包括1对基因加性-显性模型等在内的23个模型的爱氏信息准则(AIC)值和极大似然函数值,并对AIC值最小的模型进行了混合模型参数估计。结果表明:(1)玉米扁平性状与穗粗、穗行数表现为极显著正相关;(2)玉米扁平性状符合E-1模型,即该性状受2对主效基因(a、b)与多对微效基因共同控制,表现为质量-数量性状。其中主效基因a与主效基因b的效应方向相反,并且主效基因b对扁平性状的贡献率大于a,2对主效基因间存在明显的上位性,而微效基因的加、显效应也有利于促进扁平性状的表现。     

玉米穗上叶夹角和叶间距的QTL定位

玉米(Zea mays L.)的叶夹角和叶间距是玉米株型的两个重要性状,不同株型通过影响群体冠层内的光分布状况和群体的光能利用而影响产量。为了解玉米叶夹角和叶间距的遗传机制,利用紧凑型玉米自交系CY5和平展型玉米自交系YL106组配构建的F2世代为作图群体,构建具有212个SSR标记的遗传连锁图谱,图谱总长度为1 153.39 cM,标记平均间距5.44 cM。利用144个F2∶3家系在3个环境下的表型值,结合已构建的遗传连锁图谱,采用完备区间作图法,对穗上叶夹角和穗上叶间距进行基因定位。结果表明,在单环境分析中,共检测出22个QTL,叶夹角和叶间距分别检测到10和12个QTL,其中西南大学玉米研究所歇马试验基地(简称XM)检测到9个,北碚试验基地(简称BB)检测到8个,合川试验基地(简称HC)检测到5个;在多环境联合分析中,共检测出11个QTL,分别位于1、3、5和7号染色体上,其中叶夹角检测到5个,位于1、3和5号染色体上,叶间距检测到6个,位于1和7号染色体上;在单环境和多环境中同时检测到的一致性QTL有3个,分别是穗上二叶夹角(qSecLA1a)、穗上三叶夹角(qThiLA1a)和穗上三叶间距(qThiLS7),其中在单环境中qSecLA1a位于1号染色体bnlg1803～bnlg1007,分别解释表型变异率26.99%和18.51%,qThiLA1a位于1号染色体bnlg1803～bnlg1007,分别解释表型变异率24.14%和22.00%,qThiLS7位于7号染色体bnlg1305～umc1787,分别解释表型变异率13.77%和9.96%;以上3个QTL在多环境联合分析中的贡献率分别为29.10%、31.86%和11.20%。因此,qSecLA1a、qThiLA1a和qThiLS7 3个位点在不同环境中可稳定表达。本研究结果可为玉米叶夹角和叶间距的遗传改良和分子标记辅助育种提供参考资料。     

基于两个相关群体的玉米6个穗部性状QTL定位

深入剖析玉米(Zea mays)穗部性状的遗传机理,可为利用穗部性状选育高产玉米品种提供参考。因此,本研究利用大穗型玉米自交系TS141为共同亲本组配了2个F_1杂交组合,分别自交产生了202个(POP1)和218个(POP2)个体的F_2群体,利用复合区间作图法(composite interval mapping,CIM)对2套F_2群体的雌穗个数、单穗重、穗轴重、百粒重、穗长和出籽率等6个穗部性状进行QTLs分析。结果表明,2个F_1杂交种的雌穗个数、单穗重、百粒重和穗长呈明显的正向超亲优势,穗轴重虽呈正向超亲优势但不明显,出籽率表现为明显的中亲优势。2个F_1杂交种的F_1杂种优势指数和相对杂种优势表现一致,均为单穗重雌穗个数穗长百粒重穗轴重出籽率,而2套F_2群体的F_2优势降低率表现为单穗重雌穗个数穗长百粒重穗轴重出籽率。2套F_2群体间总共检测到了49个QTLs,这些QTLs分布于玉米10条染色体上,单个QTL的表型贡献率介于4.10%~15.73%。单穗重和出籽率QTLs以加性遗传为主,雌穗个数、百粒重和穗长QTLs以非加性遗传为主,穗轴重QTLs的加性和非加性遗传同等重要。在POP1和POP2群体中同时检测到8个稳定表达QTL(stable QTL,sQTL),分别为位于Bin1.03-1.04处同时调控单穗重、穗轴重和出籽率的sQTL,Bin1.06-1.07处调控出籽率的sQTL,Bin4.04处调控百粒重的sQTL,Bin6.05处调控雌穗个数的sQTL,Bin7.02处调控出籽率的sQTL和Bin9.04处调控穗轴重的sQTL。这些研究结果可为进一步剖析玉米穗部性状分子遗传机理奠定基础,且这2个遗传背景下稳定表达的sQTLs可作为玉米穗部性状分子标记辅助选择(marker-assisted selection,MAS)、精细定位及基因克隆的候选位点。     

基于三重测交群体解析玉米株高与穗位高杂种优势QTL

为检测玉米株高、穗位高杂种优势QTL,以121株intermated B73×Mo17(IBM)个体为基础群体,按照三重测交交配设计构建了三重测交群体,通过完备区间作图法对株高、穗位高杂种优势的主效QTL及互作位点进行了分析。在第9染色体上的2个紧密连锁的区段分别定位到了一个株高、穗位高杂种优势加性QTL位点,单个QTL的表型贡献率为14.3%和18.6%。该QTL可能同时对株高、穗位高杂种优势起作用。在第1、第3染色体上检测到2个株高杂种优势超显性QTL,可解释表型变异的9.0%~11.4%;在第1、第6、第8染色体上检测到5个穗位高杂种优势超显性QTL,可解释表型变异的6.6%~16.8%。进一步分析发现,2对加加上位性互作区段及2对显显上位性互作区段对穗位高杂种优势存在上位性贡献,加加互作效应及显显互作效应可共同解释表型变异的40.7%和26.8%。由此可知,加性、显性及两位点互作上位性共同对株高、穗位高杂种优势存在贡献。本研究检测到的主效QTL位点有助于株高、穗位高在杂种优势育种中的进一步应用。     

高氮和低氮条件下玉米穗位叶持绿性状的QTL定位

【目的】 玉米叶片持绿性与籽粒产量、品质性状密切相关，本研究利用单片段代换系群体，对高氮和低氮条件下的玉米穗位叶持绿性状进行了QTL定位，旨在为持绿相关基因的精细定位以及克隆相关主效QTL奠定基础。 【方法】 以氮效率差异显著的两个亲本许178和综3构建的172个玉米单片段代换系为研究材料，采用完全随机区组设计，在高氮 (N 240 kg/hm2) 和低氮 (N 75 kg/hm2) 条件下，进行了两年大田试验。以吐丝后第10天穗位叶的SPAD值作为玉米持绿性的表型值，根据代换系与亲本许178表型值的T-test结果，利用该群体的SSR遗传图谱，在P < 0.01条件下定位持绿性状的QTL。 【结果】 在基因组范围内，两个氮水平下共定位53个穗位叶持绿QTL (贡献率为–2.45%～–22.65%)。上述QTL在玉米的10条染色体上均有分布，其中以第1染色体上检测到的数量最多 (14个)，第7染色体上检测到的数量最少 (1个)。高氮条件下检测的QTL为29个，6个在两年试验条件下被重复检测，分别为qhnSG1d、qhnSG2a、qhnSG3a、qhnSG4a、qhnSG8b和qhnSG10c，其中qhnSG8b和qhnSG10c为高氮特异QTL，两年内QTL的贡献率分别为–4.47%、–9.17%、–9.46%和–5.05%；低氮条件下检测的QTL为16个，2个QTL在两年大田环境被重复检测，分别为qlnSG1f和qlnSG2b。其中qlnSG1f为低氮特异QTL，两年内QTL贡献率分别为–9.70%和–10.85%。 【结论】 通过对玉米穗位叶持绿性状分析，将高氮特异持绿染色体片段定位到umc1077～umc2350区段内，低氮特异染色体片段定位到umc1013～umc2047区段内。      

Accumulation of copper in soils and leaves of tomato plants in greenhouses in Turkey

Copper (Cu)‐containing fertilizers, fungicides, and bactericides has been used extensively in the greenhouses in the Antalya province in recent decades with the use of such materials tending to increase year by year. The level of DTPA‐extractable Cu was determined in 210 soils (0–20 and 20–40 cm depth) and 105 leaf samples obtained from 105 tomato greenhouses. The DTPA‐extractable Cu contents of the soils taken from the 0–20 depth ranged between 0.76 and 88.03 mg kg^‐1 (mean 7.79 mg kg^‐1). The percentage of soils containing DTPA‐extractable Cu greater than the critical toxicity level (20 mg kg^‐1) was 8.1. The Cu content of tomato leaf samples ranged between 2.4 and 1,490 mg kg^‐1 (mean 166.5 mg kg^‐1). The Cu concentration in leaf samples was very high due to the intensive use of foliar applied Cu‐containing chemicals. As a consequence, 24.8% of the leaf tomato samples analyzed contained over 200 mg Cu kg^‐1, the maximum accepted tolerance level. Therefore, it may be necessary to reduce the use of Cu‐containing pesticides and fertilizers, or at least reduce the amount of Cu‐containing fertilizers being used in those greenhouses where Cu‐containing pesticides have been or are being used.     

Role of selenium in mitigation of cadmium toxicity in pepper grown in hydroponic condition

Selenium (Se) is an essential element for humans but is not considered as essential for plants. However, its beneficial role in improving plant growth and stress tolerances is well established. In order to study the role of Se in cadmium (Cd) toxicity in pepper (Capsicum frutescens cv. Suryankhi Cluster), this experiment was carried out in greenhouse conditions. Treatments comprised Cd [0, 0.25, and 0.5 mM cadmium chloride (CdCl₂)] and Se [0, 3, and 7 µM sodium selenite (Na₂SeO₃)] with three replications. The result showed that Cd decreased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids, whereas Se supplementation diminished Cd toxicity on photosynthetic pigment. Selenium at 7 µM significantly increased the leaf area in the plants grown at 0.25 mM Cd. The application of Se at 3 µM with 0.25 mM Cd and Se at 3 µM and Se at 7 µM with 0.5 mM Cd increased the activity of catalase (CAT). Selenium at 7 µM decreased the proline content of pepper leaves exposed to Cd at 0.5 mM (30%). Selenium significantly enhanced the antioxidant activity of leaves, which was diminished by Cd toxicity. In general, Se has a beneficial effect on plant growth and is an antioxidant enzyme of pepper cv. Suryankhi Cluster under Cd stress and non-stress conditions.     

红壤区不同肥力水稻土根际硝化作用特征

通过根际培养箱(三室)——速冻切片技术研究了红壤地区高、低两种肥力下水稻苗期根表、根际和土体土壤矿质态氮含量和硝化强度,以及水稻生长、氮素积累的差异。结果表明,肥力水平对水稻根表和根际土壤铵态氮(NH4+-N)含量无显著影响,但高肥力显著提高土体土壤NH4+-N含量,以及根表、根际和土体土壤硝态氮(NO3--N)含量及硝化强度。两种肥力水稻土硝化强度最大值均出现在距根表2 mm处,分别为0.20和0.31μmol kg-1 h-1。土体土壤硝化强度随距根表距离增加而降低,低肥力土壤在距根表10～40mm处时硝化强度接近本底值,而高肥力土壤在距根表20～40 mm处时接近本底值。与不种水稻的CK相比,种植水稻显著提高根际土壤硝化强度。高肥力能显著改善水稻生长,增加植株氮素积累量,尤其显著促进根系生长及通气组织发育。由于红壤稻田肥力水平的差异造成水稻根际硝化强度以及水稻吸收NO3-的差异,导致高肥条件下水稻显示出更强的生长势和氮素吸收利用能力。因此,合理提高红壤稻田肥力水平对改善红壤区水稻根际土壤硝化作用及水稻氮素营养具有重要意义。     

Meta-analysis in the Selection of Groups in Varieties of Citrus

Brazil is the largest producer of oranges (Citrus sinensis) in the world. The nutrient management of tree orchards is designed from experiments with a limited number of varieties. This knowledge is transferred to other varieties by diagnosing tissue nutrient composition and tree demand. Compositional data analysis has been first applied to tissue analysis of agricultural crops using centered log ratios with compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND-clr). The isometric log ratio (ilr) transformation is a new approach based on binary nutrient ratios and the principle of orthogonality (CND-ilr). We analyzed eleven nutrients: nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), boron (B), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe) in leaf tissue samples across 108 commercial plots (thirty-one grow Valencia, twenty-two Hamlim, twenty Pera, and thirty-five Natal). Nutrients were partitioned between macro- and micronutrients as well as anionic and cationic species. The effect size of varieties over Valencia was quantified by the mean and standard deviation of ilr values across ilr coordinates. Specific varietal nutrient profiles and ilr norms were defined. The nutrient profile of orange varieties could be classified into homogeneous groups to take advantage of fertilizer trials conducted on varieties of the same group. The Aitchison distance and a perturbation vector could be instrumental for diagnostic purposes and nutrient management.     

自由基在鸡肾病发生中的作用研究

肾病即急性肾小管坏死.鸡肾病在养鸡生产中极为常见,尤其近年来,鸡肾病的发生日益增多,由于其发生机制不清楚,临床治疗鸡肾病的依据不足,致使治疗效果不佳,为此,提出本研究以探讨鸡肾病的发生机制,为本病防治提供理论依据.     

Occurrence of Sexual Hormones in Sediments of Mangrove in Brazil

The presence of sexual hormones (female estrogens) was assessed in sediments of a mangrove located in the urban region of southern Brazil. The estrogens are involved in human sexual reproduction. They act as the chemical messengers, and they are classified as natural and synthetic. The estrogens inputs in the environment are from treated and untreated sewage. The presence of estrogens in sewage is excretion from the female due to natural production and use of contraceptives (synthetic estrogens). With the indiscriminate release of sewage into the environment, estrogens can be found in rivers, lakes, and even in oceans. In this work, the presence of estrone (E1), 17-??-estradiol (E2), and 17-??-ethynilestradiol (EE2) in eight sedimentary stations in Itacorubi mangrove located on Santa Catarina Island, south Brazil, was investigated. Historically, the Itacorubi mangrove has been impacted by anthropogenic activities because the mangrove is inserted in the urban area of the Florianopolis. The estrogen EE2, used as contraceptive, had the highest concentration in mangrove sediment, 129.75?±?3.89 ng/g. E2 was also found, with its concentration ranging from 0.90?±?0.03 to 39.77?±?1.19 ng/g. Following the mechanism, under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, E2 will first be oxidized to E1, which is further oxidized to unknown metabolites and finally to CO₂ and water (mineralized). EE2 is oxidized to unknown metabolites and also finally mineralized. Theoretically, under anaerobic conditions, EE2 can be reduced to E1 even in environments such as mangrove which is essentially anaerobic.     

Role of aldehyde oxidase in the hepatic in vitro metabolism of 3-methylindole in pigs

The metabolism of 3-hydroxy-3-methylindolenine (HMI), a recently discovered metabolite of 3-methylindole (3MI, skatole) produced by porcine liver microsomes, was investigated in vitro using porcine liver cytosol. HMI was rapidly metabolized to a single product, 3-hydroxy-3-methyloxindole (HMOI), by porcine cytosol. By the use of the selective inhibitors menadione and quinacrine, it was shown that the enzyme responsible for the oxidation of HMI into HMOI was aldehyde oxidase (AO; aldehyde:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.2.3.1). The activity of AO in the conversion of HMI to HMOI was measured in a population of pigs (n = 30) with a wide range of 3MI levels in back fat (0.07-0.30 mg/kg). AO activity was found to be negatively correlated (r = -0.70; P < 0.001) with the level of 3MI in fat. The results of the present study suggest that AO plays an important role in the metabolism of 3MI in the pig and that its catalytic activity is related to an adequate 3MI clearance.     

Effect of iron-quercetin complex on reduction of nitrite in in vitro and in vivo systems

This study investigated whether reducing agents such as quercetin and iron(II) facilitate formation of nitric oxide (NO) gas from orally ingested nitrite in an vivo study. When 3 mg/kg Na (15)NO2 was orally administered to rats with or without iron(II) or quercetin, Hb (15)NO, which is indicative of systemic (15)NO, was detected in the blood, with the maximum blood concentration of Hb (15)NO at 15 min after nitrite or nitrite plus quercetin treatment, whereas after administration of nitrite plus iron(II) or nitrite plus iron(II) and quercetin, the time was shortened to 10 min. Interestingly, iron(II), quercetin, or iron(II) plus quercetin did not affect the total amount of Hb (15)NO generated from orally administered Na (15)NO2. However, the systemic nitrite concentration was significantly decreased in the presence of iron(II) or iron(II) plus quercetin. These results may indicate that iron(II) is critical to the generation of NO gas from nitrite, whereas quercetin contributed little under the in vivo experimental conditions.     

旱地果园水肥管理模式研究进展

分析了旱地果园水肥管理模式的研究进展和存在问题，指出水肥胁迫尤其是水钾已成为旱区果树高产稳产优质化的主要限制因子。在系统探讨旱地果园水分管理、养分管理、综合管理以及果树叶营养综合诊断施肥标准的基础上．提出了旱地果园的高效水肥管理模式。     

Development of hydromorphism in soils of agrolandscapes in the depressions of Western Ciscaucasia

The current state and rate of hydromorphism development in the soils of flat bottomed depressions in Western Ciscaucasia are assessed. The dynamics of the soil cover pattern on a plain with numerous mesoand microdepressions and on a watershed with weakly pronounced erosion relief were revealed. The relationship between the expansion of the waterlogged areas and the pattern of the soil cover of the agrolandscapes in the depressions was revealed. The dependence of the areas of excessively moistened sites on the changes in the topography was shown. The direction and parameters of the changes in the morphology, chemical composition, and hydrological properties of the degraded hydromorphic soils were investigated. The relationships between the density of the soils and the humus content and the composition of the exchangeable bases were studied. Methods for the assessment of the rates of the degradation processes based on the comparison of aerial photographs and soil maps for typical sites in the territory investigated are proposed. The specific features of decoding the aerial photographs of the soils in the depressions were revealed. The relations between the differences in the photos’ tone and the degree of the hydromorphic degradation of the soils were found. Promising methods for interpretation of aerial photographs with the help of image analysis programs can be recommended.