黄土高原燕沟流域生态环境建设模式及效益研究

简要介绍了燕沟流域自1998年以来生态系统恢复的生态农业建设模式、植被恢复重建措施等,并对生态建设中社会经济以及生态环境效益进行了分析。结果表明燕沟流域综合治理措施配置和生态农业建设模式选择合理,为黄土高原的生态农业建设提供了科学依据和示范样板。     

燕儿沟生态农业建设的综合效益

燕沟生态农业建设示范区经过3a建设,进行了大规模、高速度、高效益的综合治理,培育了高效农副型、农果复合型和林牧复合型3种生态农业建设模式,促进了农村产业结构的调整。示范推广了基本农田稳产高产、乔灌草混交和小水源开发与高效利用等3项技术,使燕沟流域治理度达到了49．4％,监测减沙效益达到72％,粮食潜力实现率提高了16～31个百分点,人均收入增加了740元。     

黄土高原中部丘陵区生态农业建设模式研究

作为黄土高原中部丘陵区中尺度生态农业建设综合研究的组成部分,以燕沟流域为试验示范基地,在综合治理的同时,优化调整农林牧结构,进行规模化经营与示范;重点研究了高效农业型、农果复合型,林牧型等不同类型生态农业建设模式并取得了较好的试验示范效果。     

黄土丘陵区生态恢复重建过程中流域降雨及其水沙变化特征研究

以燕沟流域为研究对象，着重研究生态恢复重建过程中流域系统的降雨和水沙变化特征，并对高度治理流域的总体减沙水平做了分析。结果表明：治理流域增强了土壤接受降雨的人渗能力，提高了流域自身林草涵养水分以及流域地表对径流的调蓄能力，因而增加了流域生态建设可用的径流资源量。燕沟流域1997年以来的年降雨量具有一定的代表性．说明燕沟流域的输沙模数逐年锐减，对近年来流域所实施生态环境建设和流域植被重建工程起到了显著的水土保持效果，与治理前相比，减沙效益约为83．7％。     

基于农户尺度的社会-生态系统对干旱的恢复力研究--以甘肃省榆中县为例

分析了延安燕沟流域近年来的降雨观测资料以及野外人工降雨试验数据,结果表明,燕沟流域年均输沙量比治理前的1997年减少了80%以上.在造成输沙量减少的原因中,降雨因素影响约占30%,而以植被建设为主的水土保持措施影响约占70%,证明植被恢复在流域综合治理中占有重要地位.     

黄土丘陵区燕沟流域水土流失治理的水沙效应

黄土高原大规模的生态恢复必将对水土流失区的生态环境产生深刻影响,其流域尺度的水文效应对理解生态环境响应尤其重要。通过对延安燕沟流域1998-2010年的生态系统恢复进程及其流域水沙变化过程耦合分析表明:燕沟流域治理后径流泥沙发生了深刻变化,尽管流域总径流仍随降雨波动,但洪水径流显著减少,径流中泥沙含量迅速减少,总输沙进一步减少。这种变化趋势与流域进行的治理措施、治理阶段吻合;梯田、坝地等工程措施使得流域径流显著减少,林草植被恢复使得径流减少的同时,径流含沙率减少幅度更大。工程措施配以植被措施基本可以做到泥不出沟。因此,黄土丘陵区治理流域应该生物措施与工程措施并重,达到控制水土流失的目的。     

中尺度生态农业建设效益评价指标体系研究

作者首先提出了中尺度生态农业建设效益的评价指标体系,然后运用“层次分析法”确定了各个指标的权重,并以燕沟流域为对象对这一指标体系进行了验证。     

黄土丘陵区生态农业建设效益评价指标体系初步研究

总结了评价指标体系的概念，阐述了构建评价指标体系的目的应遵循的基本原则，依据生态农业建设的系统特征和指标间的前后、左右关系理清了评价指标体系的结构，初步建立起了适用于黄土丘陵区的生态农业建设效益评价指标体系，并对一些新指标或重要指标进行了解析，最后以燕沟流域为例，检验了评价指标体系的实证应用效果。     

基于农户尺度的纸坊沟流域商品型生态农业发展模式的驱动力分析

基于2008年纸坊沟流域农户调查资料,运用主成分分析的方法,探讨纸坊沟流域商品型牛态农业建设过程中的驱动力,结果表明:社会经济条件是其发展的主要驱动力,自然生态环境是影响纸坊沟流域商品型生态农业建设的基础,目前对其经济发展起支柱作用的是"果-农、草-牧"型发展模式.针对纸坊沟流域商品型生态农业发展的主要动力及其建设过程中所存在的问题,今后应对农业生态经济系统进行一定程度的调控和干预,使农、林、牧各子系统内部的循环链逐步完善.     

黄土高原坡改梯综合效益分析——以燕沟流域为例

 退耕坡地是近年来黄土高原整治生态环境和控制水土流失的关键措施,但对于如何退耕,学术界存在多种不同观点,实践方面存在多种不同模式。以延安燕沟流域坡改梯为例,利用2005年延安站的逐日气象数据和燕沟流域地貌、土壤及土地利用等资料,借助WIN-YIELD软件,对不同地形坡度条件下坡改梯在作物增产、保水减沙效益以及燕沟流域坡改梯实践效果进行模拟、对比和实证分析。结果表明:地形坡度越大,坡改梯作物增产、保水和减沙效益越显著;坡度小于5°的坡耕地可以不进行梯田改造,坡度大于15°的坡耕地应及早实施坡改梯或退耕还林(草)。     

水氮耦合对苹果光合特性和果实品质的影响

通过不同灌水量和施氮处理,研究水氮耦合对红富士苹果光合特性及品质的影响。结果表明:红富士苹果的光合特性在不同水肥组合下的变化不同,其光合作用存在明显的“午休”现象。中水高肥和高水高肥的肥水组合对光合速率的保持有一定的作用。低水中肥的肥水组合的蒸腾速率最低,保水效果最好。中度水分供应条件下,施用较多的氮肥可以提高气孔导度利于光合的进行。肥水管理以灌溉量5250m³/hm²、氮肥施用量600kg/hm²方案能获得较高的品质效益。     

圆叶决明的栽培技术及其防蚀培肥的功效

经多年种植结果表明，圆叶决明具有覆盖率高、固氮率高、适应性和抗逆性强等特点，是山地茶果园水土流失地套种的先锋作物，本文阐述了圆叶决明的特征特性、栽培技术以及防治水土流失、培肥地力的作用。     

Soil organic matter and the adsorption and decomposition of the herbicides atrazine and linuron

Soil was subjected to a variety of treatments so as to provide a series of materials with different organic residues. These preparations were inoculated with an aqueous extract of untreated soil, then incubated at 20°C with atrazine or linuron and rates of herbicide degradation were followed. The rates were lowest when virtually all the organic matter had been removed by peroxidation. The most rapid break-down occurred in samples which had been successively extracted with ethanol + toluene, hot water, dilute acid and dilute alkali. It is suggested that the organic residue left after this sequence contained hydrolysed materials that were easily metabolized and hence could support the most active microbial population. There was no relationship between extent of adsorption and decomposition rate.     

Mobility and breakdown of asulam in the soil and the possible impact on the environment

Asulam reaching the soil either directly as spray drift or as rain washings from bracken fronds would, due to its rapid mobility in soil, be expected to leach down the soil profile into the drainage water and thereby contaminate streams and water catchments. The mobility of asulam in soil is influenced by pH, where undissociated asulam will leach less rapidly than the associated form (asulam pK_a 4·82). This is particularly relevant in the case of bracken as it can grow satisfactorily over a wide range of pH values (3·6 – 7·6). Adsorption coefficients expressed as Kd values [(μg asulam/g soil)/(μg asulam/ml solution)] were 2·54, 1·94 and 0·96 at pH readings of 4·0, 4·3 and 4·9 respectively. Another factor involved, the breakdown of asulam, was shown to be temperature dependent, 30·95, 7·65 and 2·50% remaining after 28 days at 5, 18 and 25°C respectively, thus underlining the influence of geographical regions and climatic conditions on asulam behaviour.     

Solods of the Baraba Lowland and the Priobskoe Plateau: Their properties and genesis and the methods of their diagnostics

The properties, hydrological features, and genesis of the solods occurring in the Baraba Lowland and Priobskoe Plateau were studied. Methods for determining the hydromorphism degree are considered; the features of the similarity and differences between the solods and other soils with textural profile differentiation are shown. Depending on the reasons for the waterlogging, the solods should be divided into two groups: the solods of groundwater waterlogging and the solods of surface waterlogging. Criteria for their discrimination are suggested: the ratio between the contents of the clay fraction in the parent rock (or in the B2 horizon) and that in the A2 horizon, the changes in the pH values along the soil profiles, and the content of nonsilicate iron compounds. The solods studied are shown to be formed under the conditions of a stagnant-percolative regime and gleying. This circumstance is an obligatory and sufficient reason for the formation of the light-colored acid eluvial (A2) horizons. According to some basic properties of the soil solid phase (the acidity, the total chemical composition, and the clay pattern in the eluvial part), the gleyed solods are close or identical to the gleyed soddy-podzolic and gleyed chernozem-like podzolic soils. At the same time, the solods differ from the gleyed chernozem-like podzolic soils by their thicker A1 (or Ap) horizon and their higher humus content (5–7%).     

图书馆与大力发展文化创意产业之间的关系

党的十七届六中全会提出了要推动文化创意产业成为国民经济的支柱性产业。图书馆拥有丰富的文献资源和信息服务能力,在为文化创意产业项目提供信息服务的同时,应提升自身形象,谋求更大发展。     

甘蔗节间蛋白质含量与生长发育关系的研究

选用8个不同基因型的甘蔗，即粤糖86-368、新台糖16号、农林8号、拔地拉、割手密和从甘蔗杂交后代F1中选出的3株种茎的无性系(单株)。在甘蔗伸长初期，测定其 2节间至 8节间的长度、茎径，同时取 3、 5、 8节间，测定其可溶性蛋白质、细胞壁离子型结合蛋白质、细胞壁共价型结合蛋白质及可溶性总糖的含量。结果表明：从 2节间到 8节间，不同基因型的节间长度的变化极为相似，除割手密外，其它基因型甘蔗的节间长度都在 6节达到最长；但其茎径在 6节间以后仍保持稍微的增粗。从 3节间到 5、 8节间，所有基因型的三类蛋白质含量都逐渐下降，而可溶性总糖含量都逐渐提高。其中，三个节间较粗的基因型即拔地拉、粤糖86—368和无性系3号，其三类蛋白质含量相对较高，而可溶性总糖含量相对较低。     

Mineralogical composition of the clay fraction and micromorphology of the Middle and Late Pleistocene loesses and paleosols in the center of the East European Plain

The mineralogical composition of the clay fraction and microfabrics of the cryogenic soil-loess sequences of the Middle and Late Pleistocene ages have been studied near the northern boundary of loess sediments on the East European Plain. Poorly ordered mixed-layered mica-smectitic minerals with different portions of smectitic layers predominate in the clay fraction; di-and trioctahedral hydromicas occupy the second place. The clay fraction also contains chlorite, clay-size quartz grains, and feldspars. Individual smectite is present in some of the samples. Interstadial chernozem-like paleosols are specified by the higher content of clay, the maximum concentration of smectitic layers in the mixed-layered minerals, and the presence of individual smectite. The clay fraction in the profiles of interglacial paleosols is sharply differentiated: in the eluvial part, it is depleted of smectite and enriched in kaolinite, hydromica, and clay-size quartz. These features allow us to suppose that interglacial paleosols were subjected to podzolization processes. According to the mineralogical indices, Middle Pleistocene paleosols can be differentiated into those subjected to lessivage (the Kamenskii interglacial paleosol) and podzolization (the Inzhavin interglacial paleosol).