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1.
 We examined how soil organisms and C, N and P mineralisation are affected by admixing deciduous tree species, silver birch (Betula pendula) and woollen birch (B. pubescens), in managed Norway spruce (Picea abies) stands. Pure spruce and mixed spruce–birch stands were examined at four sites in southern and central Sweden. Soil macroarthropods and enchytraeids were sampled in litter and soil. In the uppermost 5 cm of soil humus we determined microbial biomass and microbial respiration; we estimated the rate of C, N and P mineralisation under laboratory conditions. The densities of Coleoptera, Diptera and Collembola were larger in mixed stands than in spruce stands. Soil fauna composition differed between mixed and spruce stands (as revealed by redundancy analysis). Staphyliniidae, Elateridae, Cecidiomyidae larvae and Onychiuridae were the families that increased most strongly in mixed stands. There were no differences in microbial biomass and microbial respiration, nor in the C, N and P mineralisation rates, between mixed and spruce stands. However, within mixed stands microbial biomass, microbial activity and C mineralisation were approximately 15% higher under birch trees than under spruce trees. We propose that the presence of birch leaf litter was likely to be the most important factor causing differences in soil fauna composition. Birch may also influence the quality and the decomposition rate of humus in mixed stands. However, when the proportion of birch trees is low, the short-term (decades) effect of this species on decomposition is likely to be small in mixed stands on acid forest soils. Received: 20 February 1998  相似文献   

2.
Microbial biomass C and N, and activities related to C and N cycles, were compared in needle and leaf litter, and in the uppermost 10 cm of soil under the litter layer in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) and silver birch (Betula pendula L.) stands, planted on originally similar field afforestation sites 23–24 years ago. The ground vegetation was differentiated under different tree species, consisting of grasses and herbs under birch and pine, and mosses or no vegetation with a thick layer of needles under spruce. The C:N ratio of the soils was 13–21 and the soil pHCaCl 2 3.8–5.2. Both showed little variation under different tree species. Microbial biomass C and N, C mineralization, net ammonification, reduction) did not differ significantly in soil under different tree species either. Birch leaf litter had a higher pHCaCl 2 (5.9) than spruce and pine needle litter (pH 5.0 and 4.8, respectively). The C:N ratio of spruce needles was 30, and was considerably higher in pine needles (69) and birch leaves (54). Birch leaves tended to have the highest microbial biomass C and C mineralization. Spruce needles appeared to have the highest microbial biomass N and net formation of mineral N, whereas formation of mineral N in pine needles and birch leaves was negligible. Microbial biomass C and N were of the same order of magnitude in the soil and litter samples but C mineralization was tenfold higher in the litter samples.  相似文献   

3.
Plant effects on ecosystem processes are mediated through plant-microbial interactions belowground and soil enzyme assays are commonly used to directly relate microbial activity to ecosystem processes. Live plants influence microbial biomass and activity via differences in rhizosphere processes and detrital inputs. I utilized six grass species of varying litter chemistry in a factorial greenhouse experiment to evaluate the relative effect of live plants and detrital inputs on substrate-induced respiration (SIR, a measure of active microbial biomass), basal respiration, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and the activities of β-glucosidase, β-glucosaminidase, and acid phosphatase. To minimize confounding variables, I used organic-free potting media, held soil moisture constant, and fertilized weekly. SIR and enzyme activities were 2-15 times greater in litter-addition than plant-addition treatments. Combining live plants with litter did not stimulate microbial biomass or activity above that in litter-only treatments, and β-glucosidase activity was significantly lower. Species-specific differences in litter N (%) and plant biomass were related to differences in β-glucosaminidase and acid phosphatase activity, respectively, but had no apparent effect on β-glucosidase, SIR, or basal respiration. DOC was negatively related to litter C:N, and positively related to plant biomass. Species identity and living plants were not as important as litter additions in stimulating microbial activity, suggesting that plant effects on soil enzymatic activity were driven primarily by detrital inputs, although the strength of litter effects may be moderated by the effect of growing plants.  相似文献   

4.
Plant growth can be an important factor regulating seasonal variations of soil microbial biomass and activity. We investigated soil microbial biomass, microbial respiration, net N mineralization, and soil enzyme activity in turfgrass systems of three cool-season species (tall fescue, Festuca arundinacea Schreb., Kentucky bluegrass, Poa pratensis L., and creeping bentgrass, Agrostis palustris L.) and three warm-season species (centipedegrass, Eremochloa ophiuroides (Munro.) Hack, zoysiagrass, Zoysia japonica Steud, and bermudagrass, Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.). Microbial biomass and respiration were higher in warm- than the cool-season turfgrass systems, but net N mineralization was generally lower in warm-season turfgrass systems. Soil microbial biomass C and N varied seasonally, being lower in September and higher in May and December, independent of turfgrass physiological types. Seasonal variations in microbial respiration, net N mineralization, and cellulase activity were also similar between warm- and cool-season turfgrass systems. The lower microbial biomass and activity in September were associated with lower soil available N, possibly caused by turfgrass competition for this resource. Microbial biomass and activity (i.e., microbial respiration and net N mineralization determined in a laboratory incubation experiment) increased in soil samples collected during late fall and winter when turfgrasses grew slowly and their competition for soil N was weak. These results suggest that N availability rather than climate is the primary determinant of seasonal dynamics of soil microbial biomass and activity in turfgrass systems, located in the humid and warm region.  相似文献   

5.
Microbial biomass C and N, and activities related to C and N cycles, were compared in needle and leaf litter, and in the uppermost 10 cm of soil under the litter layer in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) and silver birch (Betula pendula L.) stands, planted on originally similar field afforestation sites 23–24 years ago. The ground vegetation was differentiated under different tree species, consisting of grasses and herbs under birch and pine, and mosses or no vegetation with a thick layer of needles under spruce. The C:N ratio of the soils was 13–21 and the soil pHCaCl 2 3.8–5.2. Both showed little variation under different tree species. Microbial biomass C and N, C mineralization, net ammonification, reduction) did not differ significantly in soil under different tree species either. Birch leaf litter had a higher pHCaCl 2 (5.9) than spruce and pine needle litter (pH 5.0 and 4.8, respectively). The C:N ratio of spruce needles was 30, and was considerably higher in pine needles (69) and birch leaves (54). Birch leaves tended to have the highest microbial biomass C and C mineralization. Spruce needles appeared to have the highest microbial biomass N and net formation of mineral N, whereas formation of mineral N in pine needles and birch leaves was negligible. Microbial biomass C and N were of the same order of magnitude in the soil and litter samples but C mineralization was tenfold higher in the litter samples.  相似文献   

6.
Forest soils contain a variable amount of organic N roughly repartitioned among particles of different size, microbial biomass and associated with mineral compounds. All pools are alimented by annual litter fall as main input of organic N to the forest floor. Litter N is further subject to mineralization/stabilization recognized as the crucial process for the turnover of litter N. Although it is well documented that different soil types have different soil N stocks, it is presently unknown how different soil types affect the turnover of recent litter N. Here, we compared the potential mineralization of the total soil organic N with that of recent litter-released N in three beech forests varying in their soil properties. Highly 15N-labelled beech litter was applied to stands located at Aubure, Ebrach, Collelongo, which differ in humus type, soil type and soil chemistry. After 4-5 years of litter decomposition, the upper 3 cm of the organo-mineral A horizon was sampled and the net N mineralization was measured over 112 days under controlled conditions. The origin of mineralized N (litter N versus soil organic N) was calculated using 15N labeling. In addition, soils were fractionated according to their particle size (>2000 μm, 200-2000 μm, 50-200 μm, <50 μm) and particulate organic matter (POM) was separated from the mineral fraction in size classes, except the <50 μm fraction. Between 41 and 69% of soil organic N was recovered as POM. Litter-released 15N was mainly to be found in the coarse POM fractions >200 μm. On a soil mass basis, N mineralization was two-fold higher at Aubure and Collelongo than at Ebrach, but, on a soil N basis, N mineralization was the lowest at Collelongo and the highest at Ebrach. On a soil N (or 15N) basis, mineralization of litter 15N was two to four-fold higher than mineralization of the average soil N. Furthermore, the δ15N of the mineral N produced was closer to that of POM than to that of the mineral-bound fraction (<50 μm). Highest rates of 15N mineralization happened in the soil with the lowest N content, and we found a negative relationship between accumulations of N in the upper A horizon and the mineralization of 15N from the litter. Our results show that mineral N is preferentially mineralized from POM in the upper organo-mineral soil irrespective of the soil chemistry and that the turnover rate of litter N is faster in soils with a low N content.  相似文献   

7.
Tea (Camellia sinensis) is a globally important crop and is unusual because it both requires an acid soil and acidifies soil. Tea stands tend to be extremely heavily fertilized in order to improve yield and quality, resulting in a great potential for diffuse pollution. The microbial ecology of tea soils remains poorly understood; an improved understanding is necessary as processes affecting nutrient availability and loss pathways are microbially mediated. We therefore examined the relationships between soil characteristics (pH, organic C, total N, total P, available P, exchangeable Al), the soil microbial biomass (biomass C, biomass ninhydrin-N, ATP, phospholipid fatty acids—PLFAs) and its activities (respiration, net mineralization and nitrification). At the Tea Research Institute, Hangzhou (TRI), we compared fields of different productivity levels (low, medium and high) and at Hongjiashan village (HJS) we compared fields of different stand age (9, 50 and 90 years). At both sites tea soils were compared with adjacent forest soils. At both sites, soil pH was highest in the forest soil and decreased with increasing productivity and age of the tea stand. Soil microbial biomass C and biomass ninhydrin-N were significantly affected by tea production. At TRI, microbial biomass C declined in the order forest>low>high>middle production and at HJS in the order stand age 50>age 9>forest>age 90. Soil pH had a strong influence on the microbial biomass, demonstrated by positive linear correlations with: microbial biomass C, microbial biomass ninhydrin-N, the microbial biomass C:organic C ratio, the microbial biomass ninhydrin-N:total N ratio, the respiration rate and specific respiration rate. Above pH(KCl) 3.5 there was net N mineralization and nitrification, and below this threshold some samples showed net immobilization of N. A principal component (PC) analysis of PLFA data showed a consistent shift in the community composition with productivity level and stand age. The ratio of fungal:bacterial PLFA biomarkers was negatively and linearly correlated with specific respiration in the soils from HJS (r2=0.93, p=0.03). Our results demonstrate that tea cultivation intensity and duration have a strong impact on the microbial community structure, biomass and its functioning, likely through soil acidification and fertilizer addition.  相似文献   

8.
Soil texture is an important influence on nutrient cycling in upland soils, with documented relationships between mineral particle size distribution and organic matter retention, nitrogen (N) mineralization, microbial biomass and other soil properties. However, little is known of the role of mineral particle size in riparian soils, where fluvial sorting creates strong spatial contrasts in the size distribution of sediments in sedimentary landforms. We studied total organic carbon (TOC) and total N (TN) storage and net N mineralization relative to soil texture and landform in soils of a riparian toposequence along the Phugwane River in Kruger National Park, South Africa. TOC, TN and potential N mineralization related strongly to particle size distribution in all soils along the toposequence. TOC and TN were positively correlated with silt and clay concentration (r2 =0.78). In long-term laboratory incubations, N mineralization was greatest in fine-textured, N-rich soils, although the proportions of soil N mineralized were inversely related to fine particle concentrations (r2=0.61). There were differences in TOC, TN and potential N mineralization among landform types, but none of these soil properties were statistically significant after accounting for the effect of particle size. These results demonstrate the influence of particle size in mediating N retention and mineralization in these soils. Predictable differences in soil texture across alluvial landforms contribute to corresponding contrasts in soil conditions, and may play an important role in structuring riparian soil and plant communities.  相似文献   

9.
Soil organic-N dynamics, its controlling factors and its relationships with stand quality were studied in the 0-15 cm soil layer of 24 pinewoods with contrasting age, productivity and parent material (granite; acid schists), searching for N variables useful to predict stand growth and site quality. No significant differences were found between young and old stands for any of the N variables considered, nor two- or three-order interactions among stand age, site quality and parent material. The soil total-N content, which was correlated positively with the Al oxides content (a soil organic matter (SOM) stabilizing agent), did not vary significantly according to parent material, but it was lower (P≤0.02) in stands with high than with low site index (2.68±1.11 and 3.97±1.13 g N kg−1 soil, respectively). The soil δ15N ranged from +3.5 to +6.5 δ, without significant differences among stand groups, and it was negatively correlated with water holding capacity, exchangeable bases, Al oxides and N content, suggesting that: (i) N losses by NO3 leaching are the most important controlling factor of δ15N in these temperate humid region soils; and (ii) soil N richness is related with limited N losses, which discriminate against 15N. At any incubation time, no significant differences were found in soil inorganic-N content among stand groups (7.78±4.57, 39.33±16.20 and 67.80±26.50 mg N kg−1 soil at 0, 42 and 84 d, respectively). During the incubation, the relative importance of ammonification decreased and that of the nitrification increased. The net N mineralization rate (NNMR, in percentage of organic N) was significantly higher in granite than in schists soils at both 42 d (1.24±0.34 and 0.75±0.37%, respectively) and 84 d (2.18±0.56 and 1.53±0.66%, respectively). In high quality pinewoods, the NNMR at 42 and 84 d (1.16±0.45 and 2.12±0.79%, respectively) were significantly higher than in low quality stands (0.83±0.35 and 1.59±0.45%, respectively). This result, together with those on soil total-N and inorganic-N supply, suggests that soil N dynamics in low and high quality stands are different: in the former there is a bigger N pool with a slower turnover, whereas in the latter there is a smaller N pool with a faster turnover, both factors being nearly compensated, making the soil available N supply in both types of stand similar. After 42 and 84 d of incubation, the NNMR and the nitrification rates were higher in the coarse textured soils, likely due to the low physical and chemical protection of their SOM; both rates were positively correlated with available P, exchangeable K+ and CEC base saturation, suggesting strong relationships among the availabilities of the main plant nutrients, and they increased with SOM quality (low C-to-N ratio). The strong negative correlation of site index with soil total-N (r=−0.707; P≤0.005), and its positive correlations with NNMR after 42 and 84 d of incubation, suggested that site quality and potential productivity are closely related to soil organic-N dynamics. Half of the site index variation in the stands studied could be predicted with a cheap and easy analysis of soil N content, the prediction being slightly improved if soil δ15N is included and, more significantly, by including N mineralization measurements.  相似文献   

10.
We examined the impact of long-term cattle grazing on soil processes and microbial activity in a temperate salt marsh. Soil conditions, microbial biomass and respiration, mineralization and denitrification rates were measured in upper salt marsh that had been ungrazed or cattle grazed for several decades. Increased microbial biomass and soil respiration were observed in grazed marsh, most likely stimulated by enhanced rates of root turnover and root exudation. We found a significant positive effect of grazing on potential N mineralization rates measured in the laboratory, but this difference did not translate to in situ net mineralization measured monthly from May to September. Rates of denitrification were lowest in the grazed marsh and appeared to be limited by nitrate availability, possibly due to more anoxic conditions and lower rates of nitrification. The major effect of grazing on N cycling therefore appeared to be in limiting losses of N through denitrification, which may lead to enhanced nutrient availability to saltmarsh plants, but a reduced ability of the marsh to act as a buffer for land-derived nutrients to adjacent coastal areas. Additionally, we investigated if grazing influences the rates of turnover of labile and refractory C in saltmarsh soils by adding 14C-labelled leaf litter or root exudates to soil samples and monitoring the evolution of 14CO2. Grazing had little effect on the rates of mineralization of 14C used as a respiratory substrate, but a larger proportion of 14C was partitioned into microbial biomass and immobilized in long- and medium-term storage pools in the grazed treatment. Grazing slowed down the turnover of the microbial biomass, which resulted in longer turnover times for both leaf litter and root exudates. Grazing may therefore affect the longevity of C in the soil and alter C storage and utilization pathways in the microbial community.  相似文献   

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