欧洲鹅耳枥幼苗对盐胁迫的生长及生理响应

[目的]探讨欧洲鹅耳枥(Carpinus betulus)对盐胁迫的响应及其耐盐性。[方法]以两年生欧洲鹅耳枥幼苗为材料,用不同浓度NaCl(0%,0.1%,0.2%,0.3%,0.4%,0.5%)溶液处理幼苗,研究不同盐分胁迫对其幼苗生长及生理生化指标的影响。[结果](1)随着盐胁迫的加剧,欧洲鹅耳枥幼苗受到损害程度逐渐加重,相对苗高生长、相对地径生长和总干重均呈下降趋势,而根冠比则逐渐增大;(2)叶片相对含水量随着盐胁迫程度的增加而下降,且盐浓度越高,时间越久,变化幅度越大;(3)叶片叶绿素总量、SOD活性、POD活性、可溶性糖含量和可溶性蛋白含量随着盐胁迫程度的增加表现出先升高后降低的趋势;(4)随着盐浓度的增加和盐害时间的持续,幼苗叶片MDA含量、相对电导率和脯氨酸含量总体上呈增大趋势,并在胁迫末期达到最大值。[结论]欧洲鹅耳枥幼苗在0.1%~0.2%盐胁迫下能通过调节保护酶活性和渗透调节物质来减轻危害;而在0.3%胁迫下,幼苗自我调节能力受影响,0.4%~0.5%胁迫对其造成严重的损害,表明欧洲鹅耳枥耐盐性较弱,不宜在滨海地区生长。     

环介导等温扩增技术快速检测大西洋鲑的研究

为探究环等温扩增技术(LAMP)在鲑科鱼类物种鉴定方面的应用,以大西洋鲑为研究对象,针对其线粒体CR区段设计特异性的LAMP引物,并通过单因素试验和正交试验研究反应体系中d NTP Mix、Mg~(2+)、甜菜碱终浓度对LAMP扩增结果的影响。结果表明,大西洋鲑LAMP扩增的最优条件为:引物SS-CR-F3/SS-CR-B3各0.2 m M,SS-CR-FIP/SS-CR-BIP各1.6 m M,dNTP Mix 1.4 m M,Mg~(2+)6 m M,甜菜碱0.8M,Bst DNA聚合酶8 U,扩增温度为65℃,反应时间60 min。在此条件下LAMP扩增产物电泳检测特异性强、稳定性好,对大西洋鲑DNA的检出限达0.01 ng·μL~(-1),并可对混合样本进行检测。本研究结果为大西洋鲑快速物种鉴定提供了一种重要技术手段,该技术可应用于鲑科鱼类物种鉴别的日常检验检疫和市场监管工作中。     

单一重金属胁迫对灯心草生长及生理生化指标的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了不同浓度处理水平的Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn、As五种重金属单一胁迫对灯心草生长及其生理生化特性的的影响。结果表明:种植灯心草土壤中的Cd、Pb、Cu三种重金属临界值可分别设定为10mg kg-1、100 mg kg-1、100mg kg-1。灯心草不适合在Zn污染的土壤中种植,土壤中As临界值尚需作进一步的研究来确定。各单一重金属胁迫对灯心草叶绿素的合成均有很大程度的抑制作用,剂量-效应关系明显。灯心草三种保护酶对于不同浓度处理水平重金属胁迫的响应不同:在土壤环境质量低浓度设置范围内三种酶有较好的协同效应能共同抵御重金属胁迫造成的膜伤害,表现出较强的自我调节能力。而在高浓度处理水平时,三种酶活性呈现不同的变化趋势。灯心草生理生化指标对重金属胁迫的响应存在元素种类之间的差异。各单一重金属对灯心草生长抑制及生理毒害效应大小排序为:Zn>As>Cu>Pb>Cd。     

干旱胁迫对台湾栾树幼苗生长和生理生化指标的影响

采用称量控水方法,设置正常供水（CK）、轻度干旱胁迫（LD）、中度干旱胁迫（MD）和重度干旱胁迫（SD）4种水分处理,研究不同程度干旱胁迫对1年生台湾栾树盆栽苗生长和生理生化指标的影响,探讨台湾栾树耐旱机制.研究发现：随干旱胁迫程度的加剧,台湾栾树幼苗高生长量和生物量逐渐降低,但根冠比显著提高;台湾栾树幼苗叶丙二醛浓度、可溶性糖及脯氨酸质量分数增加,K＋和Ca2质量分数在LD处理略有升高后缓慢下降,Mg2＋质量分数则只有轻微减少;而叶可溶性蛋白质质量分数及CAT、POD、SOD、APX等活性表现为先增加后降低的规律,且在MD处理均达到最大.结果表明：干旱胁迫下台湾栾树膜脂过氧化加剧和生长受到抑制,但其能通过提高抗氧化酶系统的活性和积累可溶性糖、脯氨酸及可溶性蛋白质等渗透调节物质来保护膜结构,使其保持正常的生理活动,从而表现出较强的抗旱能力.     

氟对茶树生长、叶片生理生化指标与茶叶品质的影响

以2个茶树品种为试验材料,通过土壤盆栽试验,研究了土壤添加氟浓度为0～200 mg/kg对茶树生长、叶片生理生化指标与茶叶品质的影响以及茶树的氟累积特性。结果表明,随氟处理浓度增加,茶树的生长、叶绿素合成和光合作用均受到明显抑制; 福鼎大白茶的SOD、CAT和POD活性均随氟处理浓度的增加呈先升高后降低趋势,名山白毫的3种酶活性则受到明显抑制。2个品种的新梢中游离氨基酸、儿茶素组分和咖啡碱含量也随施氟浓度的增加总体呈下降趋势,茶叶品质降低,表明氟可能抑制茶树儿茶素的合成代谢和氮素代谢。茶树的氟累积量也随着土壤氟水平的增加而增加,且各器官的氟含量(y)与土壤中添加的氟(x)呈显著或极显著线性正相关; 茶树的聚氟能力依次为叶片＞新梢＞枝条＞茎＞根,叶片是氟累积的主要器官。福鼎大白茶耐氟、抗氟的能力明显强于名山白毫,但氟积累能力则低于名山白毫。     

水氮耦合对河西绿洲娃娃菜生长与生理生化指标影响

以娃娃菜的品种"春宝黃"为材料,采用双因素随机区组设计,研究了不同水氮用量处理(水分处理:充分灌溉A1,轻度亏水A2,中度亏水A3;氮肥处理:经验施氮量N1,优化施氮量N2,零施氮量N3)对娃娃菜生长与生理生化指标的影响。结果表明:处理A1N2的娃娃菜植株,在外叶数、球叶数、横茎、纵径、生物学产量和经济产量等形态性状指标上表现最优,其值分别为7.37片、39.73片、15.48 cm、28.92 cm、208.99 t/hm~2和64.12 t/hm~2;同时,叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量最低为1.15μmol/g;其根系活力最强,过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性最高,分别为269.8μg/(g·h)、515 U/(g·min)和418 U/g。各处理对娃娃菜生物学产量、经济产量、根系活力、POD和SOD高低影响的大小顺序均为:A1N2A2N2A3N2A1N1A2N1A3N1A1N3A2N3A3N3。     

复合菌剂PS11对黄瓜幼苗生长和生理生化指标的影响

采用光合细菌AR12、AR13、AR14菌株复配成复合菌剂PS11,以l06、l07、108、109和1010CFU·mL-15种浓度光合细菌菌剂根灌处理黄瓜幼苗,研究不同浓度的复合菌剂PS11对黄瓜幼苗生长和生理生化指标的影响。结果表明,低浓度的复合菌剂PS11可使黄瓜幼苗株高增高、茎粗增粗、鲜质量干质量增加、提高黄瓜根系活力、叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量,高浓度的复合菌剂PS11对黄瓜幼苗生长指标促进效果降低,使根系活力、光合色素的含量显著下降;l07CFU·mL-1浓度的复合菌剂PS11对黄瓜幼苗的促生效果最为显著。随菌液浓度的升高,过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)活性呈先升后降的变化,在菌液浓度为109CFU·mL-1时达到最高;过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)活性呈升高趋势。综合考虑不同浓度PS11对黄瓜生长的影响,以l07CFU·mL-1浓度处理为最佳。本研究初步阐释了复合剂PS11的促生作用及其机制,以期为复合菌剂PS11进一步开发应用提供科学依据。     

干旱胁迫下甜玉米对施氮的生长生理响应

为揭示氮元素对干旱胁迫下甜玉米的影响机制,以甜玉米为试验材料,分析了不同土壤水分条件(田间持水量为50％、65％、80％)下施氮对甜玉米生长生理的影响.结果表明:施加0.3‰尿素能有效改善轻度干旱胁迫(65％田间持水量)下甜玉米的生长状况,且脯氨酸与可溶性糖含量增加,过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物...     

铅胁迫对茶树生长及叶片生理指标的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了不同土壤铅浓度对茶叶生长及叶片生理特性的影响。结果表明,随着土壤铅浓度的升高,夏茶叶绿素含量显著下降,并有失绿现象,茶树生长受到一定程度的抑制。春茶叶绿素含量呈上升趋势,夏茶叶绿素含量呈先增加后降低的趋势。当铅浓度为100mg·kg-1时,叶绿素含量达到最大值2.93mg·g-1;铅浓度为1500mg·kg-1时,叶绿素含量达到最小值2.28mg·g-1;随铅浓度增加,叶片中游离脯氨酸、丙二醛含量显著增加,两者与铅浓度呈显著正相关,春茶的相关系数分别为0.922（P〈0.01）和0.880（P〈0.01）,夏茶的相关系数为0.871（P〈0.05）和0.971（P〈0.01）,且夏茶中的游离脯氨酸、丙二醛含量大于春茶。铅对春茶、夏茶中可溶性糖的合成有一定的抑制作用,相关系数分别为-0.715（P〈0.01）和-0.912（P〈0.01）。在铅浓度为0～200mg·kg-1时,春茶可溶性糖有小幅度增加;在铅浓度为200mg·kg-1时,春茶、夏茶可溶性糖含量都同时达到最大值。     

不同浓度钠对甜菜生长及生理特性的影响

采用1/2 Hoagland 营养液室内培养试验,研究不同浓度Na+ 对甜菜幼苗生理生化指标和营养元素吸收的影响。结果表明,0.759 mmol/L Na+可提高甜菜幼苗体内Na+ 含量和幼苗高度,增加叶面积（除了9 mmol/L Na+）和干物质量,降低叶片水势,提高叶片的相对含水量、 GPX和CAT的活性,促进甜菜幼苗叶片的吸水及保水能力。3 mmol/L Na+对甜菜幼苗的生长促进作用最明显,可提高CAT、 GPX活性并维持较高的SOD活性,降低MDA含量和相对电导率,未明显降低甜菜体内N、 P和K含量,是甜菜幼苗生长的最佳Na+浓度。     

Soyasaponins resist extrusion cooking and are not degraded during gut passage in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)

The stability of soyasaponins in fish feed formulations was investigated. The level of soyasaponin Ab, Bb, Bc, Ba-2,3-dihydro-2,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one (Ba-DDMP), Bb-DDMP, and Bc-DDMP was quantified in 15 samples of defatted soybean meal, two full fat soybean meals, and two soybean protein concentrates by reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The total level of saponins in the 15 samples of commercial defatted soybean meal ranged from 4.8-6.8 micromol/g (5.1-7.0 g/kg). The two full fat meals contained 4.4 and 4.7 micromol/g whereas no saponins could be detected in the alcohol-extracted soybean protein concentrates. Fifteen batches of fish feed containing 20% defatted soybean meal were produced by twin-screw extrusion from the 15 different samples of defatted soybean meal. Extrusion did not reduce the total level of group B saponins, but the ratio between DDMP-conjugated group B saponins and non-DDMP-conjugated group B saponins was slightly reduced. A soybean-containing diet was fed to seawater adapted Atlantic salmon for 9 weeks. Yttrium oxide was included in the feed as an inert marker in order to estimate the disappearance of saponins during gut passage. High levels of intact non-DDMP-conjugated group B soyasaponins were found in feces whereas only low levels of DDMP-conjugated saponins could be detected. The overall disappearance of saponins was close to zero, and the concentration of intact saponins in dry feces reached levels several fold higher than dietary levels. The present work demonstrates that non-DDMP-conjugated group B soyasaponins resist extrusion cooking and remain intact during gut passage in Atlantic salmon. The latter is contrary to earlier findings in endothermic animals.     

土壤施硒对蚕豆出苗及生长指标的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了崇礼蚕豆出苗及生长过程中不同指标对不同土壤硒浓度的响应。结果表明,低浓度硒(3.2 mg·kg-1)对蚕豆各出苗指标、叶绿素a含量、叶绿素a+b、叶绿素a/b及产量构成因素有一定的促进作用,但高浓度硒(12.4 mg·kg-1)对蚕豆出苗及生长指标有明显的抑制作用。通过各项指标与土壤硒浓度之间的相关分析及10%抑制率的临界指标EC10值表明,不同指标EC10各异,以出苗势或苗期干重作为蚕豆土壤临界值制定的依据更可靠,EC10分别为4.8和5.2 mg·kg-1。     

Effects of silicon on the germination,growth and physiology activity of Zea mays L. seedlings under PH stress

Silicon(Si) has a significant function in reducing abiotic stresses on plants. pH stress is one of abiotic stresses. We investigated the effects of silicon on maize seedlings under pH stress. The results showed that incorporation of Si (2.0?mM (mmol)) into pH 3.0 increased the growth, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, decreased catalase, peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase enzyme activity and malondialdehyde content. The combined treatments with Si (8.0?mM) and pH 3.0 decreased the maize growth compare with the single pH (3.0). Incorporation of Si (2.0 or 8.0?mM) into pH 8.0 were obviously unchanged compare with the single pH (8.0). The combined or single effects of Si (2.0 or 8.0?mM) and pH (3.0 or 8.0) on germination percentage were negligible. The application of Si (2.0?mM) could be a better strategy for improving the plant growth and alleviating low pH stress in soil.     

不同光强下龙葵对镉的吸收积累及生理响应

采用土培方法探讨了不同光强（自然光和50%遮光）和镉（Cd）不同添加量（0、 25、 50、 75和100 mg/kg）复合处理下,龙葵对Cd的吸收累积特征,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、 过氧化物酶（POD）、 过氧化氢酶（CAT）和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）活性以及叶绿素、 丙二醛（MDA）、 谷胱甘肽（GSH）和植物螯合肽（PCs）含量等的变化特征。结果表明, 自然光条件下龙葵叶绿素b、 叶绿素a+b以及地上和地下部Cd富集量均显著低于遮光处理; 叶和根的SOD、 POD、 CAT和APX活性在自然光条件下随土壤Cd添加量的增大先升后降,而在遮光处理下则持续升高; 除Cd 25 mg/kg处理时根POD及叶CAT活性在不同光强处理下没有显著差异外,其余Cd添加量处理下SOD、 POD、 CAT和APX活性在自然光条件下均显著高于遮光处理; 自然光条件下龙葵叶和根的MDA含量显著高于遮光处理,而叶和根的GSH含量和叶中PCs含量均显著低于遮光处理。研究结果表明,遮光环境促进了龙葵对Cd的富集,并且减轻了Cd对龙葵的氧化胁迫。     

Effect of nitrogen and wheat residue on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) yield and weed control

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) residues and nitrogen (N) management are the major problems in the southern part of Iran where irrigated wheat–cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)–wheat rotation is a common practice. A 2-year (2009–2011) field experiment was conducted as a split plot design with four replications at a cotton field (Darab), Fars Province, Iran, to determine the influence of different rates of wheat residue (0%, 25%, 50%, and 75%) incorporation and N rates (150, 200, 300, and 400 kg ha^?1) on weed suppression, yield, and yield components of cotton. Results showed that a higher residue incorporation and a lower N rate improved weed suppression in both years. For treatments receiving 150 kg N ha^?1 and 75% of wheat residues (2250 kg ha^?1), weed biomass and density were significantly lower compared to treatments receiving 400 kg N ha^?1. The highest cotton lint yield (about 2400–2700 kg ha^?1) was obtained by 300 kg N ha^?1 in the absence of residue application, in both years. Incorporation of 25% of wheat residue (750 kg ha^?1) and application of 300 kg N ha^?1 are recommended to guarantee an optimum level of cotton lint yield and weed suppression in a wheat–cotton–wheat rotation in this region.     

Effect of Zinc Application on Growth and Some Biochemical Characteristics of Costmary (Chrysanthemum balsamita L.)

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different zinc (Zn) application methods (soil and foliar application) and concentrations (1 and 2 mg kg^?1 in soil application and 1 and 3 g L^?1 in foliar application) on the growth, some biochemical characteristics, and nutrient concentrations of costmary (Chrysanthemum balsamita L.). Growth parameters were increased by zinc application regardless of its concentration and application method. Protein and total phenol content, antioxidant capacity, and chlorophyll index were increased by zinc supply. In contrast, proline and soluble sugars content showed a decreasing pattern with zinc application. Zinc application, either through soil or foliar application, increased the zinc content of shoots. Manganese uptake potential of plants was increased by foliar zinc application method but not by soil application of zinc. Zinc application had no significant effect on potassium content of plants.     

Comparison of protein quality and mineral element concentrations in grain of spelt (Triticum spelta L.) and common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

The cultivation of Triticum spelta (spelt) has no tradition in Hungary. In recent years the interest towards this old species renewed in many countries. This high‐nutritional cereal, which has a high ash and fibre content, can be used in many health‐oriented grain‐based food products. Therefore, field experiments have been conducted for some years to test the performance of this species under home growing conditions. Here we report the results of analyses for some important quality parameters of grain samples from the 1996/97 season in comparison with those of older and new home‐grown bread wheat cultivars. Three common wheat cultivars and one advanced spelt line were grown on small plots fertilised with an NPK dose necessary to reach the highest yield and quality. Spikes were sampled weekly from the time of 70–77% grain moisture to full ripening. The grains were analysed for ash, N, P and K content and amino acid composition. Concentrations of 16 other macro + micro elements and in the ripe grains, baking quality parameters were also assessed. The grain development of spelt showed a remarkable time‐lag compared to that of the common wheat cultivars. However, the highest thousand‐grain‐masses, ash, N, and P concentrations were measured in this cultivar after milk ripening. The grains of spelt contained the macro‐nutrient Mg and four micro‐nutrients (Zn, Mn, Fe, Cu) in higher concentrations compared to those of the common wheat varieties. The total and essential amino acid concentrations measured in the ripe grains of spelt were also remarkably higher.

Although its wet gluten content (47.5%) was considerably higher than that of the bread wheat cultivars, its breadmaking quality was poor.     

蒸发脱湿过程中盐胁迫对苜蓿生长及矿质元素吸收运输的影响

用土壤溶液浓度ＮａＣｌ７５　～３２５　ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ的中性盐对苜蓿　进行胁迫处理，研究苜蓿在土壤脱湿过程中，盐胁迫对其生长及矿质元素吸收运输的影响．　结果表明，ＮａＣｌ胁迫浓度的增加和胁迫时间的延长均使苜蓿的相对生长速率、含水量、累积　蒸散量、水分利用效率、Ｋ含量和Ｋ／Ｎａ值下降，但土体中的剩余水量却呈上升趋势．苜蓿生长　受到水分与盐分胁迫双重胁迫的影响．随ＮａＣｌ胁迫的增加，苜蓿的Ｎ素含有率变化不大，但积　累量显著减少；Ｋ＋、Ｃａ２＋的比吸收率（ＳＡＲ）显著降低，植株Ｋ＋、Ｃａ２＋含　量减少，而植株Ｎａ＋、Ｃｌ－的比吸收率ＳＡＲ显著提高，牧草体内Ｎａ＋、Ｃｌ－含量不断积　累增加，植株Ｋ／Ｎａ值降低．对Ｐ、Ｍｇ２＋的吸收在不同水盐条件下变化不一致．苜蓿根系　吸收钾钠离子后，向茎叶运输钾的选择性随ＮａＣｌ胁迫的不同而呈现出不同的趋势．     

加拿大一枝黄花精油熏蒸处理对采后草莓品质和生理的影响

为探究加拿大一枝黄花精油熏蒸处理对采后草莓的保鲜效果,开发一种新型的食品保鲜剂,以红颜草莓为试材,研究在0.1‰精油熏蒸处理12 h条件下,精油对草莓品质和生理代谢的影响。结果表明,该处理能有效降低草莓采后腐烂,维持较高的果实色泽、表面质地、气味等感官指标和整体可接受度,抑制果实失重率的上升和硬度的下降,但对可溶性固形物(TSS)和可滴定酸(TA)含量无显著影响。此外,该处理提高了果实的总抗氧化能力,延迟了果实中过氧化氢(H_2O_2)的积累,降低了超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)等抗氧化酶类的活性;但未显著提高果实苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶、几丁质酶等抗病相关酶的活性。可见,加拿大一枝黄花精油熏蒸处理能够减缓采后草莓果实品质的下降,延缓后熟衰老和腐烂发生。本研究结果有利于开发新型果蔬采后保鲜处理方法,为加拿大一枝黄花的高值化利用奠定了基础。     

低磷胁迫对不同基因型甜菜抗性生理特征的效应

选用对低磷胁迫抗性各异的3个甜菜品种:品20、品17和品14,在人工培养室内采用沙培试验法,研究了甜菜抗耐低磷胁迫的生理机制。结果表明,低磷胁迫限制了甜菜对磷的吸收,导致植株含磷量和生物产量显著下降;不同品种间差异显著,品14降幅最大,品17次之,品20最小。与足磷处理(P 100μmol/L)相比,低磷胁迫后甜菜品种间体内抗性生理特征差异显著。其中,品14和品17的丙二醛含量、脯氨酸含量、过氧化物酶活性均显著增加;品20的丙二醛含量、脯氨酸含量极显著下降,而过氧化物酶活性变化不显著。叶片中Mg2+-ATPase活性降低,不同品种降幅各异,从小到大依次为品20品17品14,其中品20与后两者间的差异均达显著。品20和品17体内的钙调素(CaM)含量显著增加,而品14变化不明显,其相对值从大到小依次为品20品17品14,差异显著,与品种自身抗磷胁迫能力顺序一致。不同磷素营养条件对甜菜抵御外界不良环境有较大影响,叶片在受到热伤害时,抗磷胁迫能力较弱的品14和品17在低磷胁迫时质膜损伤率显著增加;而抗磷胁迫能力较强的品20叶片质膜的损伤率显著下降,抗热能力得到改善。