土垫旱耕人为土中某些痕量元素的迁移富集特征及其成因

土壤中元素的分布特征反映了多个成土因素综合作用下土壤发生过程的结果。为探讨人为因素和自然成土因素在土垫旱耕人为土(塿土)形成过程中的影响,本研究在黄土高原区关中平原西部的渭河三级阶地上采集两个典型的土垫旱耕人为土剖面,以马兰黄土作为成土强度的参照样品,采用Zr作为稳定元素,研究痕量元素Cu、Zn、Pb、Rb、Sr的分布特征及其成因。结果表明,受介质的吸附、碳酸钙等易淋溶组分的淋溶淀积、作物吸收等因素影响,痕量元素Cu、Zn、Pb、Rb在剖面上总体呈中高型分布,即在干润淋溶土表层(2A层)和黏质化B层(2B t层)含量有所增加而表现为富集;而Sr则发生强烈迁移,在2A层、2B t层含量显著降低。在埋藏耕作层(Aupb层)、亚耕层(Aup2层)和现代耕作层(Aup1层),自下而上,Cu、Zn、Pb的含量呈缓慢增加趋势,但只有Zn的富集系数在YL01剖面0~15 cm内大于1.1,说明土壤发生过程是导致土垫旱耕人为土剖面中某些层次元素相对富集的主要原因,而人类活动对土垫旱耕人为土痕量元素的影响很弱,且主要在表层。     

陕西关中土垫旱耕人为土样区的基层分类研究

选择陕西关中土垫旱耕人为土地区为样区,以该地区代表性土壤土垫旱耕人为土(土)为研究对象,在野外调查、室内分析及查阅大量有关剖面资料的基础上,根据中国土壤系统分类体系,对土垫旱耕人为土(土)的基层分类进行了研究。研究表明,应用土壤颗粒大小级别、矿物学型和土壤温度状况等3项指标对土族进行划分,在0~160cm的控制层段中小于2mm的土壤平均质地,多数剖面为粘壤土,少数为壤土或砂质壤土,矿物学型属伊利石型、伊利石混合型或蛭石型,土壤温度属温性或温热土壤温度状况。土垫旱耕人为土(土)土系的控制层段拟定为从表土层上界向下160cm,对于诊断层的底部在160cm以下的,则从表土层至诊断层的下部边界,特征土层有肥熟表层、土垫表层、暗沃表层、耕作淀积层、粘化层、粘质层、CaCO3高度淀积层、CaCO3中度淀积层、CaCO3低度淀积层、氧化还原层和稚育层。根据样区9个典型剖面,结合关中地区土垫旱耕人为土(土)的有关研究资料,划分了土族和土系,并描述了各土系的典型特征及土系间的变异情况。     

土垫旱耕人为土系统分类初步研究

土垫时耕人为土是长期施用土粪，耕作，栽培等改良作用，定向培育使土垫表层逐渐增国的土壤。土垫表层厚度≥５０ｃｍ约有３０００年历史。它有物质迁移富集与淀积，大量侵入体进入，并有层次分化。土垫表层厚度变化与农业生产有密切的关系。据土垫表层，土垫表下层等诊断和诊断特性，土垫旱耕人为土划分五个亚类。     

土垫旱耕人为土地球化学特征

研究了汾渭盆地的土壤旱耕人为土地球化学状态与有关影响因素。１．土垫旱耕人为土受施土粪堆垫作用改变了成土方向与过程，也改变了土壤地球化学特征。２．土垫旱耕人为土在成土过程受淋溶淀积、生物迁移富集，蒸发等作用，但被Ｃａ＾＋＋、Ｍｇ＾＋＋等离子饱和，使土壤呈偏碱性。３．土垫旱耕人为土不同亚类在成土过程中因生态环境的差异，其土壤地球化学特征稍有差异。     

关中地区塿土系统分类归属及代表土系建立

塿土是关中地区受人为长期土粪堆垫而在原土壤表层形成明显堆垫层的重要农业土壤,其分类一直备受关注。为了解塿土的成土特点及系统分类归属,选取关中地区18个典型塿土剖面,通过野外成土因素、剖面形态调查与土样分析测定,依据中国土壤系统分类方案,确定其在高级和基层分类单元归属。结果表明,供试剖面包含堆垫表层、黏化层、钙积层等9个诊断层和诊断特性,隶属5个亚类,其中3个剖面为钙积土垫旱耕人为土,2个剖面为斑纹土垫旱耕人为土,8个剖面为普通土垫旱耕人为土,4个剖面为堆垫简育干润淋溶土,1个剖面为普通简育干润雏形土;按土族划分标准,可分为9个土族,其中13个剖面颗粒大小级别为黏壤质,5个为壤质;16个剖面矿物学类型为硅质混合型,2个剖面为混合型,土壤温度状况均为温性,14个剖面为石灰性,4个剖面为非酸性;按土系划分标准,18个剖面可划分为18个不同的土系。相关文献的71个塿土剖面的统计结果表明,堆垫层厚度介于17~97 cm,平均厚度为50.07 cm,因此堆垫表层以50 cm厚度为检索标准是适宜于划分典型塿土的高级分类归属的。为进一步完善中国土壤系统分类,强化对具有堆垫现象的雏形土有更强的区分能力和分类的准确性,建议在简育干润雏形土土类下增设堆垫简育干润雏形土亚类。     

泥垫旱耕人为土堆垫表层的有机质特性

在研究泥垫旱耕人为土诊断层及诊断特性的基础上，探讨了不同潜水位堆垫表层的有机质含量、剖面分布以及腐殖质组成特点等。     

黄土高原土覆盖层与黏化层的土壤水文效应

黄土高原(土娄)土在<中国土壤系统分类(修订方案)>中属土垫旱耕人为土类的相应亚类,其土壤水分状况是诊断表层所属人为表层类堆垫表层(覆盖层)和诊断表下层(黏化层)的重要诊断特征.以土壤持水性能、蒸发性能和水分移动性能为切入点,对土覆盖层和黏化层的土壤水文效应进行研究论证,以期对土垫旱耕人为土类及其亚类的诊断层与诊断特征获取更深层的认识.     

黄土高原塿土覆盖层与黏化层的土壤水文效应

黄土高原(土娄)土在《中国土壤系统分类(修订方案)》中属土垫旱耕人为土类的相应亚类,其土壤水分状况是诊断表层所属人为表层类堆垫表层(覆盖层)和诊断表下层(黏化层)的重要诊断特征。以土壤持水性能、蒸发性能和水分移动性能为切入点,对(土娄)土覆盖层和黏化层的土壤水文效应进行研究论证,以期对土垫旱耕人为土类及其亚类的诊断层与诊断特征获取更深层的认识。     

陕西关中地区塿土在系统分类中的归属

本文对采自关中地区的6个塿土剖面进行了理化性质分析,根据《中国土壤系统分类(修订方案)》确定了它们的诊断层、诊断特性及在中国土壤系统分类中的归属。最后就塿土在中国系统分类中存在的堆垫表层诊断指标问题和土垫旱耕人为土亚类的划分问题进行了讨论。     

浙江杭嘉湖平原泥垫旱耕人为土的形成、特性和分类研究

研究了浙江省杭嘉湖平原泥垫旱耕人为土的成土特点和土壤剖面形态特征及理化性质。根据《中国土壤系统分类（修订方案）》的诊断标准，可把该区泥垫旱耕人为土归为普通的泥垫旱耕人为土亚类。     

南极Fildes半岛成土过程中主要元素的行为

Nine horizon samples of three soil profiles representative of Dystri-gelic Cambisol, Fibri-gelic Histosol and Relic Ornithosol were taken from Fildes Peninsula of King George Island, South Shetland Islands to quantitatively demonstrate the enrichment, migration and loss of the elements (Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, K, Na and P) in soil horizons and their behaviour within profiles by application of the enrichment coefficient calculated in terms of the abundance of Ti. Six horizon samples of 4 other profiles randomly taken from the studied area were examined for calculation of the redistributing enrichment coefficient, which was applied for a better understanding of the element redistribution between soil and clay fraction along with soil development. The results showed that the enrichment, migration and redistribution of the elements varied strongly among the investigated soils and horizons, due to the differences of weathering degrees and moisture status, influences of sea bird activities, etc.     

黑龙江东部山地兴安落叶松人工林对水质的影响

 为了解黑龙江省东部山地落叶松人工林生态系统对水质的影响,试验用多参数水质监测仪和原子吸收法对大气降水、穿透水、树干径流和地表径流中的pH值、溶解氧、浊度、电导率、氧化还原电位、K、Na、Ca、Mg、Cu、Zn、Mn和Fe等水质指标进行测定。结果表明:在落叶松人工林生态系统中,大气降水、穿透水、树干径流和地表径流pH值的变化都不甚明显,变异系数都较低。大气降水经过林冠层后溶解氧含量降低,浊度和电导率明显增加,氧化还原电位逐渐降低,Na、Ca和Mg离子总平均浓度逐渐升高。穿透水和树干径流中K、Ca元素的淋溶量明显高于其他元素,且树干径流各元素的净淋溶和淋溶系数均高于穿透水。地表径流对水质的酸化有缓冲作用。     

Bulk sediment bioassays with five species of fresh-water oligochaetes

The fluxes of metals (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Al, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, and Ni) in two spruce forest soils in S. Sweden were quantified using the lysimeter technique. Amounts in precipitation (dry and wet), throughfall, litterfall and annual accumulation in biomass were also quantified, as well as stores in soil and biomass. The metal concentrations of the soil solutions varied greatly according to season. The leaching of some metals (Fe, Cu, Pb, Cr, and organic forms of Al) was associated with the leaching of organic matter. These complexes were leached from the A horizon in considerable amounts. They were precipitated in the upper B horizon and only small amounts were transported further downward. By contrast, the leaching of Na, Mg, Ca, Mn, Cd, Zn, Ni, and inorganic forms of Al increased with increasing soil depth. The concentrations of these metals also increased with increasing soil solution acidity. The highest concentrations were often found at the transition to the C horizon. The amounts of Na, K, Mg, Ca, Mn, Al, Zn, Cd, Cr, and Ni leached from the rooting zone were found to be larger than the amounts deposited from the atmosphere, the main source of these metals being the mineral soil. The reverse was true of Ph, Cu, and Fe, the sink being the upper part of the B horizon.     

The Transfer of Chemical Elements within a Heath-Ecosystem (Calluna vulgaris) in Northwest Germany

The purpose of this investigation was to describe the element budget of a heathland area in Northwest Germany by measuring the fluxes of elements within the ecosystem. The following fluxes were considered: input by precipitation, canopy-drip, mineralisation, ion uptake, litterfall, output with seepage water. The elements H, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Al, S, P, CI, NO, NH, N_org were analysed, the period of investigation was one year. The results demonstrate the high importance of deposited nutrients like N (especially No3), Ca and Mg for the element budget and the stability of a heath-ecosystem. The internal turnover of K, Ca, Mg and Mn within the ecosystem mainly took place by leaching. No leaching was found for N, P, AI, Fe, S, CI, Na. For these elements litterfall was the dominant internal way of cycling. The humus layer was a sink for total-N, NO, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe and S. NO, Ca, Mg, Mn and S were removed from the percolating solution, while for Fe and especially N and Mn an inhibition of mineralisation was found. The element balance for the mineral soil showed that this part is a sink for Hand a source mainly for Al, Ca and Mg, less for K and Na. From the cation/anion balance of the storage changes in mineral soil the ecosystem-internal H ion production was calculated as 0.4 keq per ha and year. It may be traced back to an uptake of NH, and dissociation of fulvic acids in the mineral soil. The results are discussed with respect to the development, stability and management of heath-ecosystems.     

Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometric determination of minerals in thyme honeys and their contribution to geographical discrimination

Twenty-four Spanish thyme honey samples were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Twenty-four minerals were quantified for each honey. The elements Al, As, Ba, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Pb, S, Se, Si, Sr, and Zn were detected in all samples; seven elements are very abundant (Ca, K, Mg, Na, P, S, and Si), and six are not abundant (Al, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, and Zn). Eleven of them are trace elements (As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, Mo, Pb, Se, Sr, and V) at <1 mg kg(-)(1). Classification of thyme honeys according to their origin (coast, mountains) was achieved by pattern recognition techniques on the mineral data. By means of principal component analysis, a good separation by geographical origin is obtained when scores for the two first principal components are plotted. Classification functions of 11 metals (Al, As, Cr, Cu, K, Li, Mg, Na, P, S, and V) were obtained using stepwise discriminant analysis and applied to classify correctly approximately 100% of the honey samples.     

我国几种土壤中铁锰结核的元素组成和地球化学特点

The objective of this research was to isolate a dichlorvos （2,2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate）-degrading strain of Ochrobactrum sp., and determine its effectiveness in remediation of a dichlorvos-contaminated soil. A dichlorvos-degrading bacterium （strain DDV-1） was successfully isolated and identified as an Ochrobactrum sp. based on its 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Strain DDV-1 was able to utilize dichlorvos as a sole carbon source, and the optimal pH and temperature for its cell growth and degradation were 7.0 and 30 ℃, respectively. Also, the growth and degradation of strain DDV-1 showed the same response to dissolved oxygen. In addition, the soil degradation test indicated that in soil spiked with 100 mg L^-1 or 500 mg L^-1 dichlorvos and inoculated with 0.5% or 1.0% （v/v） strain DDV-1, complete degradation of dichlorvos could be achieved in 24 h. The present study showed that strain DDV-1 was a fast dichlorvos-degrading bacterium in soil. However, further research will be needed to clarify the degradation pathway and the properties of the key enzymes involved in its biodegradation.     

成土作用及人为活动对水耕人为土钙镁行为的影响

The formation of Stagnic Anthrosols is closely related to rice planting and parent materials. Six representative pedons,two from each of three Stagnic Anthrosol subgroups, Vertic Haplic-, Vertic Gleyic-, and Sulfic Gleyic-Stagnic Anthrosols,from different parent materials and soil formation processes, from Liaoning Province, China, were selected and used along with additional supporting data to assess the potential impact in each soil subgroup combination of both pedogenic and anthropogenic factors on the migration and geochemical characteristics of calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) and their relations to soil particle-size composition. Results revealed that exchangeable Mg was correlated positively with clay and silt content, but negatively with sand content, suggesting that clay and silt could retain more exchangeable Mg than sand. Also, in the six pedons exchangeable Ca/Mg ratios generally decreased with depth, which was most likely due to the preferential retention of Mg below the Apl horizon and the effects of bio-cycling in rice-soil systems. The pedons with high pH had smaller exchangeable Ca/Mg ratios than those with low pH. Thus, it was concluded that exchangeable Ca/Mg ratios could be helpful in classification of Stagnic Anthrosols.     

Effects of cement production on the elemental composition of soils in the neighborhood of two cement factories

The effects of cement production on the elemental composition of soils in the neighborhood of two cement factories in Nigeria have been investigated using the XRF and PIXE/RBS techniques. The concentration of 21 elements viz:-Mg, Al, Si, P, S, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sr, Pb, As, Zr, Rb and Br, were determined in about 30 samples. Calcium, P, S, Cr, Ni, Cu and Zn, were found to be relatively enriched in the soils of the cement factory premises. Calcium, a cement marker element, was found to be well correlated with Mg, S, Fe, Ni and Cu in the soils, and inversely proportional to the Si and Ti concentrations. From Ca/Si ratios and enrichment factors of the marker elements, it was found that soil contamination due to cement drops sharply with distance from the factories, and with increasing depth from the surface.