基于高光谱成像技术检测脐橙溃疡

为了研究从带有不同缺陷的柑橘类水果中快速识别出溃疡果的有效方法,基于高光谱成像技术,该文提出特征波段主成分分析法及波段比算法。以脐橙为研究对象,选取包括溃疡在内常见的10类脐橙果皮缺陷果及正常果。首先,提取并分析11类果皮感兴趣区域（ROI）光谱曲线并结合主成分分析法确定5个最佳波段（630、685、720、810和 875 nm）;然后基于特征波段做主成分分析,选取第5主成分（PC-5）作为分类识别图像,识别率达到80%。为了进一步提高溃疡识别率,该文又提出采用特征波段主成分分析法与波段比算法相结合的方法,基于此算法溃疡正确识别率提高到95.4%。试验结果表明,基于高光谱成像技术可以有效地对带有溃疡病斑的脐橙分类识别。     

基于高光谱成像技术的灵武长枣缺陷识别

为研究快速识别灵武长枣表面裂痕、虫眼、碰伤等常见缺陷的有效方法,利用特征波长主成分分析法结合波段比算法进行长枣裂痕、虫眼、碰伤识别。首先,采用近红外(Near Infrared Reflection,NIR)波段范围的高光谱成像系统获取300个长枣反射图像,提取并分析各类型长枣光谱曲线,选择918~1 678 nm波段范围进行主成分分析,通过权重系数提取特征波长;然后,对特征波长下图像进行主成分分析,选择最优的主成分图像进行识别;最后,对未识别的长枣图像采用波段比算法进一步进行识别。NIR波段的正常枣、虫眼枣、裂痕枣、碰伤枣的识别率分别100%、90%、86%、100%。结果表明:NIR高光谱成像仪对长枣外部缺陷识别是可行的,为多光谱成像技术应用于在线检测长枣品质提供了理论依据。     

基于高光谱图像和遗传优化神经网络的茶叶病斑识别

为实现茶叶病害的快速高效识别,提出了基于高光谱成像技术和图像处理技术融合的茶叶病斑识别方法。利用高光谱成像技术采集了炭疽病、赤叶斑病、茶白星病、健康叶片等4类样本的高光谱图像。提取感兴趣区域敏感波段的相对光谱反射率作为光谱特征。通过2次主成分分析,确定第二次主成分分析后的第二主成分图像为特征图像,基于颜色矩和灰度共生矩阵提取特征图像的颜色特征和纹理特征。利用BP神经网络对颜色、纹理和光谱特征向量融合数据进行检验,识别率为89.59%;为提高识别率,提出遗传算法优化BP神经网络的方法,使病斑识别率提高到94.17%,建模时间也缩短至1.7 s。试验结果表明:高光谱成像技术和遗传优化神经网络可以快速准确的实现对茶叶病斑的识别,可为植保无人机超低空遥感病害监测提供参考。     

基于高光谱图像和光谱信息融合的马铃薯多指标检测方法

针对随机放置的马铃薯缺陷多项指标难以同时检测的问题,提出了一种基于高光谱信息融合的流形学习降维算法与极限学习机(extreme learning machine,ELM)相结合的方法,该方法可同时识别马铃薯的多项缺陷指标。分别采集发芽、绿皮、黑心和合格马铃薯的反射高光谱数据(390~1 040 nm),在光谱维,提取马铃薯样本感兴趣区域(region of interest,ROI)的平均光谱,分别采用扩散映射(diffusion maps,DM)、局部线性嵌入(locally linear embedding,LLE)和海森局部线性嵌入(hessian locally linear embedding,HLLE)3种流形学习降维算法对光谱数据进行降维;在图像维,对马铃薯伪彩色图像进行形态学处理,获取基于灰度共生矩阵(gray level co-occurrence matrix,GLCM)的图像纹理信息,采用连续投影算法(successive projections algorithm,SPA)优选图像纹理特征;融合光谱维信息和图像维信息,分别建立基于极限学习机(ELM)与支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM)的马铃薯多分类识别模型。结果表明,扩散映射结合极限学习机(DM-ELM)模型的预测结果较优,该模型对发芽、绿皮、黑心和合格马铃薯样本的单一识别率分别为97.30%、93.55%、94.44%和100%,混合识别率达到96.58%,时间为0.11 s,可知高光谱信息融合技术结合流形学习降维算法可同时识别随机放置马铃薯的多种缺陷指标。     

皮棉表面多类异性纤维的高光谱图像检测

为了考察高光谱成像技术检测多类异性纤维共存时的性能,也为其今后用于商业化皮棉质量评价,或在线皮棉杂质分拣提供研究基础,试验采集丙纶丝和毛发共存的样本高光谱图像。依据单一异性纤维分割的最佳波段图像,获得灰度平均和小波变换后融合图像。通过对比小波变换融合图像,灰度平均图像,以及全波段下主成分和独立成分得分图像,获得用于目标分割的最佳图像。采用最优特征集和分类树判别方法,判别最佳图像分割后的连通区域,剔除噪声点和假阳性。依据目标判定原则,训练集和独立验证集的异性纤维识别率分别为84.09%和75.86%。结果表     

高光谱成像技术和主成分分析识别玉米籽粒的胚

摘要：为了分割玉米籽粒的胚部分,本研究搭建了一套高光谱成像系统用于获取波段范围为500～900 nm的高光谱反射图像。主成分分析（PCA）方法对样本高光谱数据进行降维以便选择少量有效波长构建多光谱成像系统。研究发现,采用可见光（VIS）区域的3个有效波长510、555和575 nm获得的主成分（PC）图像获得了较好的识别结果。100个独立样本用于评估算法性能,结果表明,样本中97.0%的胚可以从玉米籽粒中正确分离。     

基于高光谱成像的苹果虫害检测特征向量的选取

利用高光谱成像技术,明确苹果虫害无损检测的最优特征向量,以实现对苹果虫害的快速、准确、无损检测。本文首先对646 nm波长的特征图像进行阈值分割、膨胀与腐蚀运算获得掩膜图像,并利用掩模图像对高光谱图像进行掩模和主成分分析,对获得的PC1(the first principal component,第一主成分)图像进行最大熵阈值分割以有效提取虫害区域。然后对比分析虫害区域与正常区域图像的纹理特征,提取灰度共生矩阵的4个方向的4个纹理参数(能量、熵、惯性矩和相关性),并且采用基于高光谱图像的光谱差值获取了2个特征波长对应的光谱相对反射率作为光谱特征。优化组合纹理特征和光谱特征成4个特征向量组,采用BP(back propagation,反向传播)神经网络对正常苹果和虫害苹果进行检测。结果表明,融合0度方向的能量、熵、惯性矩和相关性的纹理特征和646、824 nm波段的相对光谱反射率的光谱特征进行检测识别效果最好,正常果的识别率为100%,虫害果的识别率为100%,并且速度快、误差小。该研究所获得的特征向量可为开发多光谱成像的苹果品质检测和分级系统提供参考。     

基于高光谱成像技术的水稻叶瘟病病害程度分级方法

为了快速、准确地对水稻叶瘟病病害程度进行分级评估,结合定性分析与定量估算,提出了一种基于高光谱成像技术的水稻叶瘟病病害程度分级方法。利用HyperSIS高光谱成像系统采集了受稻瘟病侵染后不同病害等级的水稻叶片高光谱图像,通过分析叶瘟病斑区域与正常叶片部位的光谱特征,对差异较大的550和680 nm波段进行二维散点图分析,提取只含病斑的高光谱图像;然后通过主成分分析（principal component analysis,PCA）方法得到利于褐色病斑和灰色病斑分割的第2主成分图像,采用最大类间方差法（Otsu）分割出灰色病斑;最后结合延伸率和受害率2个参数对水稻叶瘟病病害程度进行分级。试验结果表明：测试的166个不同稻叶瘟病害等级的叶片样本中,其中160个样本可被准确分级,分级准确率为96.39%。该研究为稻叶瘟病田间病害程度评估提供了基础,也为稻瘟病抗性鉴定方法提供了新思路。     

基于高光谱成像的水稻穗瘟病害程度分级方法

为了快速、准确地进行水稻穗瘟病害程度分级,以实现水稻品种抗性评价或精准的田间化学防治,该研究提出了一种光谱词袋(bag of spectrum words,Bo SW)模型分析方法,分析稻穗的高光谱图像,自动评判穗瘟病害程度。首先,稠密规整地将高光谱图像分割成小立方格,计算每个立方格像素的平均全波段包络矢量,用K-Means算法聚类形成典型光谱包络词典。词典中光谱包络"词"(word)用作高光谱图像表达的"基",直方图统计各光谱"词"在高光谱图像样本中的出现频度,形成光谱图像的词袋表达。采用Hyper SIS-VNIR-QE光谱成像仪获取田间采集的170株稻穗样本高光谱图像,用Bo SW方法生成其词袋表达;植保专家根据病害程度类别确定光谱图像样本标签。随机选择2/3"词袋表达-病害程度等级标签"数据对构成训练集,采用卡方-支持矢量机(chi-square support vector machine,Chi-SVM)分类算法建立穗瘟病害程度分级模型。余下的1/3样本构成测试集,测试穗瘟病害等级模型的预测性能,分类识别精度为94.72%,高于主成分分析(principle component analysis,PCA)、敏感波段选择等传统光谱分析方法,其识别精度分别为83.83%和79.83%。该研究提高了穗瘟病分级的自动化程度和准确率,也可为其他病害分级检测提供参考。     

基于高光谱成像的苹果轻微损伤检测有效波长选取

为了确定可用于苹果早期轻微损伤检测的有效波长,以具有代表性的阿克苏苹果为研究对象,采用高光谱成像技术和分段主成分分析方法对损伤发生仅为半小时之内的苹果进行损伤检测研究,对比分析不同光谱区域主成分分析对识别结果的影响,优选出识别光谱区域(780～1000nm)。基于此光谱区域结合主成分图像权重系数获取2个有效波长(820和970nm),并利用这2个波长和全局阈值理论开发了多光谱轻微损伤提取算法。利用独立测试集中25个正常苹果和25个损伤苹果对算法的性能进行评估,结果表明,正常果的识别率为100%,损伤果的识别率为96%,整体检测精度为98%。该研究所获得的有效波长可为开发基于多光谱成像技术的苹果损伤检测系统提供参考。     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.     

Short-term variation in the concentration of selected ions within individual tropical rainstorms

Rainwater was collected at the campus of the University of Brunei Darussalam in Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam, using a funnel-in-bottle sampler. Polypropylene bottles were changed at intervals during rainstorm events. The pH and conductivity were determined immediately after collection on aliquots of the sample. Samples were refrigerated at 5°C for subsequent chemical analysis. Analyses for Na, Mg, Ca, Zn and Fe were carried out by means of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES); Cu and Mn were analysed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS); K was analysed using flame atomic emission spectroscopy (FAES); and Cl^–, NO₃ ^– and SO₄ ^2– were analysed by ion chromatography (IC). Concentration versus time profiles are reported for three rainstorm events. All ions exhibited a decrease in concentration during the rainstorm. The first sample contained the highest concentration of ions, consistent with a first-flush effect. The contribution of the initial stages of the shower to the total quantity of ion deposited during the entire rainstorm is quite overwhelming; in many cases 20 to 30% of the mass was deposited in less than 5% of rainstorm duration. On the other hand, the pH and conductivity variation during rainstorms did not exhibit a consistent pattern.     

The 5S rRNA gene diversity in the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Secale</Emphasis> and determination of its closest haplomes

We analyzed 127 rDNA sequences (5S DNA units) obtained from 23 seed accession samples from more or less 10 taxa in wild and cultivated rye, genus Secale L. The sequences fell into two known groups, here assigned to two unit classes, viz. long R1 and short R1 (designations to reflect on R haplome of rye). The different taxa could not be fully differentiated based on the 5S DNA units. We searched for 5S DNA sequences from known unit classes most closely similar to the long R1 and the short R1. One set with the long R1 unit class contained sequences of the long P1 unit class from Agropyron (P haplome) and from Kengyilia (StYP haplome), long J1 from Thinopyrum (J haplome), whereas the set with the short R1 included the long S1 from Pseudoroegneria (St haplome) and Kengyilia (StYP haplome), the short J1 from Thinopyrum (J haplome) and the short V1 from Dasypyrum (V haplome). Each of the two sets was analyzed separately by maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic analysis from which we were able to infer that the 5S DNA units of Secale differentiated in a non-clock fashion and followed the HKY substitution model in the gene tree with the long R1 unit class and the HKY + G in the gene tree with the short R1 unit class. A complementary Bayesian analysis yielded identical tree topologies to the ML ones for each of the two sequence sets. In the tree with the long R1 units the long P1 and long J1 unit classes were closest to the long R1 unit class, whereas in the tree with the short R1 units the long S1 and short J1 unit classes were closest to the short R1 unit class, indicating possibly a close relationship between the St, J and R haplomes.     

Leaf litter selection by detritivore and geophagous earthworms

Summary Litterbag experiments with 10 different kinds of leaf litter showed that detritivore (Lumbricus species) and geophagous (Aporrectodea species) earthworms prefer certain litter types over others, since different numbers of worms were found below the litter after 50–52 days of exposure in a pasture. The detritivores preferred Fraxinus, Tilia, and predecomposed Ulmus and Fagus litter to Fagus litter and paper, while geophages preferred Tilia litter to Alnus and Ulmus litter, so that the two groups of earthworms showed different preferences. The detritivores seemed to be more selective than the geophages. The palatability of the litter was examined in relation to the C: N ratio, the lignin concentration and the initial and final polyphenol concentration. The numbers of detritivores were significantly correlated with the C: N ratio and the final polyphenol concentration, so that selection of litter seems to be related to palatability. The numbers of geophages were not significantly correlated with any of the parameters for palatability. The disappearance of litter after 50–52 days appeared to be due to detritivore activity, since the numbers found below the litter were positively and significantly correlated with the litter disappearance. There was no significant correlation with geophage activity. This indicates that detritivores use litter as food, and therefore influence the composition of the litter layer.     

Nematode succession and microfauna-microorganism interactions during root residue decomposition

The quality of plant material affects the vigor of the decomposition process and composition of the decomposer biota. Root residues from hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), rye (Secale cereale L.) and vetch+rye, packed in litterbags were placed in pots of soil at 15 C and the content of the bags was analyzed after 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Bacterial biomass did not differ between residues with contrasting composition. Among bacterivores groups of nematodes that require high bacterial production dominated in fast decomposing resources whereas flagellates with smaller requirements prevail in slower decomposing resources. Biomass of bacterial feeding nematodes correlated positively with early phase (0-2 wk) decomposition that increased in the order: rye< vetch+rye<vetch. Bacterial biomass therefore seems to be under top-down (predation) control during early decomposition. In contrast, the fungal biomass differed between resources with highest values for rye. Moreover, this increase in fungal biomass occurred later during succession and was correlated with decomposition activity for rye in that period. Fungal biomass therefore seems to be under bottom-up (resource) control. The composition of the nematode assemblages (composed of 25 taxa) showed a clear relationship to initial plant resource quality as well as decomposition phase. Early successional microbivorous nematodes vary according to resource quality with demanding bacterivores+predators (Neodiplogasteridae) dominating in vetch and less demanding bacterivores (Rhabditidae) and fungivores (Aphelenchus) being equally common in vetch and rye. Later in the succession (2-4 wk) bacterivorous Cephalobidae and fungivorous Aphelenchoides prevailed similarly on the different root materials whereas bacterivorous protozoa and the amoebal fraction thereof dominated in rye. At week 12 no species dominated the nematode assemblages that were similar between the resources. The differences between nematode assemblages among plant resources at 2 week were similar to the results of a field study sampled after 6 weeks with the same soil and plant resources. This lends support to the relevance of the successional patterns observed in this incubation study.     

Cycling of extracellular DNA in the soil environment

Upon entering the soil environment, extracellular DNA is subjected to dynamic biological, physical, and chemical factors that determine its fate. This review concerns the fate of both recombinant and non-recombinant sources of DNA. A schematic of DNA cycling coupled with genetic transformation is presented to understand its behavior in soil. Extracellular DNA may persist through cation bridging onto soil minerals and humic substances, be enzymatically degraded and restricted by DNases of microbial origin, and/or enter the microbial DNA cycle through natural transformation of competent bacteria. Lateral gene transfer may disseminate DNA through the microbial community. An understanding of DNA cycling is fundamental to elucidating the fate of extracellular DNA in the soil environment.