基于路径分析的土壤性质与硒形态的关系

选择我国15种不同类型土壤,采用连续浸提法测定了土壤中硒的形态,并以Amos18.0路径分析法研究了土壤理化性质对土壤硒形态的影响。结果表明,除江西红壤(水田和旱田)和黑龙江黑土中硒主要是以残渣态存在外,其余土壤中硒主要以有机结合态为主,可溶态硒仅占土壤硒总量的0.4%～14.6%。土壤可交换态及碳酸盐结合态、有机结合态和残渣态硒含量间呈显著正相关(p<0.01),而可溶态和铁锰氧化物结合态硒含量与其他形态硒含量间无显著相关。路径分析表明,土壤有机质含量对铁锰氧化物结合态硒有负影响作用,而对其他四形态硒均为正影响作用。无定形铁含量对可溶态硒含量无影响作用,但对其他四形态硒的正影响作用大于有机质含量的。除可溶态硒外,土壤有机质和无定形铁含量分别对有机结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态硒的影响最大。pH和黏粒分别通过对土壤有机质和无定形铁的负和正作用而影响硒形态。有机质和无定形铁对硒在土壤中的分配起直接决定作用,而pH和黏粒也是不可忽略的影响因素。     

祁连山南坡农田土壤碳氮含量垂直分布特征及其影响因素

[目的] 分析农田生态系统土壤碳氮与土壤理化性质的关系,为高寒地区合理利用土地资源提供理论借鉴。[方法] 在祁连山中段南坡选取具有代表性的农田样地共19个,结合野外采样及室内试验,运用回归、通径分析等方法对研究区农田土壤全碳含量（TC）,全氮含量（TN）与有机碳含量（SOC）,含水量（SWC）,土壤容重（ρ_b）,粒度（黏粒、粉砂、砂粒）,pH值等土壤理化性质的关系进行研究。[结果] ①研究区土壤全碳含量、全氮含量随土层的加深而减少,有表聚现象,平均含量分别为35.47,2.41 g/kg。②随着土层的加深,土壤有机碳、含水量、黏粒和粉粒含量减少;土壤容重、pH值和砂粒含量增大。③土壤理化性质因子之间相互联系,共同影响土壤碳氮含量。土壤全碳含量、全氮含量之间直接作用显著,土壤容重对土壤全碳含量产生直接作用效应,土壤含水量通过土壤全氮含量对土壤全碳含量产生间接正效应;土壤粉粒、黏粒含量对土壤全氮含量产生直接作用效应,土壤pH值通过土壤粉粒,黏粒含量对土壤全氮含量产生间接负效应。[结论] 祁连山南坡农田土壤比较肥沃,其土壤全氮含量及有机质含量处于较高水平,可为研究区植被生长提供较为充足的土壤养分。在当前耕作水平下,土壤全氮含量及含水量的增加有利于土壤全碳含量的积累。土壤全碳含量、黏粒及含水量的增加有利于土壤全氮含量的积累。     

土壤性质对土壤–水稻系统中硒迁移的影响

采集浙江省北部水稻种植区成熟期水稻和对应的土壤样品,分析土壤中硒(Se)总量和7种形态Se的含量以及水稻根、茎、叶、谷各部位的Se含量。结果表明:研究区土壤Se平均含量0.344 mg/kg,达到中Se土壤水平,并且与土壤有机质含量呈显著正相关。7种Se形态中,强有机结合态和腐植酸结合态是主要的两种形态,占Se全量的75.92%;离子交换态、水溶态的含量在1.7%左右;碳酸盐结合态为3.2%。水稻根部富集了大部分的Se(73%),其各部位中Se含量随根、叶、茎、谷的顺序依次减少。将土壤按有机质和p H的大小进行分区分析后发现,当有机质含量小于25 g/kg时,土壤铁锰氧化物结合态Se与水稻根部Se呈显著正相关;当有机质含量大于35 g/kg时,土壤铁锰氧化物结合态Se与谷Se呈显著正相关;当p H7时,碳酸盐态Se与谷Se呈显著负相关。水溶态Se和离子交换态Se与水稻各部位Se含量之间并未呈现明显的相关性。水稻各器官Se含量受土壤p H、有机质含量、各形态Se含量等土壤性质的交互作用影响。     

杉木人工林土壤系统有机碳相关变量的通径分析

为了评价土壤性质对土壤有机碳含量的影响,运用通径分析方法研究了江西大岗山杉木人工林下土壤有机碳含量与土壤性质的关系。结果表明:在杉木人工林的整个发育过程中,土壤有机碳含量和土壤各性质表现出明显的规律性变化;土壤性质通过直接作用和间接作用共同影响着土壤有机碳的含量和分解转化方向,但不同土壤性质的影响机理不同。在土壤系统中,碱解氮量、细菌数量和真菌数量以及它们的共同作用决定了土壤有机碳含量的大部分变异,是影响土壤有机碳含量变化的主导因素,有效磷含量和放线菌数量由于直接正效应和间接负效应相抵,因而对土壤有机碳含量的决定程度较小,总孔隙度和速效钾含量对有机碳含量虽也表现出一定的直接效应影响,但影响程度较低;和简单相关或多元回归分析方法相比,通径分析能更加客观和全面地评价土壤性质对土壤有机碳含量的影响作用。     

不同退耕年限下菜子湖湿地土壤Cu和Zn形态特征

以安庆市菜子湖不同退耕还湖年限(3 a,5 a,7 a,9 a,11 a,21 a)的湿地、仍耕油菜地和原始湿地土壤为研究对象,研究不同退耕年限下湿地土壤重金属Cu和Zn的各赋存形态变化特征。结果表明:退耕后湿地土壤Tot-Zn和Tot-Cu含量随退耕年限增加而呈增加趋势;土壤Cu和Zn的各赋存形态分布比率不同,但均以残渣态含量为主,残渣态Cu、Zn分别占总含量的42.55%~62.40%和40.75%~71.18%;土壤Cu和Zn各赋存形态含量大小的顺序分别为:残渣态(RES-Cu:10.11~19.86 mg kg-1)>有机结合态(OM-Cu:4.40~12.07 mg kg-1)>铁锰氧化态(RED-Cu:2.24~6.94 mg kg-1)>碳酸盐结合态(CARB-Cu:0.65~1.99 mg kg-1)>可交换态(EXC-Cu:0.03~0.41 mg kg-1)和残渣态(RES-Zn:12.79~27.71 mg kg-1)>铁锰氧化态(RED-Zn:5.37~23.27 mg kg-1)>有机结合态(OM-Zn:2.49~8.31 mg kg-1)>可交换态(EXC-Zn:0.02~4.95 mg kg-1)>碳酸盐结合态(CARB-Zn:0.00~2.87 mg kg-1);随着退耕年限增加湿地土壤Cu和Zn各个形态变化趋势存在差异,讨论结果表明退耕还湖后湿地淹水条件和植被恢复状况改变,导致湿地土壤理化性质变化,进而影响了湿地土壤Cu和Zn的形态组分、总量及生物有效性。     

土壤磷有效性及其与土壤性质关系的研究

选取我国14个不同地点土样,测定理化性质、全磷、速效磷、水溶性磷含量,采用通径分析研究土壤磷有效性与土壤性质的关系。结果表明,土壤磷有效性是各个土壤性质综合作用的结果。土壤CEC、有机碳、粘粒、砂粒、碳酸钙含量对土壤速效磷比例影响显著,土壤CEC、粘粒、砂粒含量对土壤速效磷比例贡献为正值,而土壤有机碳对土壤速效磷比例贡献为负值;土壤pH和CEC含量对土壤水溶性磷含量影响显著,土壤pH对水溶性磷比例贡献为正值,土壤CEC对土壤水溶性磷比例贡献为负值。本文所选土样基本符合土壤磷有效性与土壤性质之间通径分析的结果。     

苏南经济快速发展区土壤Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn形态及其有效性定量分析——以昆山市为例

研究了江苏省昆山市农田土壤有效态Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn各形态含量及其有效性。结果表明,土壤重金属Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn各形态含量以残渣态有机质结合态铁锰氧化物结合态碳酸盐结合态、可交换态,残渣态含量明显高于其他形态。Cu和Pb有机质结合态所占比例相对也较高,分别达36.09%和28.30%。土壤可交换态含量、碳酸盐结合态含量、Fe-Mn氧化物结合态含量及残渣态含量均以Zn最高;土壤有机质结合态含量以Cu最高;土壤可交换态含量变异系数、土壤碳酸盐结合态含量变异系数及土壤Fe-Mn氧化物结合态含量变异系数以Ni为最大;土壤有机质结合态含量变异系数以Zn最大;土壤残渣态含量变异系数以Pb最大。土壤铁锰氧化物结合态铜和可交换态铜对土壤有效态铜含量影响最大;土壤可交换态镍含量对土壤有效态镍含量最大;土壤铁锰氧化物结合态铅和有机质结合态铅对土壤有效态铅含量影响最大;土壤可交换态锌和碳酸盐结合态锌对土壤有效态锌含量影响最大。     

江苏省几种低硒土壤中硒的形态分布及生物有效性

利用连续浸提技术研究了江苏省低Se地区 3种土壤 (旱作土和太湖地区水稻土 )的Se含量及其形态分布。结果表明 ,3种土壤Se含量均偏低 ,尤其是长江沉积物发育的砂土属于贫Se土壤。对土壤Se形态分析表明有机物 硫化物结合及元素态Se是这些土壤中Se的主要存在形态 ,其次是残渣态 ,二者之和约占土壤总Se含量的 70 %～ 80 %。 5种形态中 ,除盐酸可提态Se趋向于向犁底层富集外 ,其他几种形态均为耕作层接近或高于犁底层。可溶态Se含量受其他形态Se影响较小 ,受土壤 pH值的影响较大 ;可交换态Se则相反 ,与除可溶态Se外的其他形态和土壤全Se含量均有显著正相关关系 ,但与土壤 pH值和土壤有机质无关。 5种有效Se浸提剂中 ,0.5mol/LNaHCO3浸提的Se与植株含Se量有极显著正相关关系 ,可作为低Se土壤的有效Se浸提剂     

若尔盖高原湿地土壤硒的数量、形态与分布

用连续浸提的方法研究了若尔盖高原4种湿地土壤(风沙土、草甸土、沼泽土和泥炭土)中硒的含量、形态、剖面分布及其影响因素,以期为该区人、畜缺硒症的防治积累科学资料。结果表明,该区土壤属于低硒环境,表层土壤全硒含量范围为65～260μg/kg。在各种形态硒中,水溶性硒仅占土壤全硒含量的1.12%～3.08%,交换态硒占2.91%～6.03%,有机态硒占10.28%～45.63%,酸溶态硒、硫化态硒和残余态硒3种无效态硒共占60%以上。在土壤有机态硒组成中,胡敏酸结合态硒(HA-Se)占有机态硒的57.84%,富里酸结合态硒(FA-Se)占42.16%。土壤总硒和有机态硒的含量与分布主要受土壤有机碳的影响,且其影响程度随着深度的不同而改变,湿地土壤丰富的有机碳有利于土壤有机态硒和总硒的积累。土壤总硒含量低、有机态硒的比例较高以及胡敏酸结合态硒占优势导致硒的生物利用率低,可能是该区域人、畜硒缺乏症发生的重要原因。     

安徽省水稻土中锰形态及其影响因素研究

通过对安徽省不同母质发育的稻田土壤的采样分析,研究了水稻土中不同形态锰含量及其与土壤性质的关系。研究结果表明:供试水稻土全锰含量低于全国平均水平,含量在191.7～805.0 mg kg-1之间,平均为375.0 mg kg-1,有效锰含量平均为25.4 mg kg-1。不同锰形态含量有较大差异,其占全锰比例顺序为残渣态铁锰氧化态有机态、可交换态碳酸盐结合态,Tessier法与BCR法锰形态分级结果有明显的相关性。各形态锰以有机态锰、可交换态锰、碳酸盐结合态锰、铁锰氧化态锰活性较高,与有效锰之间呈现显著或极显著正相关关系。土壤pH值、有机质和粘粒含量是影响土壤锰形态和含量的主要因素。     

Selenium Speciation and Distribution Characteristics in the Rhizosphere Soil of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Seedlings

A five-step sequential extraction procedure was used for the fractionation of selenium (Se) in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils with rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings. Results showed that in rhizosphere soils without the addition of Se, the soluble Se (Sol-Se), exchangeable Se and Se bound to carbonates (Exc-Se), Se bound to organic-sulfide matter and elemental Se (OM-Se), and total Se contents were significantly greater than those in nonrhizosphere soils, whereas the residual Se (Res-Se) was less than that in the nonrhizosphere soils. After the addition of Se, the Sol-Se and OM-Se contents in the rhizosphere soils were still evidently greater than those in nonrhizosphere soils, but the Exc-Se was significantly less in rhizosphere soils than in nonrhizosphere soils. Our overall results suggest that the Se bioavailability in rice rhizosphere soils is greater than that in nonrhizosphere soils. Selenium bioavailability in the rhizosphere soil is not correlated with Se accumulation in rice seedlings.     

Soil organic carbon content and soil structure quality of clayey cropland soils: A large-scale study in the Swiss Jura region

Soil organic carbon (SOC) fashions soil structure, which is a key factor of soil fertility. Existing SOC content recommendations are based on SOC:clay ratio thresholds of >1:10. However, the corresponding SOC content might be considered hard to reach in clayey soils, whose structure degradation risk is assumed to be high. Here, we analysed the SOC content and soil structure quality of soils under similar cropping practices with clay contents ranging from 16% to 52%. Five undisturbed soil cores (5–10 cm layer) were collected from 96 fields at 58 farms in the Swiss Jura region. We assessed the soil structure quality visually using the CoreVESS method. Gravimetric air content and water content, and bulk density at −100 hPa were also measured, and the soil structure degradation index was calculated. We found that the relationship between SOC and clay content held over the clay content range, suggesting that reaching an acceptable SOC:clay ratio is not limited by large clay contents. This suggests that the 1:10 SOC:clay ratio may remain useful for clayey soils. In contrast to what was expected, it is not more challenging to reach this ratio in clayey soils even if it implies reaching very large SOC contents. SOC content explained the considered physical properties better than clay content. From a soil management point of view, these findings suggest that the soil texture determines a potential SOC content, while the SOC:clay ratio is determined by farming practices regardless of the clay content.     

Atypical soil carbon distribution across a tropical steepland forest catena

Soil organic carbon (SOC) in a humid subtropical forest in Puerto Rico is higher at ridge locations compared to valleys, and therefore opposite to what is commonly observed in other forested hillslope catenas. To better understand the spatial distribution of SOC in this system, plots previously characterized by topographic position, vegetation type and stand age were related to soil depth and SOC. Additional factors were also investigated, including topographically-related differences in litter dynamics and soil chemistry. To investigate the influence of litter dynamics, the Century soil organic model was parameterized to simulate the effect of substituting valley species for ridge species. Soil chemical controls on C concentrations were investigated with multiple linear regression models using iron, aluminum and clay variables. Deeper soils were associated with indicators of higher landscape stability (older tabonuco stands established on ridges and slopes), while shallower soils persisted in more disturbed areas (younger non-tabonuco stands in valleys and on slopes). Soil depth alone accounted for 77% of the observed difference in the mean 0 to 60 cm SOC between ridge soils (deeper) and valley soils (shallower). The remaining differences in SOC were due to additional factors that lowered C concentrations at valley locations in the 0 to 10 cm pool. Model simulations showed a slight decrease in SOC when lower litter C:N was substituted for higher litter C:N, but the effects of different woody inputs on SOC were unclear. Multiple linear regression models with ammonium oxalate extractable iron and aluminum, dithionite–citrate-extractable iron and aluminum, and clay contents explained as much as 74% of the variation in C concentrations, and indicated that organo-mineral complexation may be more limited in poorly developed valley soils. Thus, topography both directly and indirectly affects SOC pools through a variety of inter-related processes that are often not quantified or captured in terrestrial carbon models.     

Soil properties influencing erodibility of soils in the Ntabelanga area,Eastern Cape Province,South Africa

Soil erosion has serious off-site impacts caused by increased mobilization of sediment and delivery to water bodies causing siltation and pollution. To evaluate factors influencing soil erodibility at a proposed dam site, 21 soil samples collected were characterized. The soils were analyzed for soil organic carbon (SOC), exchangeable bases, exchangeable acidity, pH, electrical conductivities, mean weight diameter and soil particles’ size distribution. Cation exchange capacity, exchangeable sodium percentage, sodium adsorption ratio, dispersion ratio (DR), clay flocculation index (CFI), clay dispersion ratio (CDR) and Ca:Mg ratio were then calculated. Soil erodibility (K-factor) estimates were determined using SOC content and surface soil properties. Soil loss rates by splashing were determined under rainfall simulations at 360?mmh^?1 rainfall intensity. Soil loss was correlated to the measured chemical and physical soil properties. There were variations in soil form properties and erodibility indices showing influence on soil loss. The average soil erodibility and SOC values were 0.0734?t?MJ^?1?mm^?1 and 0.81%, respectively. SOC decreased with depth and soil loss increased with a decrease in SOC content. SOC significantly influenced soil loss, CDR, CFI and DR (P??1. Addition of organic matter stabilize the soils against erosion.     

Influence of basin‐based conservation agriculture on selected soil quality parameters under smallholder farming in Zimbabwe

The research was carried out to determine the effect of basin‐based conservation agriculture (CA) on selected soil quality parameters. Paired plots (0.01 ha) of CA and conventional tillage based on the animal‐drawn mouldboard plough (CONV) were established between 2004 and 2007 on farm fields on soils with either low (12–18% – sandy loams and sandy clay loams) or high clay levels (>18–46% – sandy clays and clays) as part of an ongoing project promoting CA in six districts in the smallholder farming areas of Zimbabwe. We hypothesized that CA would improve soil organic carbon (SOC), bulk density, aggregate stability, soil moisture retention and infiltration rate. Soil samples for SOC and aggregate stability were taken from 0 to 15 cm depth and for bulk density and soil moisture retention from 0 to 5, 5 to 10 and 10 to 15 cm depths in 2011 from maize plots. Larger SOC contents, SOC stocks and improved aggregate stability, decreased bulk density, increased pore volume and moisture retention were observed in CA treatments. Results were consistent with the hypothesis, and we conclude that CA improves soil quality under smallholder farming. Benefits were, however, greater in high clay soils, which is relevant to the targeting of practices on smallholder farming areas of sub‐Saharan Africa.     

Dissolved and Soil Organic Carbon after Long‐Term Conventional and No‐Tillage Sorghum Cropping

Abstract

Distribution of dissolved (DOC) and soil organic carbon (SOC) with depth may indicate soil and crop‐management effects on subsurface soil C sequestration. The objectives of this study were to investigate impacts of conventional tillage (CT), no tillage (NT), and cropping sequence on the depth distribution of DOC, SOC, and total nitrogen (N) for a silty clay loam soil after 20 years of continuous sorghum cropping. Conventional tillage consisted of disking, chiseling, ridging, and residue incorporation into soil, while residues remained on the soil surface for NT. Soil was sampled from six depth intervals ranging from 0 to 105 cm. Tillage effects on DOC and total N were primarily observed at 0–5 cm, whereas cropping sequence effects were observed to 55 cm. Soil organic carbon (C) was higher under NT than CT at 0–5 cm but higher under CT for subsurface soils. Dissolved organic C, SOC, and total N were 37, 36, and 66%, respectively, greater under NT than CT at 0–5 cm, and 171, 659, and 837% greater at 0–5 than 80–105 cm. The DOC decreased with each depth increment and averaged 18% higher under a sorghum–wheat–soybean rotation than a continuous sorghum monoculture. Both SOC and total N were higher for sorghum–wheat–soybean than continuous sorghum from 0–55 cm. Conventional tillage increased SOC and DOC in subsurface soils for intensive crop rotations, indicating that assessment of C in subsurface soils may be important for determining effects of tillage practices and crop rotations on soil C sequestration.     

Changes in soil aggregate‐associated enzyme activities and nutrients under long‐term chemical fertilizer applications in a phosphorus‐limited paddy soil

Paddy soils in subtropical China are usually deficient in phosphorus (P) and require regular application of chemical fertilizers. This study evaluated the effects of chemical fertilizers on the distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (N) and available P, and on the activity of the associated enzymes in bulk soil and aggregates. Surface soils (0–20 cm) were collected from a 24‐yr‐old field experiment with five treatments: unfertilized control (CK), N only (N), N and potassium (NK), N and P (NP), and N, P and K (NPK). Undisturbed bulk soils were separated into >2, 1–2, 0.25–1, 0.053–0.25 and <0.053 mm aggregate classes using wet sieving. Results showed that both NP‐ and NPK‐treated soils significantly increased mean weight diameter of aggregates, SOC, available P in bulk soil and aggregates, as compared to CK. Most SOC and total N adhered to macro‐aggregates (>0.25 mm), which accounted for 64–81% of SOC and 54–82% of total N in bulk soil. The activities of invertase and acid phosphatase in the 1–2 mm fraction were the highest under NPK treatment. The highest activity of urease was observed in the <0.053 mm fraction under NP treatment. Soil organic carbon and available P were major contributors to variation of enzyme activities at the aggregate scale. In conclusion, application of NP or NPK fertilizers promoted the formation of soil aggregates, nutrient contents and activities of associated enzymes in P‐limited paddy soils, and thus enhanced soil quality.     

土壤矿物吸附和土壤团聚体对土壤有机碳含量的影响研究

Soil organic carbon (SOC) can act as a sink or source of atmospheric carbon dioxide; therefore, it is important to understand the amount and composition of SOC in terrestrial ecosystems, the spatial variation in SOC, and the underlying mechanisms that stabilize SOC. In this study, density fractionation and acid hydrolysis were used to assess the spatial variation in SOC, the heavy fraction of organic carbon (HFOC), and the resistant organic carbon (ROC) in soils of the southern Hulunbeier region, northeastern China, and to identify the major factors that contribute to this variation. The results showed that as the contents of clay and silt particles (0--50 μm) increased, both methylene blue (MB) adsorption by soil minerals and microaggregate contents increased in the 0--20 and 20--40 cm soil layers (P < 0.05). Although varying with vegetation types, SOC, HFOC, and ROC contents increased significantly with the content of clay and silt particles, MB adsorption by soil minerals, and microaggregate content (P < 0.05), suggesting that soil texture, the MB adsorption by soil minerals and microaggregate abundance might be important factors influencing the spatial heterogeneity of carbon contents in soils of the southern Hulunbeier region.     

Extractable lipid contents and colour in particle-size separates and bulk arable soils

Chemical alteration of plant biomass to soil organic matter is often accompanied by characteristic trends, e.g. with decreasing particle size and increasing depth organic carbon and nitrogen concentrations and stable carbon isotope values (δ¹³C) often increase. In agricultural soils, systematic studies of soil organic carbon (SOC) distribution in bulk soils and particle‐size separates of depth profiles are scarce. In this study, three soil profiles from one site with different monoculture crops were analysed for organic carbon and nitrogen concentrations, stable carbon isotopes, bulk extractable lipids, and soil colour. In contrast to most previous observations, stable carbon isotope values were constant over soil depth and within particle‐size separates, probably as a result of little biomass input due to the harvesting techniques applied and the presence of fossil carbon. Bulk extractable lipids contributed 1–10% to the total SOC. Significantly more lipids could be extracted from rye‐ than from maize‐derived SOC. Lipid yields normalized to soil mass increased with decreasing particle size and decreased with depth. When normalized to organic carbon concentration, sand‐size fractions had the largest lipid yields. Soil colour, expressed as Munsell values, was lightest in sand‐ and silt‐size separates. A cross‐plot of Munsell values and their SOC concentrations revealed characteristic, non‐overlapping areas for each particle‐size class and the bulk soils. Clay‐size separates and bulk soils were almost identical in Munsell values, although for clay‐size separates SOC concentrations were much larger than for bulk soils. Thus, the SOC‐rich clay‐size separates exerted the dominant influence on the colour of the bulk soils. Determination of colour and extractable lipid contents could be useful additional parameters for soil characterization.