寒旱环境植物护坡力学效应与根系化学成分响应

该项研究以试验区两种生长期为6a的灌木植物柠条锦鸡儿、霸王为例,分析了根系中所含半纤维素、木质素、纤维素和果胶质4种主要化学成分及其含量,并探讨了根系力学强度与其化学成分及其含量变化之间的关系。结果表明:柠条锦鸡儿根系平均抗拉强度为28.36～34.75MPa,霸王为4.53～6.61MPa,即柠条锦鸡儿根系平均抗拉强度显著大于霸王,且这两种灌木根系所含的4种化学成分由多至少依次为半纤维素、木质素、纤维素、果胶质,其中柠条锦鸡儿根系半纤维素含量为17.8%～29.03%,木质素为3.41%～5.36%,纤维素为2.3%～2.79%,果胶质为1.45%～2.15%;霸王根系半纤维素含量为15.6%～23.04%,木质素为3.69%～4.89%,纤维素为2.1%～3.06%,果胶质为1.92%～2.37%。两种灌木根系纤维素含量与根径、根系抗拉强度之间均表现出一定相关性;霸王根系半纤维素含量与其根系根径、抗拉强度之间呈相关性;柠条锦鸡儿根系果胶质含量与其根径、根系抗拉强度间均呈相关关系。本项研究可为进一步分析植物根系力学强度及其效应与根系组成特性之间的变化关系提供理论依据。     

紫花苜蓿和马唐根的生物力学性能及相关因素的试验研究

选择固土护坡植物时，植物根的抗拉强度是一项重要的力学指标。对豆科的紫花苜蓿和禾本科的马唐根的抗拉力和纤维素含量的研究表明，根的抗拉强度和纤维素含量均与直径呈显著的负相关关系，根的抗拉强度与纤维素含量呈正相关关系，表明“木本植物根的抗拉强度、直径和纤维素含量关系”的研究结论在这两种草本植物上也同样适用。对紫花苜蓿和马唐根的抗拉强度与其“木质素/纤维素”之间关系的研究表明，两者呈负相关关系，证实纤维素含量对于维持根抗拉强度的作用大于木质素含量。研究发现，豆科紫花苜蓿根的应力-应变为对数函数关系，不符合胡克定律，马唐根的应力-应变关系的本构方程基本遵从胡克定律。直径愈小，紫花苜蓿和马唐根的应力—应变关系对应变率敏感程度愈高，根的极限延伸率愈大。另外，根的抗拉力和直径测试设备的改进，实验结果更准确可靠。这方面研究对揭示植物根系提高土壤抗冲击性和抗剪强度机理，更好地进行水土保持植物的选择和优化组合具有重要意义。     

华北典型植被根系抗拉力学特性及其与主要化学成分关系

为了解植被根系化学成分对根系力学性能的影响,该研究对华北地区常见的2种针叶树油松（Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.）和华北落叶松（Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr.）以及3种阔叶树白桦（Betula platyphylla Suk.）、蒙古栎（Quercus mongolicus Fisch. ex Ledeb）和榆树（Ulmus pumila Linn.）5种树直径为0.75～7.65mm,共473根系进行了单根抗拉试验,并将拉伸后的根系按7个直径级归类后测定其纤维素含量、木质素含量、半纤维素含量及综纤维素含量。结果表明,5种树根系抗拉力范围为8～954 N,抗拉强度范围为6～53 MPa。不同树种间抗拉力、抗拉强度差异显著,从大到小依次为榆树＞白桦＞蒙古栎＞油松＞华北落叶松。抗拉力随直径增大以幂函数增大;抗拉强度随直径减小以幂函数和逆函数减小。根系的极限延伸率范围为6.95%～15.50%,不同树种间差异显著。5种树7个径级根系纤维素质量分数范围为20.09%～37.67%,木质素质量分数范围为18.03%～41.67%,半纤维素质量分数范围为1.29%～14.90%,综纤维素质量分数范围为26.20%～52.09%,木质素与纤维素质量分数比值（简称木纤比）为0.53～1.81。根系抗拉力与纤维素含量、半纤维含量、综纤维素含量正相关,与木质素含量、木纤比负相关;根系抗拉强度与纤维素含量、半纤维含量、综纤维素含量负相关,与木质素含量、木纤比正相关。但对于不同的树种,显著影响抗拉力、抗拉强度的化学成分不同。因此,根系中某一化学成分含量的变化并不能完全解释根系力学性能与直径的尺寸效应,或许根系其他内在因素如显微结构等也有着重要的贡献。     

黑沙蒿根系抗拉特性及其与化学成分的关联性

[目的] 探讨根系抗拉特性与主要化学成分含量的关联性，以期充实根系固土力学特性研究以及提供矿区生态恢复和植物保护的理论支持。[方法] 以神东矿区广泛分布的多年生灌木黑沙蒿（Artemisia ordosica）为研究对象，利用TY8000伺服式强力机，研究1~4 mm径级直根段、含侧根分支处根段抗拉材料的力学特性并测定各径级的纤维素、半纤维素和木质素，研究根系材料力学及其与化学成分的关联性。[结果] ①随着根系直径增加，黑沙蒿直根段、含侧根分支处根段抗拉力增加，而抗拉强度和杨氏模量减小，且抗拉力、抗拉强度和杨氏模量都与根系直径呈幂函数关系。②直根段、含侧根分支处根段化学成分含量差异显著（p<0.05），平均化学成分含量为：半纤维素（31.69%，32.18%） > 木质素（28.42%，25.30%） > 纤维素（15.50%，15.35%）。③随着根系直径增加，直根段纤维素含量减小，半纤维素和木质素含量增加，而含侧根分支处根段纤维素含量减小，半纤维素和木质素含量无变化。④直根段抗拉强度、杨氏模量与纤维素极显著正相关（p<0.01），与半纤维素、木质素极显著负相关（p<0.01）。含侧根分支处根段抗拉强度、杨氏模量与纤维素极显著正相关（p<0.01），与半纤维素、木质素无相关性。[结论] 黑沙蒿根系抗拉特性与化学成分表现出一定的相关性，且纤维素是影响灌木根系材料力学特性的主要化学组分。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区主要物种根茎力学特性

植物根茎力学特性影响着植被固定土壤和拦截的能力,是植被抗侵蚀特性研究不可缺少的一部分。在延河流域选取的6个典型小流域内,对铁杆蒿(Artemisia gmelinii)、茭蒿(Artemisia giralii)、达乌里胡枝子(Lespedeza davurica)、阿尔泰狗哇花(Heteropappus altaicus)、猪毛蒿(Artemisia scoparia)、蒙古蒿(Artemisia mongolica)的根茎进行广泛采样,在测量其根直径、抗拉力、抗拉强度、茎直径、抗弯强度和刚度、木质素和纤维素含量等指标的基础上,探讨了植物根茎力学特性。结果表明:根系直径与抗拉力呈显著的正相关关系,与抗拉强度呈显著的负相关关系,且均可用幂函数进行拟合;随着茎的直径增长抗弯刚度不断加强、抗弯强度趋于稳定;猪毛蒿茎平均直径、最大抗压力和抗弯刚度较其他物种大;达乌里胡枝子的茎抗弯刚度较小,根系抗拉强度和茎抗弯强度却最大;抗弯强度与木质素含量、纤维素含量和纤维素/木质素均具有显著的相关关系。     

土石山区护坡草本植物根系抗拉力学特性

为了解山西省土石山区护坡植物的根系抗拉力学特性,对比选择最适宜的水土保持物种.对其边坡上黑麦草(Lolium perenne L.)、香根草(Vetiveria zizanioides L.)、百喜草(Paspalum notatum Flugge)3种护坡植物的根系开展抗拉力学试验,研究3种植物根系最大抗拉力、极限抗拉强度以及弹性模量随直径及根长大小变化的规律.研究结果显示:根长一定时,3种植物的最大抗拉力随直径的增加而增加,单根极限抗拉强度随根系直径的增大而减小;而直径一定时,根系最大抗拉力和极限抗拉强度随根系长度的增大而减小;弹性模量值随着根径和根长增大呈下降的趋势.3种植物根系平均最大抗拉力关系为:香根草(16.258 N)＞黑麦草(11.734N)＞百喜草(4.891 N);平均极限抗拉强度关系为:百喜草(116.226 MPa)＞黑麦草(50.839 MPa)＞香根草(49.650MPa);平均弹性模量分别为:百喜草(20.392 MPa/mm)＞香根草(3.257 MPa/mm)＞黑麦草(3.245 MPa/mm).结果表明这3种植物中百喜草根系的固土能力最好,在选择最为适宜的水土保持物种时可优先考虑.研究结果可为土石山区水土保持研究提供一定的科学依据.     

基于两种计算模型的油松与元宝枫根系固土效能分析

[目的]定量分析北方常见植物(油松、元宝枫)根系对提高土壤抗剪能力的作用,为更好地评价植物根系固土效能提供理论基础。[方法]选取不同根系面积比(RAR)的油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)根土复合体、元宝枫(Acer truncatum)根土复合体及素土分别进行了不同垂直压力下的直剪试验,得出了油松根土复合体、元宝枫根土复合体及素土的抗剪强度增量。并通过根系的拉伸试验测定了植物根系的抗拉强度,同时使用Wu的根土复合体模型和Pollen的纤维束模型对抗剪强度增量进行模拟并与实际测定的抗剪强度增量进行对比分析。[结果](1)根系主要通过增强土壤的黏聚力来增强土壤的抗剪切强度;(2)植物根系抗拉强度、拔出强度与根系直径都符合幂函数关系,抗拉强度和拔出强度大小存在阈值,根系大于2mm时,根系拔出强度小于根系抗拉强度,小于2mm时则反之;(3)Wu的根土复合体模型高估植物根系固土效果值平均为26.81%,而纤维束模型对根系提高土壤抗剪强度则平均高估9.82%。[结论]相对于Wu模型,纤维束模型对土壤的固土效果的计算更为准确。     

黄土高原高速公路护坡植物根系分布及力学特性研究

以黄土高原裸露边坡防护应用最广泛的4种护坡植物为研究对象,测定根系在土体中的垂直分布规律及根系抗拉、原状土体抗压和抗崩解等力学指标。结果表明:(1)0-50cm土层根系生物量的大小排序为:黑麦草小冠花早熟禾白三叶,且主要集中于0-30cm土层中;(2)根系抗拉力的大小顺序依次为:白三叶小冠花早熟禾黑麦草,且根系极限抗拉强度与直径呈显著的幂函数负相关关系,决定系数均大于0.900 0(P0.05);(3)根-土复合体抗压强度禾本科植物(须根系)大于豆科植物(直根系),顺序大小为:黑麦草早熟禾白三叶小冠花;植物比根长与根-土复合体抗压性成正相关,但没有显著相关性;土层深度与土体的抗压性成显著正相关(P0.05);(4)土层深度和土层中根系含量是影响土体崩解速率的主要因子,随土层深度的增加,崩解速率降低,无根土的崩解速率均大于有根土,土壤中根系比根长和崩解速率呈显著线性负相关(P0.05);4种植物抗压强度大小依次为:黑麦草早熟禾白三叶小冠花;崩解速率大小依次为:白三叶小冠花早熟禾黑麦草。综上所述,禾本科植物护坡能力强于豆科植物,但豆科植物适应性更强,采取禾本科-豆科混播方式护坡效益更好。     

尖萼金丝桃根系对边坡土体抗剪强度的影响

[目的]探讨根系单根抗拉拔强度对边坡土体抗剪强度的影响,定量分析根系对边坡土体抗剪强度的增强作用,为评价植物根系增强边坡土体抗剪切性能提供依据。[方法]以2 a生尖萼金丝桃根系及其组成的根土复合体为研究对象,分别进行室内单根拉拔试验和根土复合体剪切试验,获得根系的抗拉强度及根土复合体试样黏聚力值;在此基础上分析根系抗拉强度与根土复合体黏聚力值之间的关系。[结果]尖萼金丝桃根系抗拉强度与根系直径存在负向幂函数关系,相关性系数均大于0.92;根系拉拔位移、抗拉拔力均与根系直径呈正相关关系,拉拔位移与抗拉拔力之间也表现为显著正相关关系;抗拉强度与根系直径、拉拔位移、抗拉拔力两两之间均呈负相关关系;根土复合体的黏聚力相较于无根素土均有不同程度的增长,增幅达17.25%～94.76%,黏聚力、黏聚力增长率均与根土面积比、根土体积比呈正相关关系。[结论]尖萼金丝桃根系拉拔特征对边坡土体抗剪强度产生显著的影响,边坡土体抗剪切性能评价指标与根系拉拔特征变化密切相关。     

内蒙古中西部3种乡土植物根系抗拉力学特性的对比研究

[目的]研究内蒙古中西部地区3种乡土植物种根系的抗拉机理,为该区水土保持的树种选择提供依据。[方法]以内蒙古中西部地区3种常见植物柠条、沙棘和紫花苜蓿根系为对象,进行室内单根瞬时极限拉伸试验研究。[结果](1)3种植物单根极限抗拉力随着直径的增加而增大,单根极限抗拉强度随直径的增加均呈幂函数递减。(2)当直径在0.19mm~2.89mm范围内相同径级时,3种植物单根极限抗拉强度和弹性模量均值大小顺序相同,依次为:柠条沙棘紫花苜蓿,3种植物根径≤0.5mm的细根具有较大的极限抗拉强度和弹性模量;(3)同一树种当根系直径相同时,土壤含水率高则其单根平均极限抗拉强度小。[结论]根系的力学特性与形态结构特征的结合,是选择适宜的水土保持树种非常重要的因素。从根系抗拉性能方面评价3种植物根系固土抗蚀能力大小则柠条优于沙棘和紫花苜蓿。     

植物协同微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀对铜尾矿的固化效果

为探讨微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀技术(microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation, MICP)和植物技术对污染矿区的固化效果。利用纺锤型赖氨酸芽孢杆菌(Lysinibacillus fusiformis)、碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)、红砂(Reamuria songarica)开展干旱半干旱高风蚀区尾矿污染固化试验。通过植物根系拉力及根—土复合体抗剪强度表征污染矿区响应效果。结果表明:MICP处理后红砂、碱蓬2种植物根系抗拉力分别增加59.9%,19.7%,抗拉强度分别降低7.4%,22.5%。较MICP处理前,100 kPa下红砂、碱蓬复合体抗剪强度分别提高62.7%,45.9%;200 kPa下分别提高130%,122%;300 kPa下分别提高26.8%,30.6%。胶结后,红砂、碱蓬根系中的半纤维素、纤维素、木质素的含量显著增加(p＜0.05),红砂根系分别增加64%,74%,153%;碱蓬根系分别增加24%,46%,95%。综上,MICP协同植被为干旱半干旱高风蚀尾矿区污染修复提供高效途径,研究结果对实现矿区自然环境改善,加速矿区的生态修复具有重大意义。     

Effect of chemical composition on the release of nitrogen from agricultural plant materials decomposing in soil under field conditions

Summary In two field experiments, plant materials labelled with ¹⁵N were buried separately within mesh bags in soil, which was subsequently sown with barley. In the first experiment, different parts of white clover (Trifolium repens), red clover (T. pratense), subterranean clover (T. subterraneum), field bean (Vicia faba), and timothy (Phleum pratense) were used, and in the second, parts of subterranean clover of different maturity. The plant materials were analysed for their initial concentrations of total N, ¹⁵N, C, ethanol-soluble compounds, starch, hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin, and ash. After the barley had been harvested, the bags were collected and analysed for their total N and ¹⁵N. In the first experiment the release of N was highest from white clover stems + petioles (86%) and lowest from field bean roots (20%). In stepwise regression analysis, the release of N was explained best by the initial concentrations of lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, and N (listed according to decreasing partial correlations). Although the C/N ratio of the plant materials varied widely (11–46), statistically the release of N was not significantly correlated with this variable. The results of the second experiment using subterranean clover of different maturity confirmed those of the first experiment.     

青藏高原东北部4种灌木主根和侧根抗拉力学特性比较

[目的]开展青藏高原东北部黄土区4种灌木植物主根和侧根抗拉力学强度试验,探讨主根和侧根抗拉力学特性关系,为深入研究植物根系固土护坡力学机理提供参考。[方法]选取西宁盆地长岭沟流域作为研究区,对生长期为3 a的柠条锦鸡儿(Caragana korshinskii)、中宁枸杞(Lycium chinense)、白刺(Nitraria tangutorum)和霸王(Sarcozygium xanthoxylon)4种优势灌木主根和侧根进行室内单根拉伸试验,确定其主根和侧根抗拉力、抗拉强度和杨氏模量及其与根径之间的关系;在此基础上,进一步分析了4种灌木主根和侧根根径、抗拉力、抗拉强度和杨氏模量之间的关系。[结果]柠条锦鸡儿、中宁枸杞、白刺和霸王主根抗拉力分别为侧根的28.45,13.21,11.01,7.35倍,主根抗拉强度分别为侧根的0.67,1.17,0.68,1.22倍,主根杨氏模量分别为侧根的2.00,2.39,2.82,2.48倍。[结论] 4种灌木植物主根抗拉力均显著大于侧根;柠条锦鸡儿和白刺主根抗拉强度小于侧根,而中宁枸杞和霸王主根抗拉强度大于侧根;4种灌木植物主根杨氏模量显著大于侧根,说明其主根相对于侧根不易发生形变,对边坡浅层稳定性贡献亦显著于侧根。     

Distribution of Accumulated Aluminum and Changes in Cell Wall Polysaccharides in Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Melaleuca cajuputi under Aluminum Stress

Distribution of aluminum (Al) within plant components and Al-induced changes in cell wall polysaccharides in root tips of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. seedlings were compared with those of Melaleuca cajuputi Powell. In E. camaldulensis, 0.5 mM Al (pH 4.2 for 40 d) reduced plant dry weight by 50%, increased callose concentration in the root tips and induced leaf necrosis. In comparison with M. cajuputi, Al concentrations were higher in roots and leaves of E. camaldulensis on both a fresh weight basis and in the cell sap, but were lower in the cell wall. Al increased pectin, hemicellulose and cellulose concentration in the cell walls of E. camaldulensis root tips. Al-induced leaf necrosis and growth reduction in E. camaldulensis is discussed in the context of potentially toxic concentrations of Al in plant tissue and changes in polysaccharide content which could reduce water and nutrient uptake and cell wall extensibility in roots.     

Biological effects of native and exotic plant residues on plant growth, microbial biomass and N availability under controlled conditions

The leaf litter of six tropical tree species (Acacia holosericea, Acacia tortilis, Azadirachta indica, Casuarina equisetifolia, Cordyla pinnata and Faidherbia albida) frequently used in agroforestry plantations in Sahelian and Soudano-Sahelian areas were tested for their influence on soil nitrogen content, microbial biomass and plant growth under controlled greenhouse conditions. Half of the soil was planted with onion (Allium cepa L.) seedlings and the other half was not. Two herbaceous species, Andropogon gayanus and Eragrostis tremula, were also studied. Co-inertia analysis (CIA) and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) analysis showed that C. pinnata and F. albida leaf powder amendment induced the highest plant growth, whereas leaf powder of E. tremula is associated to higher microbial biomass and NH₄⁺ content. Higher onion seedlings growth is associated with higher concentration of nitrogen and lignin in leaf powders. Conversely, lower plant growth is associated to higher rates of cellulose, hemicellulose and phenols in leaves. Higher rates of cellulose and hemicellulose are associated with higher microbial biomass and NH₄⁺, whereas phenols are associated to lower microbial biomass. The results showed that amendment of A. holosericea leaf powder (high concentrations of phenol) to the soil resulted in a lower microbial biomass and lower onion seedlings growth. Data showed that the plant residue quality index (PRQI) could be a useful tool to predict the effects of litter materials on root growth in glasshouse conditions. The highest values on soil and plant parameters were recorded with C. pinnata litter. While powdered leaf material increased the accessibility of substrates to microbes, more research with C. pinnata leaf litter (under a wider range of ecological conditions) is needed. It could add deeper on its agronomic impact in the tropics.     

Evaluating soil reinforcement by plant roots using artificial neural networks

Soil reinforcement by plant roots and its response to influencing factors are very important for bank stability evaluation and control. Models with improved accuracy are urgently needed for evaluating soil reinforcement. Using a back‐propagation (BP) learning algorithm, an artificial neural network (ANN) model with five input variables, including the number of roots, root area ratio, root tensile strength, soil shear strength, and soil moisture content, was developed to simulate the response of soil reinforcement to these factors. A connection weight approach was used to understand the relative importance of each factor. Using a data set published in 2003 and collected in Australia, soil reinforcement of four trees, Casuarina glauca, Eucalyptus amplifolia, Eucalyptus elata and Acacia floribunda, was simulated using three models: BP‐ANN, one described by Wu et al. in 1979 and the 2005 fibre bundle model (FBM) of Pollen and Simon. Comparisons of results from these models showed that the BP‐ANN model most accurately estimated the soil reinforcement. The simulated results indicated that only the effect of soil moisture content on soil reinforcement was negative. The influence of the other four factors was positive, and the relative importance was in the order: root area ratio > root tensile strength > the number of roots > soil shear strength. This study provides a new approach to soil reinforcement estimation and improves our understanding of soil resistance and bank stability.