陕北黄土高原小流域土壤有效铜分布特征

对黄土丘陵沟壑区不同密度的刺槐林、榆树林、油松林、侧柏林、油松刺槐混交林等林下草本层物种组成及多样性进行了研究,目的是为人工林生态功能恢复评价和植被建设提供理论依据。研究结果表明,该区林下草本植物共有36种,多以阳性植物为主;由于林分树种组成和密度不同,林下草本物种差异较大;林下植被演替大多处于植被演替初级阶段,针阔混交林在物种数量和建种群落上表现最好,其次是油松纯林和刺槐纯林,榆树纯林生境条件最差;无论是丰富度指数还是多样性和均匀度指数,针阔混交林表现最好,其次为刺槐、油松纯林,表现最差的为榆树、侧柏纯林。     

泰山罗汉崖林场林下植被物种组成及生物多样性

通过对泰山罗汉崖林场9种人工林林下植被种类、盖度、密度的调查,采用丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数,研究9个人工森林群落林下植被的物种组成和生物多样性.结果表明:1)草本层相对灌木层较为发达,草本植物的物种以禾本科的植物为最多,其次为菊科,人工林林下植...     

林分密度对毛乌素沙地樟子松人工林林分结构和林下植被的影响

[目的]研究不同密度下,樟子松人工林林分结构和林下物种多样性的变化,以期为毛乌素沙地以樟子松为建群种的植物固沙模式提供理论依据。[方法]以毛乌素沙地榆林地区5种不同密度25a生樟子松人工林为研究对象,采用样方调查和测试分析法,探究樟子松人工林林分结构和林下物种多样性随林分密度的变化特征。[结果]樟子松人工林密度与平均胸径呈幂函数递减关系,与高径比呈显著的线性正相关关系。樟子松人工林林下共出现植物8科13属16种。草本以禾本科的狗尾草为优势种,草本丰富度、多样性指数随着密度的不断减小,表现出明显的增加趋势。林分密度与物种丰富度指数、多样性指数呈显著的负相关关系,Shannon多样性指数对密度变化最为敏感。[结论]毛乌素沙地樟子松人工林的林分密度与林分结构、林下物种多样性的相关关系十分显著,可以将林下物种多样性指数作为衡量林分密度是否合理的参考指标。     

宁南黄土丘陵区3种典型林分的结构与水文影响比较

为分析宁南黄土丘陵区林分结构的水文功能影响关系及差异,以彭阳县3种典型林分(山杏纯林、山杏柠条混交林、山杏沙棘混交林)为对象,在2017年生长季观测了林下草本生物量和生物多样性、冠层降雨再分配、林下蒸散、土壤湿度的变化特征。结果表明:(1)林分地表覆盖度大小顺序为山杏沙棘混交林(0.81)山杏柠条混交林(0.71)山杏纯林(0.67);草本植物地上生物量为山杏沙棘混交林(0.86)山杏纯林(0.62)山杏柠条混交林(0.41);草本植物生物多样性为山杏柠条混交林山杏沙棘混交林山杏纯林。(2)3种林分类型的冠层都相对稀疏,降雨穿透率均90%,穿透雨量与林外降雨呈线性正相关;干流量和林冠截留量与林外降雨呈对数关系。(3)林下蒸散的季节变化呈"单峰型",研究期间林下蒸散表现为山杏沙棘混交林(245.0mm)山杏纯林(227.7mm)山杏柠条混交林(220.9mm),其中山杏柠条混交林的月际间差异最小。(4)生长季内土壤湿度在中上层(0—80cm)表现为逐渐降低趋势,在深层则相反;深层土壤水分的林分差异为山杏纯林山杏沙棘混交林山杏柠条混交林。在干旱缺水、侵蚀严重的黄土区,要恢复以水土保持为主要功能的稳定植被时,既要考虑植被配置模式对地表覆盖和草本生物量及物种多样性的影响,也要考虑对土壤湿度的影响,因此建议在植被恢复中尽量选择山杏沙棘混交林和山杏纯林。     

北川河流域森林冠层结构对林下植被多样性的影响

通过在青海省西宁市大通县宝库林场设置样地,研究5种主要林分森林冠层结构对林下植被的影响。选取沙棘林、白桦林、青海云杉林、华北落叶松林和青海云杉落叶松混交林这5种主要林分,每种林分设置6个样地,在样方4角及中心设置灌木和草本样方,共设置30个乔木样方,150个灌木和草本样方,进行样地调查,并且利用鱼眼镜头相机在样方内对冠层进行拍照,获得冠层结构(林隙分数、叶面积指数、叶倾角)和林下光照(冠下直射光量子通量密度PPFD、冠下散射PPFD、冠下总辐射PPFD)。结果表明:1)各林分灌草层在物种丰富度、多样性、均匀度方面具有一定差异,其中:在物种丰富度方面,5种林分草本层都要高于灌木层,且通过单因素方差分析发现个别林分之间存在极显著差异;在物种多样性方面,除白桦林外,其他几种林分草本层均优于灌木层;在物种均匀度方面,沙棘林灌木层最低,青海云杉林在草本层中最低;青海云杉落叶松混交林在物种多样性各指标方面要高于单纯的青海云杉林和落叶松林。2)通过典型分析发现,冠层结构和林下光照之间有显著性关系,且林隙分数和林下总光照在冠层结构和林下光照2组变量中权重最高;林隙分数与灌木层物种多样性指数和均匀度指数之间呈极显著负相关,与灌木层物种丰富度之间相关关系不显著;林隙分数与草本层各多样性指标均呈不显著负相关;冠下总辐射与草本层各多样性指数之间呈显著性正相关。3)光照对草本层生长发育的作用显著高于冠层结构;而冠层结构特别是林隙分数影响着灌木层的形成,因灌木层对光照的需求低于草本层。     

黄前水库集水区典型人工林群落物种多样性

 为给黄前流域人工林综合治理的进一步实施提供科学依据,对流域内4种人工林群落的植物区系组成和地理成分进行分析,并采用常规生物多样性的调查方法对其物种多样性特征进行了定量研究。结果表明:1)该流域的植物区系比较丰富,占泰山植物区系物种总数的13.02%;2)4种人工林灌木层和草本层的Simpson指数、Shannon-Wienner指数和均匀度指数差异显著,物种丰富度指数差异不显著,草本层发育明显好于灌木层;3)各人工林尚处于演替初期阶段,混交林下多以阴生性植物为主,其他林下植被发育常以禾本科等阳生性植物为主;4)不同人工林物种总体多样性特征分析表明,板栗林总体物种丰富度最低,均匀度指数最大,多样性指数较低,而赤松+元宝槭混交林总体物种丰富度最大,多样性指数也最大,均匀度指数较低,群落总体多样性混交人工林较大而单一林分较小,混交人工林更有利于林下植被的发育和更新。     

晋西黄土区刺槐林种植密度对植被生长状况的影响

通过对山西省方山县土桥沟流域刺槐人工林植被生长指标的比较研究,分析了不同密度刺槐人工林的生长状况,以期为该区刺槐人工林的经营管理提供理论依据和技术支持.研究结果表明,同是林龄为20 a的刺槐人工林,高密度林分内林木的树高、冠幅等生长指标值,均比低密度林分内的低,但郁闭度要比低密度林分高;密度大的林分胸径普遍较小,随着林分密度的降低,胸径逐渐增大.刺槐林下灌木层和草本层植被的平均高度、盖度、生物量、物种丰富度都随着林分密度的降低而升高;各林分林下植被层的含水量也存在着随林分密度的降低而升高的趋势.从人工林的生长状况来看,晋西半干旱黄土丘陵沟壑区刺槐人工林的适宜密度为1667株/hm2.     

民勤地区梭梭人工林密度与林下植物多样性的关系

[目的]开展梭梭人工林不同密度对林下植物多样性的影响研究,为合理经营梭梭人工林,充分发挥其生态功能提供技术支持。[方法]以甘肃省民勤县5种不同密度(1 250,1 111,1 000,1 333,1 667株/hm2)10~15年生梭梭人工林林下植物的重要值、丰富度指数、多样性指数、均匀度指数为指标,对林下植物多样性随林分密度的变化规律进行分析。[结果](1)梭梭人工林林下共有植物16种,隶属于9科15属,其中灌木层6科6属6种,草本层4科7属10种。(2)灌木层优势种随着密度变化明显,草本层优势物种受密度影响较小。(3)林下植被多样性对密度响应具有非同步性。随着密度的增加,呈现先增大后减少的变化规律。(4)综合评分表明,民勤县梭梭人工林密度为1 250株/hm2时林下植被多样性水平较好,比较适合林下植被生长。[结论]林下植被多样性指数对密度响应具有非同步性,比较适合林下植被生长的密度为1 250株/hm2。     

陕西省淳化县人工刺槐林林分结构及林下植物多样性研究

采用标准样地调查的方法,分析了林地的总体多样性、林下植物群落多样性及物种多样性。研究了陕西省淳化县刺槐林径阶、平均树高同密度的关系。结果表明,人工刺槐林在自然恢复下,共发现灌木12种,分属于7科10属;草本46种,分属于17科37属。林下植物种类丰富度和多样性指数也增加,灌木层、草本层分层较为明显,草本层在植物多样性和重要值等指数上显示高于灌木层。研究表明,1 000～1 500株/hm2的中等密度刺槐林,坡度小于35°的斜缓坡、阳坡、坡下部更有利于林下植物生长。林分径阶随林龄的增长而增大,随密度的增大而减小。林分密度小于1 500株/hm2时,平均树高随密度的增大而增高。     

宝天曼自然保护区栓皮栎林人工恢复与天然恢复效果比较

为比较宝天曼自然保护区内栓皮栎林人工恢复天然恢复的差异,采用样地调查法对相同恢复年限的栓皮栎人工林与天然次生林的物种组成、重要值、多样性指数和土壤性质等群落特征指标进行了比较研究。结果表明:(1)栓皮栎人工林群落具有维管束植物12科18属24种,次生林群落具有维管束植物27科40属48种,两个群落相似性较低(0.36);(2)栓皮栎次生林乔木层和灌木层物种的重要值比人工林低,乔木层和灌木层的物种数较人工林多;(3)栓皮栎人工林与次生林群落的乔木层、灌木层和草本层的Maglef指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson和Pielou均匀度指数相比均较低,人工林的4个多样性指数大小依次为灌木层、草本层、乔木层,天然次生林指数大小表现依次为灌木层、乔木层、草本层;(4)栓皮栎次生林的土壤全氮、全磷、有机质含量比人工林均较高。研究表明在宝天曼自然保护区内,相同恢复的年限,栓皮栎天然次生林无论物种组成、多样性指数、群落结构和土壤理化性质均优于栓皮栎人工林,天然恢复比人工造林恢复效果好。     

陕北黄土区山杏林下草本层植物群落特征研究

根据陕西省吴起县不同立地类型25龄以上山杏人工纯林和山杏沙棘混交林林下草本层植被调查数据,采用时空互代的方法,探讨了在不同立地山杏林下草本层植物群落演替方向及其生态恢复效果.结果表明,阴向缓坡、阴向陡坡和阳向缓坡山杏纯林下草本层由铁杆蒿、达乌里胡枝子群落演替到大披针苔草或铁杆蒿、大披针苔草群落,群落整体由旱生型向中生型转变,盖度和生物量增大,多样性略有降低,呈正向演替;且山杏-沙棘混交林下草本层上述指标均优于纯林.而在阳向缓坡山杏林下由星毛委陵菜、铁杆蒿群落演替到甘草、大披针苔草群落,群落整体向旱生型转变,多样性、盖度、生物量均随林龄增加显著降低,呈逆行演替.建议在阴向缓坡、阴向陡坡及阳向缓坡配置山杏这类低耗水,生长慢乔木树种,其中与沙棘等乡土灌木树种混交的模式更优;在阳向陡坡以营造生长速度适中的灌木林或自然恢复草地植被为宜.     

金沙江干热河谷人工赤桉林群落结构

 为干热河谷地区的生态林建设提供理论依据,从反映群落稳定性的群落结构、物种多样性以及生长量和生物量等常用指标分析,金沙江干热河谷地区人工赤桉(Eucalyptuscamaldulensis)林密度普遍偏高,结构比较简单,群落稳定性较差。3种密度的赤桉林群落,随着林分密度的增大,林下植被层的群落分异性越大,林分中主要分布优势种(乔木为赤桉,林下植物为扭黄茅),其他种群的数量极少,林下植被层的结构比较简单,随着林分密度的增大,物种的丰富度、ShannonWiener指数、物种均匀度和生态优势度等4个指标不断减小,群落物种多样性在不断降低,结构合理性越差;群落生长量和生物量的变化,基本随赤桉林的密度增加而减小,密度最小的林分F1的生物量是其他2种高密度林分生物量的2倍以上。各林分林木生长缓慢,即使密度最小的林分F1的年平均胸径和树高生长量,分别只有0.72cm和0.78m。为了增加干热河谷地区人工乔木林群落的稳定性,使其逐步实现正向演替,发挥其应有的生态防护功能,应该考虑降低乔木层群落密度。     

半干旱区人工林生长与水分生态研究

对黄土高原半干旱区5种主要造林树种生长状况及土壤水分变化规律进行了研究分析,比较了5种人工林的生长与水分适应性。结果表明:(1)不同人工林生长受坡向、坡位等立地因子影响;几种主要人工林总体生长水平,乔木林山杏>小叶杨,灌木林山桃>沙棘>柠条;(2)不同立地条件下,土壤含水率变化特点为阳坡<半阳坡<半阴坡;不同立地土壤含水率呈现出相同的变化趋势,即随坡位上升土壤水分呈下降趋势,0~200 cm为主要的水分利用层,200 cm以下土壤含水率均为逐渐上升,说明植物根系对水分的吸收在逐渐减弱;(3)不同人工林土壤平均含水率为8%左右,表现出土壤干旱的特点。不同人工林对土壤水分的利用可分为2种情况,山杏、沙棘和柠条,属于对水分利用强度大的树种,而小叶杨和山桃属于水分利用强度较低的树种,水分利用强度由大到小为:柠条>沙棘>山杏>小叶杨>山桃。     

山区小流域生态修复研究

 系统研究分析密云县潮关西沟封育区天然次生林的生态修复效果。研究表明:经过近20年的封育,林分的郁闭度提高了近0.2,林场的林木覆盖率从7.2%提高到93.8%,生物多样性、林木生物量、植被群落,都有所增加。平均林分郁闭度超过0.4,比封育前提高0.1～0.2,植被覆盖度超过90%,林木在截留降水、提高林地蓄水、减少地表径流、防治水土流失等方面发挥了重要作用。     

砒砂岩区主要造林树种枯落物及林下土壤持水特性

为了探究砒砂岩区不同造林树种水文特征,以该地区油松、侧柏、青杨、山杏、沙棘、柠条为研究对象,通过浸泡法和环刀法,对比分析了不同树种枯落物层和土壤层的持水特性。结果表明:砒砂岩区主要造林树种枯落物蓄积量变动范围为1.55~7.89t/hm~2,青杨林下枯落物最大持水率最高为281.26%,其他树种枯落物最大持水率依次为油松(217.14%)、侧柏(201.05%)、山杏(202.79%)、沙棘(170.96%)、柠条(158.08%)撂荒地(143.88%)。油松林下土壤层容重最小为1.46g/cm3,总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度最大分别为43.55%和36.99%,毛管持水量最大为14.50mm;山杏林下土壤非毛管孔隙度最大为13.12%,非毛管持水量最大为6.86mm。油松枯落物及其林下土壤层持水能力良好,更适宜作为砒砂岩地区植被建设树种。     

Small understorey gaps created by subsistence harvesters do not adversely affect the maintenance of tree diversity in a sub-tropical forest

Understorey gaps are common in subtropical forests where pole-size trees are harvested for building materials. The creation of artificial understorey gaps has the potential to affect tree regeneration and the maintenance of forest tree diversity by locally increasing resource availability (light, nutrients, moisture). Understorey tree gaps had significantly lower foliage density in the 3-10-m stratum and higher soil moisture. However, fine root biomass and nutrient availability (N, P, K, C_org) were not different to controls in the intact understorey. Light intensity at the forest floor was a function of the age of the understorey gap, being greater in recent gaps but was not different between older gaps and the controls in intact understorey. The early regeneration community in gaps was different in composition from under intact understorey. Understorey gaps appeared to promote the regeneration of understorey species (density and species richness) by increasing community-wide seedling establishment of understorey species. However, understorey gaps had no effect on the early regeneration of canopy species. We argue that under low harvesting intensity (11.6% of the available pole-size stems), understorey gaps have a neutral role in the long-term maintenance of understorey species diversity and no apparent role in the long-term maintenance of canopy tree species diversity. These results suggest that low levels of subsistence harvesting of understorey species will not detrimentally affect the overall species composition of scarp forest.     

Management strategies to increase stand structural diversity and enhance biodiversity in coastal rainforests of Alaska

Coastal rainforests of southeast Alaska have relatively simple species composition but complex structures with high diversity of tree ages, sizes and forest canopy layers, and an abundant understory plant community. Wildlife and fisheries resources also play an important role in the ecological functioning of forest and aquatic systems. Clearcutting has greatly altered these forest ecosystems with significant decreases in structural diversity of forest stands and greatly reduced wildlife habitat. This paper synthesizes information on management options in older forests that have never been actively managed, and in younger forests to increase diversity of stand structures and their associated effects on biodiversity. Light to moderate levels of partial cutting in old-growth forests can maintain the original diversity of overstory stand structures and understory plant communities. In younger forests that develop after clearcutting, mixed alder-conifer stands provide more heterogeneous structures and significantly higher understory biomass than in pure conifer forests. Research has shown that red alder increases diversity and abundance of understory plants, and provides forage for deer and small mammals. Results also show a clear linkage between alder and improved invertebrate diversity in aquatic systems. A combination of light partial cutting in older forests along with inclusion of red alder in conifer-dominated forests could provide the greatest amount of diversity and maintain the complex stand structures that are an important component of these forest ecosystems.     

Values of village fengshui forest patches in biodiversity conservation in the Pearl River Delta, China

Chinese village fengshui forests (VFF) are small remnant forest patches that coexist with natural villages. The indigenous residents protect the forest patches under traditional Chinese geomancy beliefs (namely fengshui). However, the VFF community features and conservation values and relationships with the indigenous people remain poorly understood. In this study, we evaluated tree species diversity conservation of regional VFF patches by sampling a 1200 m² transect within each patch. We also tested our hypothesis that patch size did not significantly impact interior forest community features of well-protected VFF patches. Thirty-two well-protected VFF patches in the Pearl River Delta, China were investigated. The average coefficient of similarity between transects (CS) was employed to evaluate community heterogeneity. Five forest community parameters (tree species richness per 1200 m², tree stem density, tree basal area density, Shannon–Wiener diversity index (SWI), and Simpson diversity index (SI)) were measured and compared with regional well-developed evergreen broadleaved, coniferous and coniferous-broadleaved mixed forests. The relationships between the five parameters versus patch size and elevation were analyzed. A total of 266 tree species comprised of 57 families were recorded in 32 transects, of which 258 (97%) species were indigenous and eight (3%) were exotic. Ten tree species were endangered, rare or nationally protected by the Chinese government, and 57 species were endemic to China. The average CS was 0.38; and the average five forest community parameter values were as follows: 46.8 for tree species richness; 3403 plants/ha for stem density, 49.1 m²/ha for basal area, 4.04 for SWI and 0.90 for SI. These values were consistent with well-developed evergreen broadleaved forests and greater than coniferous and coniferous-broadleaved forests. No significant correlation was detected between the five community parameters and patch area or elevation. We conclude that VFF patches preserve abundant tree species and heterogeneous habitats, which are important for maintaining regional biodiversity. The interior community features of VFF patches were not significantly affected by patch size. We recommend protection of both large and small VFF patches, which can be substantially enhanced by the preservation of associated traditional relic village cultures.     

北京市八达岭林场森林生态系统健康性评价

以野外实地调查为基础．在可操作性、科学性、可比性、可接受性原则指导下，采用复合结构功能指标法对八达岭林场各小班林分物种多样性、群落层次结构、郁闭度、灌木层盏度、年龄结构、林分蓄积量、土壤侵蚀程度、病虫害危害程度进行健康评价并划分4个等级，在林分尺度上森林的理想结构可简单表述为复层、异龄、混交林结构，具有比较发达的灌木层和草本层，并且具有较高的生物多样性和生物生产力。这样的结构具有较高的稳定性、抗干扰性和活力。是健康森林群落的理想结构，以此为八达岭林场森林健康经营提供科学的理论依据。     

Variation between mite communities in Irish forest types – Importance of bark and moss cover in canopy

Extensive afforestation took place in Ireland during the twentieth century and the forest cover currently represents about 10% of the land area. However, approximately 50% of this forest is Sitka spruce, a non-native species introduced from the North Western United States of America. Little is known about the microarthopods of these forests and the current study examined the mites (Oribatida and Gamasina) occurring in the canopy, moss (both on the soil surface and in the canopy) and soil of oak, ash, Scots pine and Sitka spruce forests in Ireland to compare the mite assemblages in each and to determine the associations between forest type and the form of constituent microhabitats in determining the structure of this fauna. There were significant differences between the diversity and species composition of the assemblages in the different forest types with the largest species richness occurring in oak forest and the smallest in first rotation Sitka spruce forest. Analysis of our data, together with the results from other studies, suggest that the differences arise because the variation between the architecture of the tree species is reflected in the structure of microhabitats such as the form of the bark and the extent of moss cover. Thus while the ultimate factors affecting the variation in the mite fauna may be the form of the microhabitats, these are intrinsic properties of the forests associated directly with the species of tree. Finally, our results do not support the view that exotic species will necessarily have low biodiversity of mites than native forests.