2种高分子保水材料对土壤持水能力的影响

采用离心机法,研究聚丙烯酸钠与聚丙烯酰胺2种高分子化合物在5种使用浓度（占干土质量0、0．01％、0．08％、0．2％与1％）的条件下对3种土壤（砂土、壤土、黏土）持水能力的影响。结果表明：3种土壤在0．01—1．5MPa水吸力时,持水能力随着2种高分子材料用量的增加而增加,砂土的作用效果较壤土、黏土更显著;2种高分子材料与土壤质量比控制在8／10000～2／1000范围内其作用效果较好,该用量条件下高分子吸持水分平均可释放83．7％供植物吸收利用。2种高分子材料对土壤持水能力的作用效果基本相同。     

土壤特性对保水剂持水性能的影响

为研究土壤特性对保水剂持水性能的影响,测试了4种保水剂分别与砂壤土、壤砂土、砂粘壤土1和砂粘壤土2共4种土壤混合后的保水率,混合时土壤为风干土,保水剂与土壤混合的质量百分比为0.5%。结果表明:与单纯保水剂或者保水剂与砂子混合相比,保水剂与土壤混合后可明显降低保水剂的释水速度,提高保水剂的持水能力。土壤特性对保水剂释水速度有明显影响,土壤粘粒含量高,保水剂的释水速度慢,反之,则快。土壤粘粒含量高,土壤含水量高,保水剂表面水势梯度变低,使释水速度变慢;粘粒含量低,水势梯度变大,保水剂释水速率加快。经过7 h的恒温蒸发后,4种保水剂在粘粒含量较高的砂粘壤土(粘粒含量25%)中的保水率比在粘粒含量低的壤砂土(12.5%)中的保水率高43.7%~71.3%,且具有明显的差异。     

磷素对高硼土壤小麦生长的影响

为减轻高硼对小麦的毒害作用,研究不同土壤Ｂ浓度下磷素对小麦生长的影响。结果表明、增施Ｐ素能减轻小麦Ｂ毒害症状,小麦平均黄叶率由９．９５％降至７．６０％,促进泪科生长,Ｂ浓度为５０ｍｇ／ｋｇ时,小麦根系和地上部分生物量分别增加４４．９Ａ％和１１．７２％,３０ｃｍ以下土层根系平均增加２．１％,促进了小麦对深层养分和水分的利用。     

保水剂对土壤持水性状的影响

测定了保水剂对土壤持水性状的影响。保水剂拌入土壤后,其吸水能力明显降低,表现为理论含水量明显低于实测含水量。加入保水剂后,壤土水分的蒸发率比不加保水剂时壤土中水分的蒸发率高,沙土水分的蒸发率比不加保水剂时低。加入保水剂还明显减缓了水分向土壤深层的入渗,使水分滞留于土体近表层,使用不当会加大土壤无效蒸发的潜力。     

不同类型土壤水分对保水剂结构和形态的影响效应

为明确不同类型的土壤水分影响下,保水剂与土壤之间的水分交换作用,用土柱实验的方法,模拟地面蒸发和土体脱湿过程,用全反射红外光谱和环境扫描电镜技术观测,比较砂土和壤土连续的失水-复水后保水剂的凝胶质量、价键结构、形貌特征等的变化。结果表明:连续三次灌水后,施于砂土中的保水剂凝胶质量显著大于壤土的保水剂;经历干湿交替过程后,土壤中的Si-O-Si键、-OH、蒙脱石矿物以及无定形氧化硅等会进入保水剂三维网状结构中,致使保水剂的膜结构表面变得不均匀、甚至破裂。初步认为土壤黏粒矿物与保水剂发生不同程度的化学反应,应该是导致保水剂随时间延长吸持水能力降低的主要原因之一。     

保水剂粒径与不同质地土壤吸、失水特性的相关关系

通过室内模拟试验,对2种保水剂4个粒径(0.25~0.5mm,0.5~1mm,1~2mm,2~3mm)的吸、失水特性进行测定分析,同时研究2种保水剂4个粒径分别与砂壤土、壤砂土、砂粘壤土混合后吸、失水的变化特性。结果表明:①2种保水剂的4个粒径段中1~2mm粒径的保水剂吸水量和累积蒸发量最大,不同粒径保水剂随着吸水次数的增多吸水量逐渐降低,且粒径越小下降幅度越大;②保水剂与土壤混合后吸水量减小,初次吸水时土壤含水量与保水剂粒径成反比,随着吸水次数的增多3种质地土壤在保水剂作用下土壤含水量大小顺序分别为壤砂土-砂粘壤土-砂壤土(1~2次)、砂粘壤土-壤砂土-砂壤土(3~5次)、砂粘壤土-砂壤土-壤砂土(6~8次);③2种不同粒径保水剂的施用增加了3种质地土壤的累积蒸发量,壤砂土、砂壤土中0.5~1mm粒径的保水剂累积蒸发量最大,砂粘壤土中1~2mm粒径的保水剂累积蒸发量最大,0.25~0.5mm粒径保水剂在3种土壤中累积蒸发量最小。     

涝渍逆境下化学调节对孕穗期小麦生理特征和产量性状 …

涝渍逆境ＰＰ３３３、ＢＲ－１２０、ＡｓＡ能增加孕穗期小麦Ｃｈｌ含量,缓解ＳＯＤ、ＣＡＴ活性及根系活力的降低。减少Ｐｒｏ、ＭＤＡ积累,增强ＰＯＤ活性,增加主茎绿叶数和次生根数,增大根冠比。ＰＰ３３３和ＢＲ－１２０分别增加单株产量１２．７５％和９．２５％,达极显著水平,ＡｓＡ增加４．２９％,差异不显著。     

石膏改良苏打盐碱土研究

采用盆栽与田间试验相结合的方法（试验共设６个处理：即石膏用量０、０．５、１．０、１．５、２．０、２．５ｋｇ／ｍ２）研究了石膏的改良盐碱土作用．结果表明：施用石膏后增加了玉米的保苗数，促进了水稻分蘖及玉米、水稻的生长发育，土壤ｐＨ明显降低，水旱田土壤硬度明显降低，旱田玉米土壤三相比普遍改善，根系干重明显增加，土壤中的二价离子增多，一价离子减少，ＥＳＰ普遍降低，土壤化学性质明显改善．秋收测产表明：玉米单产增加１２．５８～４４．３１％，水稻单产增加６．８３～２９．８６％．     

影响土壤尿素水解速率的一些因子

应用培养试验,以２种红油土为供试土样,研究了温度、水分、土壤前处理、加入葡萄糖或脲酶对尿素水解速率的影响;以２种红油土、１种黄绵土、１种黑垆土和１种黄褐土为供试土样,研究了土壤性质对尿素水解速率的影响。结果表明,温度对尿素水解速率的影响明显而突出,在５～３５℃范围内,温度系数（Q10）平均为１．７３,半水解期随温度升高而递减;土壤含水量在２０％～３０％时,水解速率基本稳定,但降至１５％时减少,风干后显著下降。土壤中分别加入葡萄糖和脲酶后会使水解速率增加,但前者持续时间长,后者持续短。尿素水解速率与土壤有机质和起始尿素浓度间有显著或极显著正相关,相关系数分别达０．９３*和０．９５*。     

土壤质地对柱花草生长发育、生物量及土壤肥力变化的影响

采用大田试验的方法,在云南省元谋县小雷宰流域内壤土、砂壤土和重壤土3种质地土壤上,以热研5号柱花草为材料,研究土壤质地对柱花草生长发育、生物量及土壤有机质、有机碳、全氮和全磷的影响。试验结果表明:3种土壤质地上种植柱花草,柱花草地上部和地下部生长量和生物量表现幼苗期增加缓慢,而分枝期后增加快的趋势。壤土耕性好,兼有砂土和重壤土的优点,有利柱花草地上部分的生长发育,柱花草地上部生长量、生物量及改善土壤肥力方面显著高于重壤土。砂壤土有利于柱花草根系向深层土壤生长,柱花草地下部生长量、生物量及根瘤显著高于种植在重壤土。在3种土壤质地种植柱花草后,土壤有机质、有机碳、全氮和全磷均有上升趋势。综合而言,通气性和保肥保水能力居中的壤土更适合柱花草的生长发育及干物质的积累。     

基于水平吸渗确定土壤水分扩散率的解析-修正法

准确测试土壤水分扩散率是研究水分在土壤中运移的关键之一.针对水平吸渗法测试土壤水分扩散率易受边界效应影响的问题,该研究构建解析-修正法,以提高测试结果的精度.假设第一类边界条件下,一维水平入渗Richards方程解的形式与其对应线性化方程的解析解相似,结合常数变易法,推导了一维水平入渗Richards方程的近似解析解....     

Effect of Aquasorb and Organic Compost Amendments on Soil Water Retention and Evaporation with Different Evaporation Potentials and Soil Textures

Abstract

Aquasorb PR3005A, a hydrophilic polymer (a salt copolymer polyacrylamide), and garden waste compost were added to a loamy sand and a loam soil in pots to assess their impact upon soil physical properties at two different evaporation potentials. Compost was mulched and incorporated, the Aquasorb was incorporated, and their effect on temperature and amelioration of soil water content and evaporation was investigated. Mulching with compost reduced evaporation and increased soil temperature. Maize (Zea mays var. single cross 704) was sown in the same pots later, and growth indicator factors (plant height, fresh and dry weight, root weight, and leaf area) were compared. It was concluded that compost mulch application is beneficial to soil water retention whereas compost incorporation did not show these benefits. Compost mulch advances seedling emergence and enhances early growth through hydrologic soil amelioration. High rates of Aquasorb were also beneficial in advancing the emergence and early growth of maize seeded in loamy sand. The hydration capacity of Aquasorb is reduced as the electrolyte concentration and electrical conductivity are increased. Increased electrolyte concentration in soil solution, through drying, may result in gel dehydration and water release at potentials greater than field capacity, which may be lost to drainage. Furthermore, it is concluded that pot experiments with amendments fail to simulate field conditions.     

斥水程度对脱水土壤水分特征曲线的影响

为研究斥水程度对土壤水分特征曲线的影响,该文基于滴水穿透时间法,人工配置7种斥水程度的黏壤土(L0~L6)和6种斥水程度的砂土(S0~S5),用高速离心机测定其土壤水分特征曲线,应用van Genuchten-Mualem(VG)模型进行拟合,得出VG模型水力参数。结果表明:在同一吸力条件下,斥水黏壤土的含水率比斥水砂土的高;随着斥水程度增加,在相同吸力情况下,土壤含水率随斥水程度增大而减小;斥水黏壤土的残余含水率随着斥水程度增加而减小,斥水砂土S0~S3的残余含水率没有差异,S4、S5的残余含水率显著减小;斥水黏壤土和砂土进气值的对数与斥水剂添加量呈负线性相关;随着斥水程度增加,田间持水率减小,凋萎系数没有明显差异,重力水增加,有效水和易有效水减小,易利用水比例随着斥水程度增加而减小;对于斥水黏壤土,微孔隙(0.3~5μm)和小孔隙(5~30μm)含量随着斥水程度的增加明显减小,土壤空隙(≥100μm)随着斥水程度的增加急剧增加;对于斥水砂土,中等孔隙(30~75μm)的含量随斥水程度的增加明显增加。该研究成果可为斥水土壤的入渗、蒸发和数值模拟提供理论支持。     

气化渣改良风沙土对土壤水分物理性质的影响

为了探讨气化渣对毛乌素沙漠风沙土的改良效果,利用气化渣作为一种风沙土改良材料,与风沙土按不同掺入量混合,通过对土壤粒径组成、保水性能以及土壤水分特征曲线的变化情况分析,探讨了气化渣对风沙土土壤水分物理性质的影响。结果表明:添加气化渣使风沙土的粒径组成得到明显改善,砂粒含量降低5.89%～35.8%,黏粒、粉粒含量分别提高0.89%～2.92%,7.94%～32.88%,风沙土土壤容重显著降低(p<0.05),降低幅度为7.75%～55.5%; 风沙土土壤质地也由砂土转向砂质壤土,保水性能也随之呈现上升的趋势,显著影响了土壤饱和含水量、毛管持水量和田间持水量(p<0.05),增长幅度分别为13.53%～158.93%,7.12%～126.95%,23.19%～252.47%; Van Genuchten模型可以很好地拟合气化渣添加后风沙土的土壤水分特征曲线,表明气化渣的添加明显提高了土壤保水性,并且风沙土土壤保水性能的主成分分析结果表明气化渣添加量越高土壤保水性提高越明显。由此可以得出,水煤浆气化渣能够有效地改善风沙土的水分物理性质,显著提高风沙土的保水性能,对风沙土改良效果明显。     

控制性根系分区交替灌溉对冬小麦水分与养分利用的影响

以移栽小麦为试验材料，采用盆栽的方法研究了3种不同灌水方式：全面积均匀灌水(对照)、控制1/2区域交替灌水(CRDI)和控制固定1/2区域灌水对冬小麦水分与养分利用的影响。研究结果表明：在同一灌水方式中土壤含水率下限小的冬小麦根冠比大，且根系总的干重也大；CRDI对根系生长有显著促进作用，使根均匀分布在土壤中，且根长密度较对照大；对于CRDI，当控制土壤含水率下限由65％θ_F变化为55％θ_F时，耗水量下降了35％，节水效果明显；土壤含水率较高，有利于冬小麦根系对土壤中离子态养分的吸收；土壤含水率下限相同时，3种不同的灌水方式中，土壤中H₂PO^-₄和NH⁺₄-N离子浓度均呈现出递减的趋势，而NO^-₃-N离子浓度却呈现出明显的递增趋势，在同一土壤含水率下，CRDI对养分离子的吸收优于其它两种灌水方式。     

Long-term effects of lantana residue additions on water retention and transmission properties of a medium-textured soil under rice–wheat cropping in northwest India

Abstract. Hydraulic properties of soils after rice cropping are generally unfavourable for wheat cultivation. Poor drainage, delayed planting and oxygen stress in the root zone may adversely affect the wheat crop after lowland rice cultivation. We studied long-term effects of lantana ( Lantana spp. L.) residue additions at 10, 20 and 30 t ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ (fresh biomass) on physical properties of a silty clay loam soil under rice–wheat cropping in northwest India. At the end of ten cropping cycles, soil water retention, infiltration rate, saturated hydraulic conductivity and drying rate of soil increased significantly with lantana additions. The available water capacity (AWC), on volume basis, declined at rice harvest (from 22.0 to 18.8–20.9%), but increased at wheat harvest (from 12.9 to 13.4–15.0%) after lantana treatment. The volumes of water transmission (>50 μm) and storage pores (0.5–50 μm) were greater, while the volume of residual pores (<0.5 μm) was smaller in lantana-treated plots than in controls at both rice and wheat harvest. Infiltration rate in the lantana-treated soil was 1.6–7.9 times that of the control (61 mm d⁻¹) at rice harvest, and 2–4.1 times that of the control (1879 mm d⁻¹) at wheat harvest. Thus lantana addition improved soil hydraulic properties to the benefit of the wheat crop in a rice–wheat cropping sequence.     

陇东地区主要土类土壤质地及其与水分常数相关性研究

对陇东地区主要农业土壤质地及水分常数的研究表明:各主要土壤类型的质地均属壤土类,但其中的砂粒、粉粒、细粘粒含量差异明显;各类土壤中小于0.005 mm土壤颗粒的含量与土壤吸湿水含量、最大吸湿量、凋萎系数之间具有明显的直线相关性,回归系数均达极显著水平,而与土壤有效水含量无明显相关性。据此提出陇东主要农业土壤的质地改良和水分管理对策。     

Characteristics of Water Infiltration in Layered Water-Repellent Soils

Water-repellent(WR) soil greatly influences infiltration behavior. This research determined the impacts of WR levels of silt loam soil layer during infiltration. Three column scenarios were utilized, including homogeneous wettable silt loam or sand, silt loam over sand(silt loam/sand), and sand over silt loam(sand/silt loam). A 5-cm thick silt loam soil layer was placed either at the soil surface or 5 cm below the soil surface. The silt loam soil used had been treated to produce different WR levels, wettable, slightly WR, strongly WR, and severely WR. As the WR level increased from wettable to severely WR, the cumulative infiltration decreased. Traditional wetting front-related equations did not adequately describe the infiltration rate and time relationships for layered WR soils. The Kostiakov equation provided a good fit for the first infiltration stage. Average infiltration rates for wettable, slightly WR, strongly WR, and severely WR during the 2 nd infiltration stage were 0.126, 0.021, 0.002, and 0.001 mm min~(-1) for the silt loam/sand scenario,respectively, and 0.112, 0.003, 0.002, and 0.000 5 mm min~(-1) for the sand/silt loam scenario, respectively. Pseudo-saturation phenomena occurred when visually examining the wetting fronts and from the apparent changes in water content(?θ_(AP)) at the slightly WR,strongly WR, and severely WR levels for the silt loam/sand scenario. Much larger ?θAPvalues indicated the possible existence of finger flow. Delayed water penetration into the surface soil for the strongly WR level in the silt loam/sand scenario suggested negative water heads with infiltration times longer than 10 min. The silt loam/sand soil layers produced sharp transition zones of water content. The WR level of the silt loam soil layer had greater effects on infiltration than the layer position in the column.     

Effect of Continuous Rice–Wheat Rotation on Soil Properties from Four Agro‐ecosystems of Indian Punjab

In Indian Punjab, rice–wheat is a dominant cropping system in four agro‐ecosystems, namely undulating subregion (zone 1), Piedmont alluvial plains (zone 2), central alluvial plains (zone 3), and southwestern alluvial plains (zone 4), varying in rainfall and temperature. Static and temporal variabilities in soil physical and chemical properties prevail because of alluvial parent material, management/tillage operations, and duration of rice–wheat rotation. A detailed survey was undertaken to study the long‐term effect of rice–wheat rotation on soil physical (soil separates, bulk density, modulus of rupture, saturated and unsaturated hydraulic conductivities, soil water content, and suction relations) and chemical (organic carbon, pH, electrical conductivity) properties of different textured soils (sandy clay loam, loam, clay loam, and silty clay loam) in these four zones of Punjab. Soil samples (of 0‐ to 30‐cm depth) from 45 sites were collected during 2006 and were analyzed for physical and chemical properties. The results showed that sand content and pH increased whereas silt and organic carbon decreased significantly from zones 1 to 4. Compared to other textures, significantly greater organic carbon, modulus of rupture, and pH in silty clay loam; greater bulk density in clay loam, and greater saturated hydraulic conductivity in sandy clay loam were observed. Irrespective of zone and soil texture, in the subsurface soil, there was a hard pan at 15–22.5 cm deep, which had high soil bulk density, modulus of rupture, more silt and clay contents (by 3–5%) and less organic carbon and hydraulic conductivity than the surface (0–15 cm) layer. These properties deteriorated with fineness of the soil texture and less organic carbon content. Continuous rice–wheat cropping had a deleterious effect on many soil properties. Many of these soils would benefit from the addition of organic matter, and crop yields may also be affected by the distinct hardpan that exists between 15 and 22.5 cm deep.     

华北平原土壤剖面质地构型对小麦产量的影响研究

华北平原是一个河流冲积而成的平原,土壤剖面层次质地分异明显,土壤剖面在垂直方向上的质地层次不同排列影响作物产量,目前在这方面的研究甚少。本文基于河南省封丘县152个土壤剖面层次的颗粒组成和121个田块的连续两年小麦测产结果,应用模糊c-均值算法模型和地统计学模型,研究了土壤剖面质地构型与小麦产量间的定量关系。结果表明:研究区主要分布了8种土壤剖面质地构型,它们对应的小麦生产力水平差异较大。8种类型中,砂–砂–砂型小麦生产力水平最低,对应的分布区是小麦的主要低产区,土壤剖面全砂性质地是导致小麦低产的一个关键因素,原因是砂性土壤不利于保水保肥,而且砂性土壤本身所含土壤养分很低。壤–黏–壤、壤–黏–黏构型是肥力条件较好的土壤,传统上称这种土壤为"蒙金地",小麦单产较高且稳定,是建设高产田的基础。砂–壤–壤、壤–壤–壤、壤–壤–黏构型是肥力条件最好的土壤,其小麦生产力水平最高。将小麦单产进行分级后研究发现,土壤剖面质地构型对7 050 kg/hm2的中低小麦产量会产生影响,但对7 050 kg/hm2的小麦高产影响不大。