四棱豆新品种及栽培技术要点

四棱豆又称翼豆、龙豆、四角豆、杨桃豆等,为豆科一年生或多年生缠绕草本植物。叶、花、果均具观赏价值,尤其是果实。食用器官一般为嫩豆荚,口感脆嫩     

Phosphorus release from vivianite and hydroxyapatite by organic and inorganic compounds

Based on recent mining rates and the exhaustion of global phosphorus(P)reserves,there is a need to mobilize P already stored in soils,and its recovery from secondary resources such as Ca-and Fe-phosphates is important.The Ca-phosphate hydroxyapatite forms a good fertilizer source,while vivianite is formed in waterlogged soils and sediments.During sludge treatment,the formation of vivianite has been identified,being mainly Fe-phosphate.Long-term P release from both hydroxyapatite and vivianite was studied using different inorganic(CaCl2 and CaSO4)and organic(citric and humic acid)reagents during batch experiments.Reagents CaCl2 and CaSO4 represent the soil solution,while citric and humic acids as organic constituents affect P availability in the rhizosphere and during the process of humification.Additionally,the flow-through reactor(FTR)technique with an infinite sink was used to study the long-term P release kinetics.The cumulative P release was higher by organic acids than by inorganic compounds.The cumulative P release rates were higher in the FTR with CaCl2 as compared to the batch technique.The infinite sink application caused a continuously high concentration gradient between the solid and liquid phases,leading to higher desorption rates as compared to the batch technique.The predominant amount of the total P released over time was available for a short term.While inorganic anion exchange occurred at easily available binding sites,organic acids affected the more heavily available binding sites,which could be embedded within the mineral structure.The results showed that organic compounds,especially citric acid,play a superior role as compared to the inorganic constituents of the soil solution during the recovery of already stored P from the tertiary phosphates vivianite and hydroxyapatite.     

Nitrification inhibitor nitrapyrin does not affect yield-scaled nitrous oxide emissions in a tropical grassland

Urea is the most common nitrogen(N)fertilizer used in the tropics but it has the risk of high gaseous nitrogen(N)losses.Use of nitrification inhibitor has been suggested as a potential mitigation measure for gaseous N losses in N fertilizer-applied fields.In a field trial on a tropical Andosol pastureland in Costa Rica,gaseous emissions of ammonia(NH₃)and nitrous oxide(N₂O)and grass yield were quantified from plots treated with urea(U;41.7 kg N ha^-1application^-1)and urea plus the nitrification inhibitor nitrapyrin(U+NI;41.7 kg N ha^-1application^-1and 350 g of nitrapyrin for each 100 kg of N applied)and control plots(without U and NI)over a six-month period(rainy season).Volatilization of NH₃(August to November)in U(7.4%±1.3%of N applied)and U+NI(8.1%±0.9%of N applied)were not significantly different(P>0.05).Emissions of N₂O in U and U+NI from June to November were significantly different(P<0.05)only in October,when N₂O emission in U+NI was higher than that in U.Yield and crude protein production of grass were significantly higher(P<0.05)in U and U+NI than in the control plots,but they were not significantly different between U and U+NI.There was no significant difference in yield-scaled N₂O emission between U(0.31±0.10 g N kg^-1dry matter)and U+NI(0.47±0.10 g N kg^-1dry matter).The results suggest that nitrapyrin is not a viable mitigation option for gaseous N losses under typical N fertilizer application practices of pasturelands at the study site.     

Effects of the nitrification inhibitor nitrapyrin and the plant growth regulator gibberellic acid on yield-scale nitrous oxide emission in maize fields under hot climatic conditions

Nitrification inhibitors are widely used in agriculture to mitigate nitrous oxide(N₂O)emission and increase crop yield.However,no concrete information on their mitigation of N₂O emission is available under soil and environmental conditions as in Pakistan.A field experiment was established using a silt clay loam soil from Peshawar,Pakistan,to study the effect of urea applied in combination with a nitrification inhibitor,nitrapyrin(2-chloro-6-tri-chloromethyl pyridine),and/or a plant growth regulator,gibberellic acid(GA_3),on N₂O emission and the nitrogen(N)uptake efficiency of maize.The experimental design was a randomized complete block with five treatments in four replicates:control with no N(CK),urea(200 kg N ha^-1)alone,urea in combination with nitrapyrin(700 g ha^-1),urea in combination with GA_3(60 g ha^-1),and urea in combination with nitrapyrin and GA_3.The N₂O emission,yield,N response efficiency,and total N uptake were measured during the experimental period.The treatment with urea and nitrapyrin reduced total N₂O emission by 39%–43%and decreased yield-scaled N₂O emission by 47%–52%,relative to the treatment with urea alone.The maize plant biomass,grain yield,and total N uptake increased significantly by 23%,17%,and 15%,respectively,in the treatment with urea and nitrapyrin,relative to the treatment with urea alone,which was possibly due to N saving,lower N loss,and increased N uptake in the form of ammonium;they were further enhanced in the treatment with urea,nitrapyrin,and GA_3 by 27%,36%,and 25%,respectively,probably because of the stimulating effect of GA_3 on plant growth and development and the reduction in biotic and abiotic stresses.These results suggest that applying urea in combination with nitrapyrin and GA_3 has the potential to mitigate N₂O emission,improve N response efficiency,and increase maize yield.     

硫素营养胁迫对水稻根系和叶片超微结构的影响

通过水培试验,用电镜技术研究了不同浓度硫(S)索营养对水稻根系和叶片超微结构的影响.结果表明,受S素营养胁迫的水稻,其根系及叶片的超微结构均发生了显著的变化:低S胁迫会造成水稻叶片叶肉细胞内的叶绿体结构肿胀,基粒片层松驰、散乱,细胞器减少,线粒体结构被破坏,根系细胞内几乎没有内含物;S 浓度高则会使叶片叶绿体基粒片层致密、浓缩,无规则化,根系细胞发生质壁分离.这就从微观上进一步解释了水稻S索营养胁迫严重影响其生长发育的原因与机理,也为水稻S索营养的早期诊断提供了解剖学与形态学的依据.     

辽宁省不同土地利用背景下土壤侵蚀空间分布规律

辽宁省地域辽阔,不同地区不同土地类别土壤侵蚀差异很大.定量研究辽宁省不同区域、不同地类土壤侵蚀空间分布规律,研究如何进行水土保持,防止土壤侵蚀,为辽宁省的可持续发展提供决策支持,具有深远意义.以前人研究手段为基础,以辽宁省第4次土壤侵蚀遥感成果为依据,对辽宁省不同土地利用背景下土壤侵蚀空间分布规律进行定量研究.研究表明,辽宁省各地类土壤侵蚀以水蚀为主,林地最为严重,耕地次之;风蚀以草地最为严重,同时风蚀对耕地的影响不容忽视.     

抱子芥高产优质栽培技术

抱子芥又称儿菜、娃娃菜,特点是茎和茎上功能叶的腋芽变态肥大呈肉质作为主要的食用部份,其质地柔嫩,鲜食清香略带甜味,是度春淡的最佳蔬菜作物之一。最早在四川、重庆栽培较广,现已扩大到浙江、湖北、湖南、上海等全国12个省市。许多地方引种栽培儿菜时,由于不了解儿菜的生物学特性和栽培技术,常出现先期抽薹、产量低等问题,本文介绍儿菜的生物学特性和栽培技术,供生产参考。     

秋洋芋实用栽培技术

秋洋芋是晚秋生产的重点作物,是在水稻、玉米收获后,充分利用小麦、油菜播栽前的空闲时段,开发种植的一季秋洋芋。秋洋芋种植不仅可提高复种指数,增加粮食产量,保障粮食安全;而且可有效解决城乡居民蔬菜秋淡问题,提高经济效益,增加农民收入。     

杜陵生态环境演变及恢复重建研究

概述了杜陵的区位、地形及自然环境条件.参照关中地区生态环境演变的具体过程,指出杜陵生态环境演变的影响因素为自然因素和人为因素并重,人为因素是导致杜陵环境演变的主要因素.在实地调查的基础上指出了杜陵生态环境现存的问题为生态景观严重不协调,商开发不合理,水资源不足,水土流失严重等.以因地制宜原则,可持续发展原则为指导,提出了杜陵生态环境恢复重建的具体措施为人口措施、产业结构调整、工程技术措施及植被恢复.     

土壤镉污染对不同品种杨树生长状况的影响

采用室外盆栽方法,以生长于辽宁省的5种不同杨树品种(分别为辽育1号、938-18、盖杨、辽育3号、小胡杨)为研究对象,通过研究不同杨树品种在土壤Cd胁迫条件下速生杨树品种对重金属Cd的反应,为Cd污染土壤的树木修复提供依据,并借以推动我国污染土壤树木修复工作的开展.研究结果表明,每一树种各处理之间的苗高、地径并没有显著差异.938-18、盖杨及小胡杨的生物量无显著差异,辽育系列苗木的生物量明显受镉污染的影响,低浓度的Cd污染刺激了苗木生长,高浓度的Cd污染对苗木造成了一定程度的伤害,抑制了苗木的生长.土壤中的Cd污染没有对938-18与小胡杨插穗生根数量造成影响.土壤中的Cd2 在一定程度上刺激了盖杨及辽育3号的生根数量.     

Decreased nitrous oxide emissions associated with functional microbial genes under bio-organic fertilizer application in vegetable fields

Bio-organic fertilizers enriched with plant growth-promoting microbes(PGPMs)have been widely used in crop fields to promote plant growth and maintain soil microbiome functions.However,their potential effects on N₂O emissions are of increasing concern.In this study,an in situ measurement experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of organic fertilizer containing Trichoderma guizhouense(a plant growth-promoting fungus)on soil N₂O emissions from a greenhouse vegetable field.The following four treatments were used:no fertilizer(control),chemical fertilizer(NPK),organic fertilizer derived from cattle manure(O),and organic fertilizer containing T.guizhouense(O+T,referring to bio-organic fertilizer).The abundances of soil N cycling-related functional genes(amoA)from ammonium-oxidizing bacteria(AOB)and archaea(AOA),as well as nirS,nirK,and nosZ,were simultaneously determined using quantitative PCR(qPCR).Compared to the NPK plot,seasonal total N₂O emissions decreased by 11.7%and 18.7%in the O and O+T plots,respectively,which was attributed to lower NH₄⁺-N content and AOB amoA abundance in the O and O+T plots.The nosZ abundance was significantly greater in the O+T plot,whilst the AOB amoA abundance was significantly lower in the O+T plot than in the O plot.Relative to the organic fertilizer,bio-organic fertilizer application tended to decrease N₂O emissions by 7.9%and enhanced vegetable yield,resulting in a significant decrease in yield-scaled N₂O emissions.Overall,the results of this study suggested that,compared to organic and chemical fertilizers,bio-organic fertilizers containing PGPMs could benefit crop yield and mitigate N₂O emissions in vegetable fields.     

Long-term submergence of non-methanogenic oxic upland field soils helps to develop the methanogenic archaeal community as revealed by pot and field experiments

The community structure of methanogenic archaea is relatively stable,i.e.,it is sustained at a high abundance with minimal changes in composition,in paddy field soils irrespective of submergence and drainage.In contrast,the abundance in non-methanogenic oxic soils is much lower than that in paddy field soils.This study aimed to describe methanogenic archaeal community development following the long-term submergence of non-methanogenic oxic upland field soils in pot and field experiments.In the pot experiment,a soil sample obtained from an upland field was incubated under submerged conditions for 275 d.Soil samples periodically collected were subjected to culture-dependent most probable number(MPN)enumeration,polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(PCR-DGGE)analysis of archaeal 16 S r RNA gene,and quantitative PCR analysis of the methyl-coenzyme M reductase alpha subunit gene(mcr A)of methanogenic archaea.The abundance of methanogenic archaea increased from 102 to 103 cells g-1 dry soil and 104 to 107 copies of mcr A gene g-1 dry soil after submergence.Although no methanogenic archaeon was detected prior to incubation by the DGGE analysis,members from Methanocellales,Methanosarcinaceae,and Methanosaetaceae proliferated in the soils,and the community structure was relatively stable once established.In the field experiment,the number of viable methanogenic archaea in a rice paddy field converted from meadow(reclaimed paddy field)was monitored by MPN enumeration over five annual cycles of field operations.Viability was also determined simultaneously in a paddy field where the plow layer soil from a farmer’s paddy field was dressed onto the meadow(dressed paddy field)and an upland crop field converted from the meadow(reclaimed upland field).The number of viable methanogenic archaea in the reclaimed paddy field was below the detection limit before the first cultivation of rice and in the reclaimed upland field.Then,the number gradually increased over five years and finally reached 103–104 cells g-1 dry soil,which was comparable to that in the dressed paddy field.These findings showed that the low abundance of autochthonous methanogenic archaea in the non-methanogenic oxic upland field soils steadily proliferated,and the community structure was developed following repeated and long-term submergence.These results suggest that habitats suitable for methanogenic archaea were established in soil following repeated and long-term submergence.     

昭通烤烟生态气候适宜性分析

为探索昭通烤烟生态气候资源分布状况,指导烤烟优化布局,本文利用昭通各区县气象站1980—2004年的气象观测资料,通过与已有优质烟区气象资料的对比分析,考察昭通烤烟种植的气候适宜性;利用合理的烤烟生态气候适宜性指标对昭通烤烟种植区进行重新分区,得出：昭通西南大部地区和东部的部分地区（属北亚热带气候区域）为最适宜烟区,西南部海拔在1800—2000m的坝区和大部山区以及东北部海拔900—1700m的大部山区（属南温带气候区域）为适宜烟区。     

Nutrient cycling and greenhouse gas emissions from soil amended with biochar-manure mixtures

Integrating biochar into cattle diets has recently emerged as a potential management practice for improving on-farm productivity.Yet,information concerning the cycling of biochar-manure mixtures is scarce.A 70-d incubation experiment was conducted within two surface(0–15 cm)Mollisols with contrasting textures,i.e.,sandy clay loam(Raymond)and clayey(Lethbridge),to evaluate the effects of biochar(3 Mg ha^-1)on cumulative greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions and related fertility attributes in the presence or absence of cattle manure(120 Mg ha^-1).Five treatments were included:i)non-amended soil(control,CK),ii)soil amended with pinewood biochar(B),iii)soil amended with beef cattle manure(M)(manure from cattle on a control diet),iv)soil amended with biochar-manure(BM)(manure from cattle on a control diet,with pinewood biochar added at 20 g kg^-1of diet dry matter),and v)soil amended with B and M at the aforementioned rates(B+M).A total of 40 soil columns were prepared and incubated at 21℃and 60%–80%water-holding capacity.On average,total CO₂fluxes increased by 2.2-and 3.8-fold under manure treatments(i.e.,M,BM,and B+M),within Raymond and Lethbridge soils,respectively,relative to CK and B.Similarly,total CH4 fluxes were the highest(P<0.05)in Raymond soil under B+M and BM relative to CK and B,and in Lethbridge soil under M and BM relative to CK and B.In Lethbridge soil,application of BM increased cumulative N₂O emissions by 1.8-fold relative to CK.After 70-d incubation,amendment with BM increased(P<0.05)PO_4-P and NO_3-N+NH_4-N availability in Raymond and Lethbridge soils compared with B.A similar pattern was observed for water-extractable organic carbon in both soils,with BM augmenting(P<0.05)the occurrence of labile carbon over CK and B.It can be concluded that biochar,manure,and/or biochar-manure have contrasting short-term effects on the biogeochemistry of Mollisols.At relatively low application rates,biochar does not necessarily counterbalance manure-derived inputs.Although BM did not mitigate the flux of GHGs over M,biochar-manure has the potential to recycle soil nutrients in semiarid drylands.     

雨花台红土的磁化率特征及其古环境意义

本文以江苏省南京市雨花台红土作为研究对象,进行野外形态观察及室内磁化率、游离氧化铁和颗粒组成的测定,结果表明,土壤剖面按形态可自上而下依次划分为黄棕色土层、红棕色土层和网纹红土层3大层段:低频磁化率呈黄棕色土层＞红棕色土层＞网纹红土层的特点,网纹红土层和红棕色土层的游离氧化铁和游离度均高于上部黄棕色土层,指示红色土层有更强的风化成土作用:网纹红土层＜10μm细颗粒和＞100μm颗粒的增加,进一步表明其经历了更强烈的风化成土作用.因此,雨花台红土剖面自下而上低频磁化率逐渐升高,反映的是气候由湿热向温凉转变的总体特征.     

Soil aggregation and aggregate-associated organic carbon under typical natural halophyte communities in arid saline areas of Northwest China

Information on the effects of halophyte communities on soil organic carbon(SOC)is useful for sequestrating C in arid regions.In this study,we identified four typical natural halophyte communities in the Manasi River Basin in Xinjiang Province,Northeast China,namely,Karelinia caspia(Pall.)Less.,Bassia dasyphylla(Fisch.et C.A.Mey.)Kuntze,Haloxylon ammodendron(C.A.Mey.)Bunge,and Tamarix ramosissima Lour.We compared soil aggregation and aggregated-associated SOC under these communities.The aggregate fraction of 0.053–0.25 mm accounted for 47%–75%of the total soil mass,significantly more than the>0.25 and<0.053 mm fractions,under all the halophyte communities.Significant differences in soil aggregate size distribution were observed among the plant communities,with the H.ammodendron and B.dasyphylla communities showing the highest proportions of>0.25 mm aggregates(13.3%–43.8%)and T.ramosissima community having more<0.053 mm aggregates(14.1%–27.2%).Aggregate-associated SOC concentrations were generally the highest in the>0.25 mm fraction,followed by the<0.053 mm fraction,and were the lowest in the 0.053–0.25 mm fraction;however,because of their large mass,0.25–0.053 mm aggregates contributed significantly more to the total SOC.Total SOC concentrations(0–60 cm depth)decreased in the order of H.ammodendron(5.7 g kg^-1)>T.ramosissima(4.9 g kg^-1)>K.caspia(4.2 g kg^-1)>B.dasyphylla(3.4 g kg^-1).The H.ammodendron community had the highest total SOC and aggregate-associated SOC,which was primarily because aggregate-associated SOC content at the 0–10 and 10–20 cm depths under this community were higher than those under other plant communities.The H.ammodendron community could be beneficial for increasing SOC in saline soils in the arid region.     

《当代生态农业》投稿须知

征稿范围征集农林牧渔、农村、生态、资源、环境等领域技术及管理方面的学术论文。来稿须知1、稿件应论点明确、论据可靠、数据准确、逻辑严谨、文字通顺。2、来稿请使用word排版,并请注明作者姓名、单位、通讯地址、     

GIS支持下的福建省烤烟适宜地综合评价及其利用对策

以福建省耕地为评价对象,借助GIS与数学模型对福建省烤烟用地适宜性进行综合评价.结果表明,福建省宜烤烟用地面积127.84万hm2,占耕地总面积的93.24%.全省宜烤烟用地质量总体良好,全省最适宜烤烟用地面积33.20万hm2、适宜面积88.69万hm2,分别占宜烤烟用地总面积的25.97%和69.37%.烤烟最适宜区用地资源主要分布在南平、三明、漳州、泉州、福州和龙岩市,合计面积29.70万hm2,占最适宜区总面积的89.45%;针对福建烤烟用地现状及其存在问题,提出烤烟用地可持续利用对策.