Br离子液体中微波辐射加热促进稻草秸秆酸水解制备还原糖

为了探讨微波辐射及离子液体对酸催化植物纤维素水解的促进作用, 以稻草秸秆为原料,在[Bmim]Br离子液体介质中,用微波辐射加热促进纤维素的酸水解,并对水解产物中的还原糖进行了测定。着重考察了微波辐射功率、微波辐射时间、硫酸浓度、反应温度等因素对还原糖收率的影响。结果表明,在[Bmim]Br离子液体介质中,用微波辐射加热促进稻草酸水解制备还原糖的最佳条件是：30.0 mL质量分数为10.0%的硫酸、[Bmim]Br10.0 mL、微波辐射温度85℃、微波辐射时间45 min、微波辐射功率500 W,在此条件下还原糖的收率达到了22.94%,而常规酸水解得到的还原糖收率为14.50%。显然,在[Bmim]Br离子液体介质中,微波辐射加热促进稻草酸水解所得还原糖收率大于常规酸水解的所得还原糖收率。由此可知,离子液体介质中,微波辐射加热能够促进植物纤维素的酸水解,并显著缩短糖化时间,使得还原糖的收率提高。     

酸-超声波预处理及糖化水解稻草研究

采用室内实验方法,研究了酸-超声联合预处理稻草对其化学组成以及糖化效果的影响,并与传统酸预处理法的效果进行了对比。结果表明,与未经处理的稻草相比,经酸-超声波处理的稻草其半纤维素、木质素含量最高分别减少了64．46％、62．19％,纤维素含量最高则上升了73．20％,而酸处理的稻草相应数值只能达到56．72％、59．90％及53．41％。同时分别对两种方法的稻草糖化的工艺条件通过正交试验进行了优化,得出两种方法的稻草最佳糖化条件均为：pH值为4．8,温度为45℃,酶浓度为20mg·g-1。在该条件下,对于酸一超声波预处理稻草,在糖化108h以后还原糖浓度稳定并达到最大值26．4g·L-1,而对于酸预处理稻草,在糖化120h以后还原糖浓度才稳定并达到最大值26．2g·L-1,且前者能比后者产生更多的葡萄糖以及更少的木糖,更有利于提高后续酒精发酵的效率。     

膨化预处理玉米秸秆提高还原糖酶解产率的效果

为了提高玉米秸秆的可发酵还原糖转化率,采用膨化技术对玉米秸秆木质纤维素进行预处理。扫描电镜观察,玉米秸秆的纤维束受到破坏,木质素包裹作用减弱,纤维素酶的空间作用面积提高。红外光谱分析表明有部分半纤维素和少量木质素水解;X射线衍射测定纤维素结晶度降低了12.68%。通过进一步纤维素酶解试验,与未处理的相比膨化处理后原料酶解时间可缩短16 h,未经膨化处理原料还原糖的酶解产率为13.48%,膨化处理后原料还原糖的酶解产率可达24.91%。结果表明,膨化预处理技术可明显提高玉米秸秆木质纤维素的能源化利用效率。该     

超低酸预处理结合酶解提高玉米秸秆糖化效率

为提高纤维素酶解糖化的效率,该文采用超低浓度硫酸水解预处理废弃玉米秸秆。重点考察了不同酸浓度、反应温度、反应时间条件下超低浓度酸水解及后续酶解的总还原糖、葡萄糖及木糖的产率,详细叙述了总还原糖及各种单糖在酸水解及酶解过程中的转化规律,通过正交试验确定酸水解的最佳工况为酸浓度0.1%,反应温度160℃,反应时间55 min,搅拌180 r/min,固液比1∶10。酸水解后进行酶解(酶用量5%,pH值4.6,时间24 h,温度50℃)得到还原糖、葡萄糖、木糖产率分别为56.22%、16.97%、18.83%。通过红外光谱和纤维素分析仪对酸水解和酶解后的残渣进行分析可知,纤维素、半纤维素的转化率分别为88.52%、95.18%,进一步计算还原糖、葡萄糖、木糖的转化率为88.11%、44.86%、72.49%。该方法较大程度避免了还原糖在酸水解过程中的降解,保证了半纤维素还原糖的转化效率,进一步提高了总还原糖的产率,为超低酸水解在燃料乙醇领域提供了新的应用途径。     

根系主要成分含量对根系固土效能的影响

选取中国北方两种常见树种油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)和元宝枫(Acer truncatum),对这两种树0.2~6mm直径的根系直径、根系抗拉强度、整根的根土复合体强度、根系3种主要成分含量(纤维素含量、半纤维素含量与木质素含量)进行测定。结果表明,随着根系直径的增加,植物根系半纤维素含量增高,纤维素含量与木质素含量降低,从而植物的抗拉强度降低。植物根系抗拉强度与纤维素含量、木质素含量成正相关关系,与半纤维素含量成负相关关系。因此,在排除根系结构影响的前提下,植物根系纤维素含量与木质素含量是导致不同植物种固土效果差异的直接原因。     

铝胁迫下植物根尖细胞壁组成物质变化抑制根伸长的生理机制研究

根伸长受抑制是植物受铝毒害的主要症状,铝诱导的细胞壁组成物质的变化是其主要原因。本文主要对铝胁迫下植物根尖细胞壁组成物质如木质素、 胼胝质、 纤维素、 半纤维素、 果胶、 细胞壁多糖蛋白及相关代谢酶类在铝胁迫下的变化对根伸长的影响及生理机理的研究进展进行了综述,明确了铝胁迫诱导的植物根尖细胞壁组成物质含量、 比例及结构的变化导致细胞壁刚性降低,从而抑制细胞伸长,最终抑制根伸长。本文还指出,鉴于缺乏对同一植物甚至同一个种类的植物根尖细胞壁各主要组成物质铝胁迫下变化的系统研究,不能对造成该植物根伸长受抑制的原因做出全面合理的解释,所以今后应侧重于铝胁迫下各细胞壁组分变化在抑制根伸长中的贡献率的研究,尤其要针对主要粮食作物进行系统研究,以有效解决铝胁迫造成的产质量降低。     

微波预处理对玉米秸秆的组分提取及糖化的影响

为了分离得到玉米秸秆中的半纤维素、木质素,改善纤维素的酶水解可及性,对玉米秸秆进行了二步微波预处理法研究.考察了秸秆粒径、液固比、碱及甘油用量、微波功率与处理时间对半纤维素和木质素得率的影响;探讨了预处理后秸秆的酶水解性能.得到的优化预处理条件为:玉米秸秆粒径40～80目;微波-碱预处理功率116.7 W/g、时间10 min、液固比20 mL/g、碱用量150％(质量分数);微波-甘油预处理功率66.7 W/g、处理时间30 min、液固比20mL/g、甘油质量分数100％.试样结果表明:经微波预处理后每10 g玉米秸秆最终可得到2.48 g半纤维素、0.95 g木质素,3.55 g还原糖;二步微波预处理不仅能够提取出玉米秸秆中的半纤维素、木质素,而且提高了纤维素水解的酶可及性,实现了组分的分离.     

木质素合成关键酶基因CCR的克隆及其反义表达载体的构建

木质素是植物体中总量仅次于纤维素的第二大有机物质，占次生物质总量的95％以上，在植物体具有一定的生理功能。但由于木质素含量过高使造纸工业中污染增加、饲草消化吸收率降低，因此木质素含量基因调控已成为植物基因工程研究的一个重要方向。羟基肉桂酰辅酶A还原酶(cinnamoyl-CoAreductase，CCR)可还原3种羟基肉桂酸的     

寒旱环境植物护坡力学效应与根系化学成分响应

该项研究以试验区两种生长期为6a的灌木植物柠条锦鸡儿、霸王为例,分析了根系中所含半纤维素、木质素、纤维素和果胶质4种主要化学成分及其含量,并探讨了根系力学强度与其化学成分及其含量变化之间的关系。结果表明:柠条锦鸡儿根系平均抗拉强度为28.36～34.75MPa,霸王为4.53～6.61MPa,即柠条锦鸡儿根系平均抗拉强度显著大于霸王,且这两种灌木根系所含的4种化学成分由多至少依次为半纤维素、木质素、纤维素、果胶质,其中柠条锦鸡儿根系半纤维素含量为17.8%～29.03%,木质素为3.41%～5.36%,纤维素为2.3%～2.79%,果胶质为1.45%～2.15%;霸王根系半纤维素含量为15.6%～23.04%,木质素为3.69%～4.89%,纤维素为2.1%～3.06%,果胶质为1.92%～2.37%。两种灌木根系纤维素含量与根径、根系抗拉强度之间均表现出一定相关性;霸王根系半纤维素含量与其根系根径、抗拉强度之间呈相关性;柠条锦鸡儿根系果胶质含量与其根径、根系抗拉强度间均呈相关关系。本项研究可为进一步分析植物根系力学强度及其效应与根系组成特性之间的变化关系提供理论依据。     

几种有机物料分解过程中溶解性有机物质化学成分的变化

本研究依据稻草、紫云英和茶树修剪叶分解过程中水溶性有机物质(DOM)的化学组成的变化,认为:随着有机物料的分解,水溶性有机碳(DOC)溶出量减少,21d后出现一溶出峰,35d后趋于稳定。DOM中溶解性有机氮(DON)、水溶性糖、有机酸种类及其含量的动态变化结果表明:不同分解阶段DOM的化学组成有差异,且因有机物料种类不同而不同。35d后DOM的含量与化学组成都已趋于稳定,不同有机物料溶出DOM中化学组成相似,表明有机物料的分解已进入难分解物质的缓慢分解阶段。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.