毛乌素沙地南缘沙丘生物土壤结皮发育特征

生物土壤结皮广泛分布于干旱和半干旱区,它的形成和发育对荒漠生态系统生态修复过程产生重要的影响。采用野外调查、测定和室内分析相结合的方法,对毛乌素沙地南缘沙丘生物土壤结皮发育特征进行研究。结果表明:不同地貌部位生物土壤结皮的厚度、各类型结皮盖度、机械组成和结皮及其下层剖面土壤容重均发生不同程度的变化。生物土壤结皮的发育对不同地貌部位具有一定的选择性,丘顶微生物结皮少量分布,迎风坡以浅灰色的藻类结皮为主,背风坡以黑褐色的藻类结皮为主,丘间地以苔藓结皮为主。不同地貌部位结皮层微生物总数存在较大差异。不同发育阶段生物土壤结皮的优势成分不同,表现出明显的阶段性特点,其形成和发育是生物过程和非生物过程的统一。     

不同生境对人工结皮发育及表土氮、磷含量及其代谢酶活性的影响

土壤生物结皮对于改善荒漠地区的生态环境和土壤的增肥改良具有重要作用.本研究以库布齐沙漠固定沙丘(迎风坡、坡顶、背风坡和丘间地)披碱草和沙蒿群落下长期发育(8年生)的人工藻结皮为研究对象,测定不同生境下人工结皮对表层土壤氮、磷元素含量以及相关土壤酶活性的影响.结果表明,在不同立地条件下,沙丘顶部结皮叶绿素a和土壤可溶磷含量最高,分别为4.24 mg/g和2.926 mg/kg.丘间地结皮层土壤碱性磷酸酶活性、总磷含量及脲酶活性为最高,迎风坡结皮生物量和土壤碱解氮、速效磷含量以及土壤酶活性明显高于背风坡结皮层土壤.在相同立地条件下,披碱草下结皮生物量、碱解氮、速效磷含量和脲酶及碱性磷酸酶活性显著高于沙蒿下的结皮土壤.本研究表明生境的差异性导致人工结皮发育程度不同,进而对表土氮、磷含量及其代谢酶产生不同影响,人工生物结皮的发育程度与表土氮磷素含量及其代谢酶活性之间存在显著相关性.不同植被群落对生物结皮发育具有不同的作用,披碱草对人工生物结皮影响的正效应高于沙蒿.     

黄土高原典型生物结皮对坡面产流产沙过程的影响

[目的] 明确不同类型生物结皮坡面产流产沙过程及其影响因素，为评价生物结皮的水土保持功能提供理论依据。[方法] 选取黄土高原常见藻结皮和苔藓结皮为研究对象，系统研究降雨条件下结皮类型及破坏前后对坡面产流产沙的影响。[结果] ①生物结皮可显著增强土壤黏结力，藻结皮和苔藓结皮土壤黏结力是裸地（4.53 kPa）的1.52倍和1.25倍，结皮破坏后其土壤黏结力仍高于裸地，分别是裸地的1.22，1.10倍；②生物结皮可以增加坡面产流，抑制坡面产沙。藻结皮和苔藓结皮产流量分别增加了21.64%和55.75%，产沙量分别减少了94.06%和89.24%。结皮破坏后，产流量分别增加了58.76%和59.66%，产沙量分别减少了16.18%和29.45%，仍可促进产流，抑制产沙；③随累积径流量的增加，累积产沙量增长速度由大到小依次为：裸地 > 藻结皮去除 > 苔藓结皮去除 > 苔藓结皮覆盖 > 藻结皮覆盖。黏结力是表征生物结皮抑制土壤侵蚀的有效指标。随黏结力的增大，产沙量呈线性降低（R²=0.66）。[结论] 增加生物结皮覆盖并有效防止生物结皮被破坏，可最大程度发挥其水土保持功能。     

毛乌素沙地油蒿群落生物结皮的分布特征

为研究毛乌素沙地油蒿群落中生物结皮分布状况,根据放牧强度选取沙利(禁牧)、陶利(轻度放牧)和乌审召(正常放牧)3个试验点,分别调查了油蒿群落中固定沙地和半固定沙地植被盖度、油蒿盖度、生物结皮盖度、凋落物盖度、生物结皮破碎度、生物结皮厚度等指标。结果表明,毛乌素沙地油蒿群落中固定沙地生物结皮平均盖度为83.74%,半固定沙地生物结皮平均盖度为23.54%;油蒿群落中半固定沙地生物结皮绝大部分是处于初期发育阶段的藻结皮,而固定沙地苔藓和地衣结皮所占比例接近总盖度的1/2;半固定沙地大多数处于初期发育阶段的生物结皮受上层植被的影响更大;轻度放牧干扰对油蒿群落固定沙地生物结皮盖度和厚度的影响均不显著,而正常的放牧干扰会导致生物结皮盖度显著下降;半固定沙地生物结皮对放牧干扰的影响更为敏感,即使是轻微的放牧干扰,也会产生与正常放牧干扰相当的效果。     

库姆塔格沙漠沙丘的粒度特征

通过两次野外实地调查取样和室内分析,结果表明:库姆塔格沙漠中沙丘形态丰富多样,金字塔(星形)沙丘、线形沙垄、格状沙丘、羽毛状沙丘在这里都有分布。组成金字塔沙丘、线形沙垄、格状沙丘、羽毛状沙丘羽轴的沙粒中0.25~0.063 mm颗粒占绝大多数,其次是0.5~0.25 mm和1~0.5 mm的颗粒,形成羽毛状沙丘羽枝的颗粒在暗带以2~0.5 mm的颗粒为主,在明带以0.5~0.063 mm的颗粒为主,各沙丘沙粒的分选性较好。由于各自形成地形、气候等条件的差异,各沙丘类型沙粒粒径在沙丘不同部位都有各自的特点。金字塔沙丘东北坡沙粒粒径从顶部到基部保持一致,南坡和西北坡从顶部到基部沙粒逐渐变粗;线形沙垄除西南坡基部较粗外,其它部位沙粒粒径分布一致;格状沙丘格子外部坡面沙粒相对格子内部坡面的同一部位沙粒要粗;新月形沙丘基部和顶部沙粒较粗,而中部颗粒较细;羽毛状沙丘“羽轴”沙粒分布与新月形沙丘相似,“羽枝”由较粗和较细沙粒含量高低间隔分布形成。     

毛乌素沙地植被类型对生物结皮及其下伏土壤养分的影响

为了解旱区荒漠生物结皮的养分效应及其同植被灌丛间的关系,研究以毛乌素沙地广泛分布的苔藓、藻结皮为对象,选取4类典型植被样地,深入探讨了植被对生物结皮及其下伏土壤的养分分布的影响。结果表明:(1)沙蒿植被冠层下的藻结皮及其下伏土壤的全氮、全磷、有机质含量显著高于植被冠层间,沙柳、柠条群落则为植被冠层下的相应值显著低于植被冠层间(p0.05)。(2)沙蒿、沙柳、柠条3种群落的生物结皮及下伏土壤养分含量均随土层加深逐渐降低,而草地则表现为5—10 cm土层的土壤养分显著高于上层土壤;苔藓结皮的全氮、有机质表现为:柠条草地沙柳沙蒿,苔藓结皮的全磷以及藻结皮的养分含量均表现为:草地柠条沙蒿沙柳。(3)总体上,各类型植被下的苔藓及藻结皮均能够显著增加表层0—10 cm土壤的养分含量,且苔藓结皮的养分富集作用优于藻结皮。     

毛乌素沙地南缘沙丘生物结皮及下层沉积物理化性质的研究

为定量研究我国半干旱沙区生物结皮及下层沉积物的理化性质特征,对毛乌素沙地南缘沙区生物结皮及下层沉积物理化性质进行了测定.结果表明:(1)生物结皮层细颗粒物含量随生物结皮的发育呈增加的趋势;(2)结皮及下层(0-20 cm)沉积物容重随生物结皮的发育呈减少的趋势;(3)不同类型生物结皮下层(0-30 cm)沉积物机械组成有差异,呈苔藓结皮下层沉积物中细颗粒含量最高,黑褐色藻结皮次之,浅灰色藻结皮最少的特点;(4)生物结皮层有机质、全氮、全磷含量和pH值随生物结皮的发育呈增加的趋势;(5)不同类型生物结皮下层(0-20 cm)沉积物中有机质和全氮含量呈减少的趋势,全磷、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量的垂直变化规律不明显.     

沙柳方格沙障对土壤种子库的影响

以流动沙丘上设置7年的沙柳方格沙障为研究对象,对不同部位沙障内不同点位的土壤种子库进行研究。结果表明:沙障具有拦截植物种子和补充土壤种子库的作用,不同沙丘部位沙障内植物种组成与种子库密度不同,水平分布表现为迎风坡下部>中上部>中部>顶部,背风坡密度为0,垂直分布则随土层深度的增加而明显减少;不同部位沙障内种子库的生物多样性指数均呈迎风坡中上部>下部>中部>顶部的变化趋势,其土壤种子库种类组成中等相似,且相邻部位沙障内种子库组成的相似性较高,间隔部位的相似性系数较小;沙障内不同点位的种子库组成及密度分布不同,种子库密度的空间分布在沿风向方向(沙障西北角到东南角对角线上的A、B、C、D、E 5个点位)与垂直于风向方向(沙障障格内部北边中心F与南边中心G)的大小顺序为沙障西北角(A)>距西北角1/4处(B)>障格内部北边中点(F)>沙障东南角(E)>障格内部南边中点(G)>距东南角1/4处(D)>对角线的中点(C),且在障格内形成2个密度分布较大区和2个密度分布较小区;不同点位除Margalet丰富度指数外,其余指标均表现为障格内部南边中点(G)>沙障西北角(A)>距西北角1/4处(B)>对角线中点(C)>沙障东南角(E)>距东南角1/4处(D)>障格内部北边中点(F),各点位种子库组成的相似性系数变化较大。研究结果可为沙障条件下的植被恢复评价提供理论依据。     

藻类与微生物添加对高陡边坡生物结皮人工恢复的影响

[目的]研究微生物与藻类对生物结皮野外恢复的影响,优化黄土高陡边坡生物结皮防护技术,为区域生态修复提供新的思路和方法。[方法]利用完全试验,研究藻类(小球藻+硅藻复合藻液)、功能性微生物(胶质芽孢杆菌、巨大芽孢杆菌)两因素对人工恢复生物结皮发育状况的影响。[结果]①不同处理间发育差异明显,藻+巨大芽孢杆菌处理的生物结皮盖度中位数最大,均值为61.41%;,仅胶质芽孢杆菌处理的生物结皮厚度中位数最大,均值为2.58 mm;仅添加3 g藻处理的苔藓株高度中位数最大,均值为2.67 mm;②藻处理能够在不同添加水平下(1和3 g/m~2)显著解释(p0.05)样方间生物结皮的盖度、厚度与株密度发育差异,其添加量以2～3 g/m~2为宜;③功能性微生物对生物结皮盖度、厚度及苔藓株高度影响不明显(p=0.91/0.93/0.49),且与藻类无明显交互作用。[结论] 45°黄土边坡人工恢复生物结皮是可行的。在环境适宜的坡面喷洒藻液、接种苔藓茎段碎片,开展生物结皮恢复,能够有效构建具有一定覆盖度与厚度、发育良好的生物结皮防护层。     

黄土高原干旱半干旱区生物结皮覆盖土壤水汽吸附与凝结特征

生物结皮是一种广泛分布于干旱半干旱地区土壤表层的特殊复合体,为揭示其对土壤水汽吸附与凝结过程的影响,该研究通过室内定量水汽吸附试验和野外对水汽凝结的连续观测,对黄土高原典型生物结皮(藻结皮、藻藓混生结皮、藓结皮)与裸沙的水汽吸附和凝结特征进行对比研究。结果表明:生物结皮的覆盖显著提升了表层土壤的水汽吸附能力,其平均水汽吸附量比裸沙高66.7%。不同类型生物结皮水汽吸附能力差异显著,表现为藓结皮最高,混生结皮次之,而藻结皮最低。GAB(Guggenheim-Anderson-de Boer)吸附模型能较好的描述生物结皮土壤水汽吸附与解吸附过程,模拟结果决定系数R20.99、均方根误差RMSE0.001 2 g/g及平均相对偏差百分比E16.0%;此外,生物结皮加剧了土壤水汽吸附与解吸附曲线之间的滞后效应,其滞后指数平均是裸沙的2.0～2.9倍。水汽凝结结果显示,水汽凝结过程均受气温与相对湿度等气象因子制约,且生物结皮覆盖下表层土壤的水汽凝结和蒸发过程相较于裸沙更为迅速。同时,生物结皮的日均水汽凝结量是裸沙的1.6～1.8倍。综上,干旱和半干旱地区生物结皮覆盖显著提高了表层土壤的水汽吸附能力、并增加了水汽凝结量,对区域表层土壤的水分运动过程产生了重要影响。     

Effects of biological soil crusts on soil enzyme activities in revegetated areas of the Tengger Desert,China

Biological soil crusts (BSCs) cover up to 70% of the sparsely-vegetated areas in arid and semiarid regions throughout the world and play a vital role in dune stabilization in desert ecosystems. Soil enzyme activities could be used as significant bioindicators of soil recovery after sand burial. However, little is known about the relationship between BSCs and soil enzyme activities. The objective of this study was to determine whether BSCs could affect soil enzyme activities in revegetated areas of the Tengger Desert. The results showed that BSCs significantly promoted the activities of soil urease, invertase, catalase and dehydrogenase. The effects also varied with crust type and the elapsed time since sand dune stabilization. All the soil enzyme activities tested in this study were greater under moss crusts than under cyanobacteria–lichen crusts. The elapsed time since sand dune stabilization correlated positively with the four enzyme activities. The enzyme activities varied with soil depth and season, regardless of crust type. Cyanobacteria–lichen and moss crusts significantly enhanced all test enzyme activities in the 0–20 cm soil layer, but negatively correlated with soil depth. All four enzyme activities were greater in the summer and autumn than in spring and winter due to the vigorous growth of the crusts. Our study demonstrated that the colonization and development of BSCs could improve soil quality and promote soil recovery in degraded areas of the Tengger Desert.     

Microalgal species variation at different successional stages in biological soil crusts of the Gurbantunggut Desert,Northwestern China

Biological soil crusts (BSC), most notably lichen crusts, develop and diversify in the Gurbantunggut Desert, the largest fixed and semi-fixed desert in China. Four different successional stages of BSC, including bare sand, microalgal crusts, lichen crusts, and moss crusts, were selected to determine successional changes in microalgal species composition and biomass and formation of BSC. A 10 × 10-m observation plot was established in an interdune region of the Gurbantunggut Desert and data were collected over an 8-year study period. The main results were: (1) different successional stages of BSC significantly affected the content of soil organic C and total and available N but not the total and available P and K content of soil; (2) composition of microalgal communities differed among the four successional stages; (3) significant differences in microalgal biomass were observed among the four successional stages; (4) bare sand was mainly uncompacted sand gains; (5) filamentous cyanobacteria, particularly Microcoleus vaginatus, were the dominant species in the early phase of crust succession. The presence of fungal mycelium and moss rhizoids prevented water and wind erosion.     

Effects of biological soil crusts on soil nematode communities following dune stabilization in the Tengger Desert,Northern China

Biological soil crusts (BSCs) play an important role in the dune fixation and maintaining soil biota in arid desert systems. Free-living soil nematode communities could be used as significant bioindicators to reflect soil recover regime after sand burial. However, the relationship between BSCs and nematodes is rarely known. To examine the effects of BSCs on soil nematodes, 72 soil samples under cyanobacteria–lichen and moss crusts were collected to analyse nematode communities in the different aged vegetated areas at the southeastern edge of the Tengger Desert. Our results showed the colonization and development of BSCs significantly enhanced nematode diversity. Nematode abundances, generic richness, H′, MI, EI and SI were greater under crusts than those under noncrust. In particular, nematode abundances, generic richness, H′, MI, EI and SI were positively correlated with crust ages. The differences in nematode communities were also dependent upon crust types. Nematode abundances and generic richness under moss crusts were higher than those under cyanobacteria–lichen crusts. This can be contributed to the present and succession of BSCs that increased thickness of topsoil after dunes have been stabilized, namely, creating suitable habitats and providing an essential food source for nematodes.     

古尔班通古特沙漠腹地土壤水分时空分异研究

古尔班通古特沙漠土壤水分补给以积雪融水和雨水为主，土壤水分是维系古尔班通古特沙漠荒漠植被发育最主要的制约因子。选取沙漠腹地典型沙垄为研究区，并分地貌部位布设了土壤水分监测点、植物监测样方以及沙面蚀积监测铁钎和气象观测站，从而形成以土壤水分监测为主的综合监测场。通过野外标定，利用中子水分仪对典型沙垄的不同地貌部位土壤水分动态进行系统监测，结果表明：土壤水分受季节性积雪、降雨、地貌部位、地形起伏、植被盖度等因素的影响而出现明显的空间分异与时间变化。土壤水分的空间差异整体表现为垄问土壤水分高于垄顶，坡下高于坡上。土壤水分的时间变化表现：3～4月为土壤水分的补给期，5～6月为土壤水分快速损耗期，7～10月土壤水分最低，11月～次年2月表层土壤水分积累，而次表层、深层土壤水分相对稳定。     

Biological soil crust and surface soil properties in different vegetation types of Horqin Sand Land,China

Physical and chemical properties (including coverage, thickness, hardness, moisture, particle size distribution, organic matter and nutrient contents etc.) of biological soil crust and 0–5.0 cm surface soil under the crust in three types of vegetation (semi-shrub Artemisia frigida, shrub Salix gordejevii and tree Populus simonii) were surveyed in 2005 and 2006 in Horqin Sand Land to understand the effects of different vegetation types on development of soil crust and surface soil properties under crust. The results showed that 1) no physical soil crust or biological soil crust (BSC) formed on mobile dunes without vegetation, though most ground surface in originally mobile dunes had been covered by BSC fifteen years after planted vegetation was established; 2) BSC development was best in shrub S. gordejevii sites, second in semi-shrub A. frigida sites, and weakest in tree P. simonii sites; 3) development of BSC was better in moss crust distributed mainly beneath or near plant canopies than in lichen crust distributed mainly between plant canopies in all three vegetation types; 4) surface soil properties 0–5.0 cm under BSC were improved significantly in all three vegetation types compared to those in mobile sand land. The magnitude of improvement was greater in S. gordejevii sites than in A. frigida and P. simonii sites, and greater in moss crust sites than lichen crust sites, but the magnitude of improvement decreased significantly with increasing surface soil depth; 5) based on the above-mentioned results, we suggest that S. gordejevii should be favored in future planting in Horqin Sand Land.     

生物质结皮制剂在民勤流动沙区恢复植被的作用

利用矿物质材料和生物高分子材料的环境友好和吸湿保水的特性制作形成结皮,对立地条件极端恶劣的流动沙丘进行植被恢复.首先将草籽(黄蒿籽)撒播于目的沙丘表面,然后将与砂土混匀的结皮制剂均匀地撒在沙地表面,最后,洒木质素液使结皮凝固并用围栏封育试验区.通过调查结皮制剂施用后沙丘植物的种类、覆盖度、生长状况等植被恢复指标,分析了生物质结皮制剂在流动沙区植被恢复的效果.研究结果表明:结皮封育区内大量草籽萌发,达1000颗/m2;结皮区植物物种丰富度为13,对照区仅为2,物种多样性和均匀度指数也高于对照区,分别为1.57(Shannon-Weaver index H)、0.41(Simpson index D)和0.81(Pielou index),对照区则分别为0.47、0.40和0.68;结皮区植物生长期较对照延长,2010年早春提前10 d萌发,深秋枯黄延迟约20 d;结皮区植物在干旱季节亦可生长存活;2010年9月,结皮区沙丘植被盖度可达38%,对照区植被盖度仅为4%.研究结果表明该制剂可能在寒区旱区困难立地条件下的植被恢复工作中具有较大的潜在应用价值.     

焉耆盆地白刺灌丛沙堆土壤理化性质

对焉耆盆地白刺灌丛沙堆不同演化阶段和沙堆间低地土壤理化性质进行分析。结果显示:（1）白刺灌丛沙堆不同演化阶段土壤粉砂、黏粒、有机质和养分含量均高于沙堆间低地,而土壤砂粒含量和pH值低于沙堆间低地;从白刺灌丛沙堆发育到稳定阶段,土壤砂粒含量和pH值逐渐降到最小值,而粉砂、黏粒、有机质和养分含量达到最高值,从白刺灌丛沙堆稳定到活化阶段,土壤砂粒含量和pH值急剧增加,而粉砂、黏粒、有机质和养分含量大幅度下降;（2）从整个剖面来看,由于白刺灌丛沙堆侵蚀和堆积的差异,随着深度的增加砂粒含量先减后增,而pH值、粉砂、黏粒、有机质和养分含量先增后减;0—15 cm土层砂粒含量最高,而15—45 cm土层最低;0—15 cm土层pH值、粉砂、黏粒、有机质和养分含量最低,而15—45 cm土层最高;（3）白刺灌丛沙堆发育和活化阶段强烈的吹蚀不利于有机质的积累,白刺灌丛沙堆稳定后为降尘截存、凋落物积累和微生物的繁殖提供有力的保障,表层黏粒得以截存和地衣状薄层结皮形成,增加土壤的有机质和养分含量。     

塔里木盆地荒漠类型及其抗风蚀特征初探

塔里木盆地的荒漠面积达到 5 2 .1× 10 6 hm2 ,按物质组成、地表景观和形成 ,荒漠可划分为盐漠、泥漠、砾漠和沙漠 4种类型。从不同荒漠类型剖面结构特点看 ,盐漠表层有盐结皮或盐结壳 ,泥漠则板结而坚硬 ,砾漠在地表有砾幕 ,它们都有一定抗风蚀的能力。沙漠中的沙丘组成物质以细沙为主 ,无特殊抗风蚀层次。尽管塔里木盆地的一些荒漠类型有一定抗风蚀的结构特点 ,加强荒漠区域的生态保护仍是非常重要。     

不同立地条件下黄花补血草种群生长、繁殖与土壤水分的差异

[目的]揭示不同立地条件下黄花补血草种群生长、繁殖与土壤水分的差异,为黄花补血草的管理提供科学依据。[方法]选取4个不同沙丘类型的黄花补血草地斑块作为试验样地,研究黄花补血草的生长、繁殖以及水分等。[结果](1)不同立地类型黄花补血草种群的生长与繁殖特征存在明显差异,它主要反映在单株地上生物量、高度、冠幅和密度方面;(2)不同类型的沙丘上黄花补血草单株生殖枝数、花量均存在显著差异的相关性;(3)不同立地类型的黄花补血草土壤含水量存在明显差异,但是在不同的土壤深度上土壤的含水率的差异不显著,丘间地不同土壤深度的土壤含水率差异比较大。[结论]干旱荒漠生境条件下最适宜生长的黄花补血草的沙丘类型为丘间地。     

Ants mediate soil water in arid desert ecosystems: Mitigating rainfall interception induced by biological soil crusts?

As vital components of desert systems, the roles of ants in arid ecological processes have been well documented, while little attention has been given to their effects on soil water. We conducted a six-year investigation in sand dune systems stabilized via revegetation, to explore the hydrological role of ants through comparing the influence of ant nests on rainfall infiltration in different-aged revegetated dunes. The presence of ant nests markedly enhanced infiltration due to weakening the rainfall interception by biological soil crusts (BSCs) in revegetated dunes. The distribution of ant nest was denser in older revegetated areas, due to better developed BSCs of later successional stages, compared to younger revegetated areas. Ants prefer later to early successional BSCs because the later lichen–moss dominated crusts were thicker and their surface was more stable than the early cyanobacteria dominated crusts. Conversely, the crustal rainfall interception was positively correlated with BSC thickness. These findings suggest that the occurrence of ant nests in older revegetated areas benefited to the planted shrubs with deeper root systems and maintain a relative constant cover of shrubs in artificial sand-binding vegetation following an increase in infiltration to deeper soil layers.