濒危植物急尖长苞冷杉种群生命表分析

急尖长苞冷杉是我国二级保护植物,处于易危状态.在西藏色季拉山,对急尖长苞冷杉种群全面调查的基础上,以种群生命表及生存理论为基础,编制色季拉山阳坡、阴坡及总体急尖长苞冷杉种群特定时间生命表,分别绘制存活曲线、死亡率曲线、亏损率曲线,以及积累死亡率函数、死亡密度甬数和危险率函数曲线,并分析种群动态变化.结果表明:生长在阳坡、阴坡及总体的急尖长苞冷杉种群各龄级个体数量均随年龄增长呈直线下降趋势,生境对种群的结构和动态有较大影响,幼苗死亡率阴坡大于阳坡,老龄个体死亡率阳坡大于阴坡;生长在阳坡种群的存活曲线属Deevey-Ⅱ型中的B3亚型,生长在阴坡种群的存活曲线属Deevey-Ⅲ型,总体种群的存活曲线也属Deevey-Ⅲ型;三个生命表中引入的几个函数都能较好地说明了种群的结构和动态变化.研究结果可为该资源的管理及持续利用提供理论依据.     

石羊河下游不同立地类型黑果枸杞种群结构及数量动态研究

以黑果枸杞为优势种的天然灌木群落是石羊河下游的重要植被建群种之一，为揭示该地区黑果枸杞种群动态变化特征，探索其生态价值，基于对石羊河下游不同生境黑果枸杞天然种群的样地调查，对其年龄结构、静态生命表、动态指数、存活曲线进行了分析研究。结果表明，不同立地类型黑果枸杞种群均表现为新苗和幼龄个体丰富，中老龄个体少；种群在Ⅲ龄级时死亡率最高，种群亏损率与死亡率保持一致。各样地种群动态指数基本为正值，说明黑果枸杞种群整体处于稳定增长的发育状态。盐碱地、覆沙地和砾石地黑果枸杞的存活曲线均接近于Deevey-Ⅲ型，固定/半固定沙地的存活曲线为Deevey-Ⅱ型。不同立地类型黑果枸杞种群的4个生存函数变化除局部有差异外整体趋势较为一致，各样地中黑果枸杞种群累积死亡率F(t)和危险系数λ(t)在Ⅰ龄级向Ⅲ龄级过渡时呈现逐渐增大的趋势，生存率S(t)和死亡密度函数f(t)随龄级呈单调递减的趋势。总体上黑果枸杞种群呈现出前期增长、中期稳定、后期衰退的特征。     

张掖市龙首山红砂种群结构和分布格局研究

对张掖市龙首山天然红砂分布区的红砂种群结构和空间分布格局进行了研究。根据年龄大小结构图和存活曲线以及静态生命表分析了红砂种群动态,用扩散系数C,负二项分布中的K值,平均拥挤度m^*,丛生指数I,Cassie指标CA和聚块性指标(m^*/m)6个分布指数对格局类型进行了判断,并根据双向轨迹方差法分析了种群格局规模。结果表明,红砂种群的自然更新状况良好,各龄级苗木均有分布。种群的年龄结构接近于增长型,表现为中龄级(10cm<d≤30cm)丰富;种群存活曲线趋向于DeeveyⅠ型,种群目前处于较为稳定的状态;种群的聚集强度为0.831 8,分布格局类型为聚集分布;种群有两种空间格局规模,分别为4m×4m和8m×8m。     

宁南黄土丘陵区不同生态恢复模式对土壤养分的影响

[目的]分析植被恢复过程中土壤养分的变化规律,认识和评价植被生态系统功能恢复,促进植被演替和加快生态恢复的人工调控。[方法]通过对宁夏南部山区彭阳县中庄示范区天然草地(封山禁牧)、农耕地(退耕)、人工苜蓿(退耕还林草)3种生态恢复模式进行调查,研究分析不同生态恢复模式对土壤养分的影响。[结果]宁夏黄土丘陵区不同生态恢复模式效果依次为:天然草地农耕地人工苜蓿。随着土层深度的增加,土壤养分含量均呈现降低的趋势。随着植被恢复年限的延伸,土壤养分会逐渐累积而增加。不同恢复年限苜蓿地土壤肥力指数小于农耕地,土壤肥力贫瘠,且随苜蓿种植时间的延长,呈现先增大,再减小的趋势。[结论]在宁夏黄土丘陵区进行植被恢复,能明显提高土壤养分含量,改善土壤肥力状况,但旱作苜蓿粗放经营(只刈割,不培肥),导致土壤综合肥力指数日趋下降。     

黄土丘陵区典型农耕地土壤稳定入渗率季节变化

[目的]揭示黄土丘陵区典型农耕地土壤稳定入渗率季节变化及其影响因素,为黄土高原地区农耕地土壤侵蚀控制、水土保持和有限水资源的有效利用提供理论依据和数据支撑。[方法]运用双环法,以黄土丘陵区典型农作物种植地为研究对象,通过入渗试验对不同作物地土壤稳定入渗率季节变化进行研究。[结果]典型农耕种植地土壤稳定入渗率具有明显季节变化(p0.05)。不同作物地土壤稳定入渗率的季节变化趋势存在差异。种植3种作物地与裸地的土壤稳定入渗率具有显著性差异(p0.05)。种植马铃薯地平均土壤稳定入渗率最大,其次是大豆地和谷子地。农事活动、容重、孔隙度和作物根系生长是影响农耕地土壤稳定入渗率季节变化的主要因素。[结论]黄土丘陵区典型农耕地土壤稳定入渗率具有明显的季节变化,该变化主要是由农事活动、容重、土壤孔隙度和作物根系生长等因素所导致。     

甘肃中西部地区红砂种群结构及空间格局特征

为了揭示甘肃中西部生态脆弱区红砂种群的分布特点,结合冠幅结构、静态生命表和存活曲线,对甘肃中西部地区3种典型生境条件下红砂种群年龄结构和动态进行了研究,并应用理论分布模型和聚集强度指数进行了种群分布格局分析。结果显示:在不同生境条件下红砂种群结构差异明显,山前戈壁红砂种群Ⅰ(0cmd≤10cm),Ⅱ(10cmd≤20cm),Ⅲ(20cmd≤30cm)龄级储量丰富,其个体数占所有龄级个体总数的87.01%,大于Ⅴ(40cmd≤50cm)龄级个体缺失,种群处于增长阶段;荒漠绿洲过渡带和黄土丘陵沟壑区红砂种群Ⅱ—Ⅵ(10cmd≤60cm)龄级个体数分别占所有龄级个体总数的75.34%和85.09%,且存在一定数量的老龄级个体,种群处于稳定阶段;但不同生境条件下红砂种群幼苗个体少,Ⅰ龄级个体数目均明显少于Ⅱ,Ⅲ龄级的个体数目,种群更新可能存在问题。格局分析表明,各生境条件下红砂种群均呈聚集分布。时间序列分析表明,在未来第2,4,6,8龄级的个体会呈现老龄个体增加的趋势,幼龄株数则有所降低,各生境条件下红砂种群稳定性长期维持困难。加大以种子开始的幼苗人工辅助更新以及人工封育保护是实现甘肃中西部生态脆弱区红砂种群更新和种群恢复的关键。     

城市绿地中臭椿更新苗空间点格局及种间关联分析

[目的]探究城市绿地中臭椿更新苗的数量特征、存活情况及空间分布格局,为城市绿地生境下乔木的天然更新和人工干扰或促进更新提供理论依据。[方法]运用种群静态生命表,点格局分析法中的双关联函数G(r)、H(r)函数分析臭椿更新苗的生存状况,空间分布格局及各龄级间的空间关联性。[结果]更新苗种群结构存在波动性,存活曲线趋于DeeveyⅡ型,低龄级和中龄级个体数量丰富,个体死亡率和消失率在前期和后期较稳定,中期先减后增,超过第5龄级(8~10cm)后,个体死亡率和消失率出现高峰。[结论]一侧和两侧铺装样地在空间上都呈现出不同程度的聚集分布,聚集强度随尺度距离的增大呈减小趋势,一侧铺装样地在尺度接近3.7m处有转为随机分布的趋势。龄级间,小尺度内多表现为无关联,随着尺度增加呈正显著相关;两侧铺装有正关联的龄级组合比一侧铺装样地多;较大尺度上,用径级代表龄级的更新苗间相关关系越接近,正关联越强。     

黄土丘陵区刺槐对不同立地环境的适应机制

[目的]分析刺槐在黄土丘陵区不同立地条件下的适应机制及适应成本,为该区的植被恢复提供理论依据。[方法]采用野外调查方法,对黄土高原丘陵区不同坡向和坡位的刺槐群落功能性状、生长状况差异进行研究,分析影响刺槐生长的主要因素。[结果]①阳坡刺槐的叶氮含量、叶磷含量、叶有机碳含量、根磷含量、根有机碳含量、根组织密度均大于阴坡;根氮含量、叶厚度、叶组织密度、比叶面积、比根长均小于阴坡。随坡位上升,叶氮含量、叶磷含量、叶有机碳含量、根磷含量、根氮含量、比叶面积、叶厚度均呈减小趋势;根有机碳含量和叶组织密度呈增大趋势。②刺槐功能性状与环境因子间响应关系显著;性状间的协变和权衡关系在同一器官和不同器官间均存在。③刺槐的株高、胸径、地径、冠幅均表现为阳坡大于阴坡,且随坡位升高而显著减小;其生长状况与功能性状间关系显著。[结论]刺槐在阳坡和下坡位适应成本较低,能够发挥相对大的生态效益。     

晋西北黄土丘陵区小叶锦鸡儿人工灌丛土壤水分动态研究

土壤水分是黄土丘陵区植被成活与正常生长的关键因素。对黄土丘陵区不同生长年限小叶锦鸡儿灌丛及其撂荒地土壤水分的动态监测表明,随种植年限延长,小叶锦鸡儿灌丛下土壤水分含量呈持续下降趋势,40年灌丛下土壤含水量明显低于20年和10年的小叶锦鸡儿灌丛,且所有种植年限的灌丛土壤含水量均低于撂荒地。从周年内土壤水分季节变化看,整体呈下降趋势,4~6月不断降低,6~7月达到最低值,8~10月逐渐回升。对0~200cm土体剖面土壤水分分布研究表明,随种植年限增加,小叶锦鸡儿灌丛各深度土层土壤含水量呈递减趋势,在40~80cm土层随种植年限增加土壤含水量减少幅度明显。整个生长季各年限灌丛的土壤水分循环水平不高,40年灌丛只有4.63%,与撂荒地比较相差2.92%,而各年限灌丛土壤水分表观平衡均表现为亏缺状态。表明目前黄土丘陵区人工种植的小叶锦鸡儿灌丛土壤水分环境不容乐观,长期处于水分胁迫状态,不利于其生存生长,存在灌丛衰退甚至死亡的风险。     

西部黄土丘陵区不同草地土壤侵蚀对侵蚀性降雨的响应

[目的]研究西部黄土丘陵区人工和天然草地对不同类型侵蚀性降雨的响应,为该区植被建设和水土流失防治提供指导。[方法]利用甘肃省定西市安家沟径流场2007—2015年的观测数据,分析侵蚀性降雨因素对坡度为20°的人工草地和天然草地土壤侵蚀的影响。[结果]西部黄土丘陵区的侵蚀性降雨分布在5—9月,其中7—8月的侵蚀性雨量较大,其侵蚀量占年均侵蚀的70%以上。两种不同类型的草地侵蚀量均与PI10相关性最好。该区域侵蚀性降雨主要是中雨和大雨,造成的草地侵蚀量占年均侵蚀的86%。中、高雨强型降雨的侵蚀量分别占人工、天然草地总量的90.8%和91.2%,其侵蚀量与PI10,PI30呈较好的幂函数关系。大于300 MJ·mm/(hm2·h)的高侵蚀力型降雨引起的侵蚀量最大,分别占人工、天然草地总侵蚀量的32.3%和33.4%;50~100MJ·mm/(hm2·h)的中侵蚀力型降雨次数最多,而引起人工、天然草地的侵蚀占相应总量的26.0%和29.1%。[结论]人工草地(盖度75%~82%)和天然草地(盖度80%)的侵蚀性降雨量标准分别为11.3和11.9mm,最大I10标准分别为10.4和11.7mm/h。天然草地比人工草地具有更好的水土保持效果。     

Genetic Diversity for Morphological and Quality Traits in Quinoa(<Emphasis Type="Italic">Chenopodium quinoa</Emphasis> Willd.) Germplasm

Twenty nine germplasm lines of Chenopodium quinoa and two of Chenopodium berlandieri subsp. nuttalliae were evaluated for 12 morphological and 7 quality traits for two test seasons. The 19 traits were analyzed for cluster and principal component analysis. The first four PCs contributed 78.70 % of the variability among the germplasm lines. The first PC accounted for 39.5% of the variation and had inflorescence/plant, plant height and stem diameter as the traits with largest coefficients, all with positive sign. The characters with greatest positive weight on PC₂ were days to maturity (0.309), inflorescence length (0.260) and branches/plant. All the germplasm lines were grouped into six clusters based on average linkage method. Cluster III had high values for seed yield and most of the quality traits but showed a small seed size. The dendrogram separated the two lines of C. berlandieri subsp. nuttalliae from the quinoa lines.     

Genetic diversity of some accessions of Cucurbita maxima from Spain using RAPD and SBAP markers

Increasing the knowledge of the molecular diversity of a crop is essential for extending its genetic base, identifying cultivars and selecting parental varieties for breeding programs. In this sense, Cucurbita maxima Duch. is poorly characterised. Nineteen accessions of this species and 8 related Cucurbita accessions were included in a genetic diversity analysis. For this purpose, Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA markers (RAPDs), which analyse neutral variability, and Sequence-Based Amplified Polymorphism (SBAPs), which preferentially amplify coding regions of the genome, were used. While the UPGMA cluster and the principal coordinates analysis obtained using RAPDs did not group the different accessions according either to fruit morphological criteria or to passport data (origin and agro-climatic conditions), the principal coordinates analysis obtained using SBAPs grouped the different pumpkin accessions fundamentally according to the type of use (human consumption, animal fodder or ornamental). This passport trait is reported to be associated with agronomic breeding characters of interest. The usefulness of both types of markers for discriminating accessions of breeding interest is discussed.     

大杯香菇辐射选育新株系子实体蛋白质构成的多元回归与聚类分析

以20个大杯香菇品种和辐射选育新株系为材料, 分析了大杯香菇品种和辐射选育新株系蛋白质及其构成的17种氨基酸含量间的多元相关、回归和聚类关系, 并采用生物统计方法分析品种和新株系的蛋白质及各种氨基酸间的关系。结果表明: 大杯香菇辐105号新株系子实体中天门冬氨酸、苏氨酸、甘氨酸、丙氨酸、胱氨酸、缬氨酸、异亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸、蛋白质含量最高, 与部分品种和新株系子实体间差异显著或极显著, 且大多数氨基酸间及其与蛋白质含量之间存在显著或极显著正相关关系; 各种氨基酸与蛋白质含量之间分别有5种呈一次曲线关系, 10种呈二次曲线关系, ２种呈三次曲线关系; 采用系统聚类的方法可将蛋白质及17种氨基酸含量聚为4个大类, 对每类中的典型性状如精氨酸、亮氨酸、胱氨酸和蛋氨酸含量进行优化, 可有效提高大杯香菇品质育种中蛋白质构成的改良效率。     

Genetic diversity in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.): I. A reevaluation of the U.S. germplasm collection

Genetic variation within the U.S. cucumber collection (Cucumis sativus var. sativus L. and var. hardwickii (Royle) Alef.) was assessed by examing the variation at 21 polymorphic isozyme loci and comparing the results of this investigation with a similar previous analysis of 14 loci. About 29% (15 of 51) of the enzyme systems examined in an initial survey were polymorphic. Seven loci (Ak-2, Ak-3, Fdp-1, Fdp-2, Mpi-1, Pep-gl and Skdh) which were not previously used to estimate genetic diversity, were assessed. On average, 1.4 loci were polymorphic per enzyme system and 2.2 alleles were present per polymorphic locus. The frequency of polymorphisms was relatively low for Fdp-1(2) (0.01), Mpi-1(1) (0.03), and Skdh(1) (0.02). Principal component and cluster analyses of allelic variation at polymorphic loci separated a diverse array of 757 cucumber accessions from the U.S. National Plant Germplasm Systesm's (NPGS) collection into distinct groups by country (45 nations examined). All accessions of C. s. var. sativus were isozymically distinct from C. s. var. hardwickii, which were themselves dissimilar from each other. Data suggest that C. s. var. hardwickii is not a feral derivative of extant C. s. var. sativus populations. The allelic profile of C. s. var. sativus accessions originating from Burma, Thailand, Indonesia, Hong Kong, Zimbabwe and Ethiopia were distinct from the other accessions examined. Allelic fixation has occurred at Pgd-2 in accessions from Burma, and at Ak-2 in accessions from Zimbabwe and Ethiopia. Some of the countries examined that were in close geographic proximity (e.g., Thailand, Indonesia and Hong Kong) contained accessions with similar isozyme profiles. Accessions are fixed for certain alleles [e.g., Gr(1) (100%), Fdp-1(1) (100%) and Mpi-2(2) (50%) for accessions from Thailand, Indonesia and Hong Kong]. Grouping countries by continent or sub-continent (i.e., North and South American, China, Eastern Europe, Western Europe) and by numbers of accessions examined (i.e., India/Burma, Iran, Japan, Turkey, and remaining accessions) was used to identify accessions with unique allozymic profiles [PIs 209064 (USA), 257486 (China), 188749 (Egypt), 285607 (Poland), 369717 (Yugoslavia), 357844 (Poland), 255936 (Netherlands), 183127 (India), 200818 (Burma), 200815 (Burma), 137836 (Iran), 227013 (Iran), 227235 (Iran), 451976 (Japan), 181752 (Syria), 181874 (Syria), 169383 (Turkey), 171613 (Turkey)].     

Molecular characterization of mulberry genetic resources indigenous to India

Mulberry (Morus L.) is essential for the sericulture industry as the primary feed for the silkworm Bombyx mori L. in India, with its long tradition of practicing sericulture, has a large number of indigenous cultivars. Since knowledge on the genetic divergence of these cultivars/varieties is essential for proper conservation and utilization, Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) profiling was employed to assess genetic relationships among 34 mulberry accessions, collected from different regions of India. By using 12 ISSR primers, which produced 72 markers displaying a high degree of polymorphism (94.4%), genetic dissimilarity coefficients were calculated for each pair of the accessions and clustering of the accessions with Unweighted Pair Group Method using Arithmetic average (UPGMA) analysis was done to unravel the genetic diversity among the accessions. The dissimilarity coefficients varied from 0.111 to 0.692. UPGMA analysis generated a dendrogram with six groups and five isolates. Clustering of the accessions did not correspond with the information on the geographic origin of many of the accessions. Two-dimensional representations of the relative positions of the accessions with regards to divergence using the first two canonical variates as co-ordinate axes revealed considerable variability among the cases in each group. Further, Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA) showed changes in the geographic origin of 11 accessions and species status of 20 accessions.     

A novel genome of C and the first autotetraploid species in the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Setaria</Emphasis> genus identified by genomic <Emphasis Type="Italic">in situ</Emphasis> hybridization

Genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) was used to investigate the genomic relationships among some newly collected species of genus Setaria. Previous work identified that S. viridis and S. adhaerens carry genomes A and B, respectively. GISH patterns obtained in this report clearly distinguished the genome of S. grisebachii from the known genomes A and B, and indicated its new genomic constitution which we suggest to name genome C of the Setaria genus. The two sets of chromosomes of tetraploid S. queenslandica hybridized well with the A genome of S. viridis indicating its autotetraploid nature. This is the first autotetraploid identified in the Setaria genus, which should be classified into the primary A genome gene pool rather than the tertiary gene pool as previously classified. GISH patterns did not distinguish the genome of S. leucopila from the A genome of S. viridis and S. italica, suggesting its close relation with foxtail millet. Strong hybridization signals were observed when S. adhaerens genomic DNA was used as probe to hybridize the chromosomes of diploid S. verticillata, inferring its B genome nature. Combined with morphological observation and previous work, we deduce that diploid S. verticillata and S. adhaerens are probably taxonomically the same species with different names. Y. Wang and H. Zhi contributed equally to this article.     

Morphological differentiation in four species of the genus Lolium

Three hundred and sixteen accessions belonging to four species of the genus Lolium were analysed for morphological differentiation following field trials. Principal component analysis (PCA) was shown to explain over 74% of the variation with the date of ear emergence, spike height and flag leaf length and width being responsible for the major differentiation. L. perenne separated into two groups following PCA, cluster analysis and k-means clustering, as a result of floral initiation in the sowing year. Those accessions that did not attain floral initiation until the second year were found to be from northern Europe. The inbreeder L. temulentum was separated from the three outbreeding species, L. perenne, L. multiflorum and L. rigidum, which are themselves distinct from each other although there is some introgression between them, especially between L. multiflorum and L. rigidum. The results are discussed in relation to selection of a core collection of Lolium accessions.     

Morphological classification of maize landraces from northern Spain

One hundred landraces of maize from Northern Spain werecharacterized on the basis of twenty-two morphological traits,and seventeen ecological variables (climatic, edaphic andtopographic) associated with the collection site. Highbroad-sense heritabilities ( > 0.6) were foundfor plant height, ear height, ear node number, ear length,mid-ear diameter, rows of kernels, kernels per row, cob weightand days to silking. Seven different groups were obtained withcluster analysis using plant and cycle traits, and discriminantanalysis showed that leaf area, ear shape, tassel branches, rows ofkernels, plant height, cob weight, and ear length were the mostimportant traits for taxonomic classification. Seven populations withpromising breeding value were detected.     

Univariate and multivariate analysis performed on bio-agronomical traits of Cucumis melo L. germplasm

A large collection of melon (Cucumis melo L.) germplasm has been established at the Section of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Bari University (Italy). In the present work, data regarding the variation of 20 bio-agronomical traits recorded on entries and landraces collected in Albania and Apulia region (Southern Italy) are reported. The main objective of the study was to assess and describe, by means of univariate and multivariate analyses, the genetic diversity in the collection composed by genotypes classified in the Inodorus and Cantalupensis groups. The results obtained showed a large variation for all the traits examined. Furthermore, it was possible to identify valuable genotypes for future breeding programmes aimed at improving melon traits, particularly for the Inodorus group, which is an important crop in many Southern Italian sites. Genotypes of interest were especially selected for earliness and lateness, fruit shape, soluble solids content, storage time and fruit firmness.     

应用新引物DGGE分析土壤中硝酸盐还原细菌群落

The narG gene is frequently used as a molecular marker for bacterial nitrate-reducing community analysis. In this study, a new set of primers targeting the narG gene was designed and applied to semi-nested polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) assay. The potential of the new primers was verified on DNA directly extracted from soils from five different experimental sites distributed in Central and Southern Italy. Specificity of the primers was determined by excision, amplification, and sequencing of bands resolved by DGGE. A phylogenetic analysis showed the correlation between the sequences retrieved from the soils studied and the narG sequences from β and γ-Proteobacteria. These primers expanded the existing molecular tools for ecological study on the size and diversity of nitrate-reducing bacterial community in soil.