镉污染中性土壤伴矿景天修复的硫强化及其微生物效应

田间微区试验研究了施硫(S)处理对中性镉污染农田上伴矿景天镉吸取修复效率、土壤pH、有效态镉(Cd)、有效态硫以及微生物群落变化的影响。结果发现,土壤pH值随时间和硫用量的增加而显著下降,有效态镉和有效态硫随时间和硫用量的增加而显著增加。在360 g/m_²硫处理下,伴矿景天地上部镉浓度为70.9 mg/kg,较不施硫对照(38.3 mg/kg)增加85%,耕层土壤全量镉去除率为19.4%,是对照(10.5%)的1.85倍。施硫处理150天后,土壤Thiomonas和Rhodanobacter细菌相对丰度显著高于试验前土壤和对照处理。本试验结果表明,中性土壤施加适量硫磺不仅可显著提高污染土壤中镉的生物有效性,也可通过调节与硫代谢相关的功能微生物,显著增强镉的植物吸取修复效率。     

长期不同施肥对土壤剖面中有效硫累积与分布的影响

据估计,到2012年世界农业缺硫量每年达1100万吨,而亚洲和美洲将成为全球最严重的缺硫地区[1]。许多研究表明,施硫肥能增加粮食产量,提高粮食品质和水分利用率等[2-4]。SO42-带负电荷,土壤粘粒和有机质对其吸附很少,主要存留在土壤溶液中随水运动,易于淋失[5]。Bardsley等发现,在粗质地近中性土壤上,大雨后易发生缺硫,主要是由于淋洗损失[6]。SO42-淋溶累积及影响因素国外已有报道[7-10];国内,樊军等[11]在北方旱地黑垆土上进行不同N、P配比与用量的长期定位,对试验土壤剖面有效硫的分布与累积进行了研究;南方水田土壤剖面中发生的硫的淋…     

恒温摇床提取-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定土壤中有效硫

采用恒温摇床进行土壤有效硫前处理,通过电感耦合等离子发射光谱仪进行测试,建立起一种全新的土壤有效硫检测方法。结果表明,该方法对土壤有效硫的测定准确性好,土壤标准物质的测定结果均在保证值范围内;该方法对土壤中有效硫的检出限为0.5 mg/kg;土壤标准有证样品相对标准偏差(n=6)为2.47%～4.59%;通过不同地区耕地实际土壤比对测试,有效硫试验结果与标准方法试验结果的相对偏差为0.63%～8.38%。该方法适用于不同类型土壤有效硫的检测,结果准确可靠,简便快捷,特别适用于批量土壤样品检测。     

长期施用含硫化肥对水稻产量和养分吸收的影响

1975年开始在湖南祁阳红壤站布置了含硫化肥长期定位试验。3个处理(无硫、低硫和高硫)的施硫量分别为0、112、604 kg hm-2a-1。结果表明:SO42-—S在施硫处理的土壤和植株中都有明显的累积,连续施用含硫化肥24年后,表土中SO42-—S含量增加了158~229%,施硫处理稻草中硫浓度比对照高43~57%,而稻谷中硫浓度在处理问无显著差异;施硫对水稻的短期效应(1~7年)为提高产量和品质,中期效应(8~15年)为无显著作用,而长期效应(16年后)为负面影响,长期施用含硫化肥导致水稻(特别是晚稻)对Mg、Fe、B、Mo等元素的吸收量显著减少,并使高硫处理晚稻稻谷产量显著下降(1990~1997年比1982~1989年平均下降31.6%)。     

土壤有效硫评价方法和临界指标的研究

从江西、湖北、河南、北京和黑龙江共采取 18种耕层土壤 ,用玉米和水稻分别进行盆栽试验。选用 6种化学提取剂提取土壤有效硫 ,所提取的硫采用比浊法 (T)和电感耦合高频等离子体原子发射光谱法 (ICP-AES)测定。另外采用阴离子交换树脂膜法和与土壤有机质有关的土壤有效硫评价方法。结果表明 ,各种提取剂不仅能提取土壤无机硫 ,还能把部分有机硫提取出来。NaHCO3提取的有机硫最多 ,其次为KCl-40℃ ,而CaCl2 、Ca(H2PO4)2 、KH2PO4 和Kelowna试剂提取的有机硫相当。在酸性土壤上 ,磷酸盐比氯化物提取出更多的有效硫。不同土壤有效硫指标与植物吸硫量和相对产量相关分析表明 ,Ca(H2PO4)2T是目前最理想和实用的方法。田间试验表明 ,施用硫肥对小麦、玉米、大豆、油菜和水稻都具有不同程度的增产作用。在相对产量为 90 %时 ,用Ca(H2PO4)2 T测定的旱地和水田土壤有效硫临界指标分别为 21.1mgkg-1和 23.8mgkg-1。     

控释肥硫膜对酸性棕壤淋溶特性的影响

为预测硫包膜控释肥施用后大量硫膜残留对土壤生态系统造成的危害，设置硫膜材料添加量不同的室内淋溶试验，以研究控释肥硫膜材料对土壤淋溶特性的影响。研究结果表明；成分和量等同于硫膜的粉状硫磺可显著改变酸性棕壤淋溶液的pH和EC值及K^＋、Na^＋、Ca^2＋、Mg^2＋、SO42-的浓度，5次淋溶累计淋失的K^＋、Na^＋、Ca^2＋、Mg^2＋、SO4^2-随粉状硫磺加入量的增加而增加。而硫包膜尿素处理除对土壤SO4^2-、K^＋淋溶影响不明显外，对其他指标的影响较明显。试验同时发现，由于硫膜和粉状硫磺的物理形态不同，短期内对土壤淋溶特性的影响也有较大差异，但粉状硫磺的表现可以反映硫膜积累并转化后对土壤的影响。     

辽宁大豆主产区土壤硫素状况及不同硫肥肥效研究

本文通过对辽宁省大豆主要产区(8个县)土壤全硫及有效硫含量进行测定与分析,阐述了不同类型、不同肥力土壤硫素状况。在不同地区开展的硫肥肥效试验结果表明,在有效硫含量很低的土壤上施用硫肥增产效果都很明显,而有效硫含量较高的土壤上施用硫铵增产效果较好,石膏和硫磺的增产效果不稳。     

氮、硫供应对章丘大葱生长和含硫有机物含量的影响

以章丘大葱为材料,并以珍珠岩为栽培基质,采用盆栽试验研究了不同氮、硫供应水平对大葱生长前期的干物质累积及含硫有机物含量的影响。结果表明,氮、硫供应及其交互作用显著影响大葱生长和含硫有机物含量。在硫不足（SO42- 0.01 mmol/L）和硫充足（SO42- 4.00 mmol/L）供应条件下,随氮供应水平提高,大葱植株干物重明显增加,当供氮水平为N 6.0 mmol/L时,植株干物重及氮素吸收数量达到最大;增加硫素供应可显著提高植株的硫含量和总硫量。然而,硫供应不足时,随着供氮水平提高,植株含硫有机物含量逐渐下降;反之,充足供硫条件下,随着氮供应水平的提高,大葱含硫有机物含量出现先增加后降低。当供氮水平为N 12.0 mmol/L时,含硫有机物含量最高,达到7.23 μmol/g,FW。过量氮供应（N 24.0 mmol/L）则抑制植株生长,降低含硫有机物含量。因此,充足供硫条件下,氮素调控水平对保证大葱高产和高含硫有机物含量至关重要。     

盐基离子 (NO3-、SO42-、SiO32-) 对小白菜铬污染毒性的调控机制

通过水培试验,探讨了主要盐基离子(NO3-、SO42-、SiO32-)对小白菜Cr(Ⅵ)污染毒性的调控作用,结果表明:①Cr对小白菜有极强的致毒能力,可有效抑制小白菜生长、Fe养分吸收和小白菜叶片硝酸还原酶活性,故妨碍碳氮代谢进而降低小白菜产量品质;②适度提高NO3--N浓度可有效缓减Cr对小白菜吸收Fe和硝酸还原酶活性的抑制毒性,并刺激小白菜生长,但NO3-同时也有协同促进小白菜吸收Cr的明显效果:③适当提高SO42-浓度能有效抑制小白菜对Cr吸收,并提高小白菜硝酸还原酶活性,但过高SO42-浓度有一定盐胁迫毒害效应,会影响其对降低小白菜Cr生物毒性的作用效果;④SiO32-对小白菜吸收Cr有较强的抑制作用,但这种作用未起到缓减小白菜Cr生理毒性的明显效果.试验结果表明,适当控制营养液NO3-浓度是抑制小白菜Cr吸收的关键,针对不同的Cr污染水平来调节NO3-、SO42-、SiO32-浓度配比,是抑制小白菜吸收Cr的有效技术措施.     

湖北降水中的硫及其对农田生态的影响

在湖北兴山、当阳、郧县、襄樊、沙市、孝昌、武汉西郊和湖大、崇阳、罗田等 1 0个地点 ,自 1 996年 1月至 1 998年 6月按季度收集降水样品 ,测定硫含量。研究表明各地降水中SO42 - 浓度年均值及降水对农田的供硫量逐年增大 ;绝大多数地点每年 4季度至次年 1季度降水总硫量高于当年 2、3季度降水总硫量 ,因而对越冬作物影响明显超过对夏季作物影响。由于多数地点土壤持硫能力低 ,土壤有效硫不足 ,故降水中的硫可对作物带来有利的生态影响。然而 ,在降水供硫量大的鄂东南棕红壤酸性土壤地区 ,酸雨可能是促使土壤更酸和产生其他环境生态问题的潜在威胁。     

CrO42-对两种可变电荷土壤表面电荷的影响

对两种可变电荷土壤的研究结果表明,加入铬酸根(CrO42-)能增加土壤的表面负电荷,减小土壤的表面正电荷的量。CrO42-对表面正电荷的影响程度随体系pH的增加而减小,对负电荷的影响呈相反的趋势。CrO42-对表面电荷的影响程度也随其加入量的增加而增加。CrO42-主要通过自身的吸附来影响土壤的表面电荷,因为伴随着土壤表面电荷的变化,CrO42-在土壤中发生明显的吸附。而且土壤对CrO42-的吸附量随其加入量的增加而增加,随pH的升高而减小,与土壤电荷的变化趋势基本一致。     

Response of microbial communities to different doses of chromate in soil microcosms

The toxic effect of chromate on soil microbial communities is not well documented, although microorganisms control biogeochemical cycling, contribute to formation of soil structure, regulate the fate of organic matter applied to soil. In this study the effects of short- and middle-term chromate on the soil microbial community were investigated. The shifts in the size and in the diversity of culturable heterotrophic bacterial community, the resistance to Cr(VI) of heterotrophic bacteria, the presence of cyanobacteria, the activity of 19 enzymes, and the ATP content were monitored over time (120 days) in soil microcosms artificially contaminated with three concentrations of chromate (50, 250 and 1000 mg kg⁻¹ soil). The chromate contamination affected the structure and the diversity of the soil bacterial community. Bacterial strains isolated from the microcosm contaminated with the highest concentration of chromate were identified by 16S rDNA gene sequencing. All isolates belonged to the genus Pseudomonas, were able to reduce Cr(VI), and showed a high resistance to chromate. To our knowledge, this is the first report that shows Pseudomonas strains having the capability to resist up to 40 mM of Cr(VI) on minimal medium. The cyanobacterial group was more sensitive to chromate contamination than culturable heterotrophic bacteria. No cyanobacterial growth was detected in enrichment cultures from the soil polluted with the highest chromate concentration. Some enzymes were inhibited by high concentrations of chromate, whereas others were stimulated. The ATP content in microcosms was strongly affected by chromate. We conclude that the soil microbial community responds to chromate pollution through changes in community structure, in metabolic activity, and in selection for Cr(VI)-resistance.     

Evaluation of soil sulfate extractants and methods of analysis for plant available sulfur

Abstract

A steady decline in sulfur additions to Atlantic Canadian soils has prompted the need for an accurate method of determining their plant available sulfur status. Three soils were extracted with five soil extractants ‐ 0.01M Ca(H2PO₄)₂‐H₂O in 2M HOAc, 0.1M CaCl₂, Bray‐1 and de‐ionized water. The soil extracts were analyzed for sulfur or sulfate using inductively coupled argon plasma emission spectrometry (ICAP), AutoAnalyzer (AAN), anion exchange‐high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC‐CD) or atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Results were compared with plant response of sulfur treatments to red clover, ryegrass, canola and wheat in a growth room. Instrument reproducibility and crop response indicated the ideal method of determining plant available soil sulfur was HPLC‐CD using the extractant Ca(H2PO₄)₂‐H₂O.     

控释尿素硫膜对土壤性质和油菜生长的影响

为预测硫包膜控释肥施用后大量硫膜残留对土壤生态系统造成的影响，设置硫包膜材料添加量不同的盆栽油菜试验，以研究控释尿素硫膜对土壤化学性状及植株生长的影响。研究结果表明：硫膜及硫磺可显著活化土壤的Fe、Mn、Zn等元素，对土壤中水溶性K^＋、Na^＋、Ca^2＋、Mg^2＋、SO4^2-、HCO3^-、Cl^-等含量也有较大影响；同时硫膜和硫磺的施入影响了土壤原有的酸碱平衡和氧化还原平衡，表现为土壤交换性酸和交换性铝含量增加、pH值下降、还原性物质和活性还原物含量下降。另外施硫能促进油菜的生长并显著影响植株对N、P、K、S的吸收，在硫包膜尿素处理基础上继续施用较多的硫磺仍有增产效应。与硫磺相比硫膜短期内对土壤性质的影响较轻。     

湿地松林土壤生化特性和酶活性对模拟硫沉降的响应

以亚热带湿地松人工林为研究对象,通过3种水平(对照CK:pH 6.5;低硫LS:pH 4.5;高硫HS:pH 2.5)的模拟硫沉降控制试验,分析土壤生化特性及酶活性对硫添加的响应。结果表明:(1)硫输入促进了土壤酸化,0—5 cm土层土壤pH在HS处理下显著降低,5—10 cm土层土壤pH在LS和HS处理下显著降低(P0.05);(2)硫输入对土壤有机碳库存在一定影响,土壤总有机碳(TOC)对硫输入无显著响应,但土层间的差异性显著增加(P0.05),土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)受影响有限,5—10 cm土层微生物量碳(MBC)LS显著降低(P0.05);(3)硫输入对土壤有效氮库影响存在差异,土壤可溶性有机氮(DON)、铵态氮(NH_4~+—N)尚未表现出显著变化,土壤硝态氮(NO_3~-—N)、土壤微生物量氮(MBN)均在HS处理下显著降低,且硫输入加剧土层间的差异性(P0.05);(4)硫输入抑制了酶活性,土壤脲酶活性在HS处理下显著降低(P0.05),土壤蔗糖酶活性无显著变化,但硫输入均弱化了土层间酶活性的差异性。综合分析所有处理下的土壤生化性质和酶活性等指标发现,对硫添加响应敏感的是土壤pH和酶,土层是另外一个主要影响因子,硫添加和土层的交互作用则影响有限。采用Pearson分析得出,硫输入改变了土壤生化特性、酶活性等指标间的相关性程度。可见,酸雨对土壤酸化的影响是一个逐渐累积的过程,外源性硫添加对土壤碳氮及酶活性的影响存在一定差异,这可为硫沉降环境胁迫下森林管理提供科学依据。     

Gas chromatographic determination of systemic fungicide tricyclazole in soil and water

A method is described for determination of tricyclazole residues in soil and water. Tricyclazole is extracted from soil by refluxing with ethyl acetate-acetone (80 + 20 v/v) and from water by partitioning into dichloromethane. The soil extract is purified by coagulation. The compound is detected and measured by gas chromatography using a flame photometer operated in the sulfur mode. Detection limits are 8 ppb for soil and 0.8 ppb for water. Recoveries for control samples fortified with tricyclazole at 0.1-5.0 ppm averaged 97.1% for soil and 108.1% for water.     

Comparative Evaluation of Inductively Coupled Plasma–Optical Emission Spectroscopy and Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry for Determining DTPA-Extractable Micronutrients in Soils

A study was conducted for comparative evaluation of atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) and inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) for determining extractable zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe) in sixty diverse soil samples having a wide range in pH and organic carbon (C). The results were significantly affected by the method of analysis and soil type but generally did not follow a definite trend. Results for extractable Fe in Alfisol samples were significantly greater when using ICP-OES than AAS; and the results for Zn, Cu, and Mn were not significantly different for the two methods. For Vertisol samples, the results for extractable Cu were significantly greater by ICP-OES than by AAS, whereas extractable Fe and Zn were significantly greater by AAS than by ICP-OES, and the results for Mn were not significantly different for the two methods. The results are discussed relative to soil type and differences in soil organic carbon and pH of the samples used in the study.     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定土壤中全硫、全磷和全钾

分别采用传统王水消解法和微波消解法处理样品,用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定土壤中全硫、全磷和全钾的含量。该方法简单快捷,检测灵敏度高,线性范围宽,重复性好,准确度高,能同时测定土壤中全硫、全磷和全钾的含量,测定结果准确可靠,重现性及精密度很好,加标回收率在95.1%~100.4%之间。可使分析工作者从传统的分析手续冗繁、耗时的繁重工作中解放出来。     

Evaluation of bioremediation and detoxification potentiality of Aspergillus niger for removal of hexavalent chromium in soil microcosm

Aspergillus niger isolated from soil of leather tanning effluent had higher activity to remove chromium then the other fungal isolates. The potency of A. niger was evaluated in shake flask culture by absorption of chromium at pH 6, temperature 30 °C. The toxicity of chromium evaluated in petriplates and soil microcosm seed bioassay test had indicated increase in toxicity with the higher concentration of chromate. A. niger introduced in soil microcosm (40% moisture content) with different concentration of chromate (250, 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 ppm) removed more than 70% chromium in soil contaminated by 250 and 500 ppm of chromate. However, chromium-contaminated soil (2000 ppm of potassium chromate) mixed with compost (5% and 10%) significantly removed chromium in presence of fungus, A. niger. The results of chromate toxicity in the wheat plants revealed that the peroxidases was induced due to increase of metal stress which was reversed in soil microcosm amended with compost.