察尔汗盐湖沙漠沙丘沉积物粒度特征分析

在对柴达木盆地沙漠地区两次野外实地调查的基础上,选取察尔汗盐湖沙漠盛行风向沿线的线形沙丘和新月形沙丘沉积物样品进行了粒度特征分析。结果表明,研究区沙区沙粒度组成以细沙和中沙占优,粉沙和黏土含量明显,粒度变化遵循沿盛行风向粒径变细的规律;粒度参数特征表现出沉积物平均粒径较国内其他沙漠偏粗,分选较差,呈正偏-近对称形分布,线形沙丘成熟度比新月形沙丘偏高;沉积物累计概率曲线特征指示研究区沙区沙的沉积环境以跃移搬运为主,存在明显的悬移搬运和微弱的滚动搬运。     

敦煌沙漠绿洲过渡带地表沉积物粒度特征及沉积环境

[目的]探究敦煌沙漠绿洲过渡带地表沉积物粒度特征及沉积环境,为敦煌沙漠绿洲过渡带的生态恢复以及有效控制风沙灾害提供必要的理论依据。[方法]运用对角线法对敦煌沙漠绿洲过渡带地表沉积物进行采样,采用矩值法计算粒度参数,分析其粒度空间分布特征以及沉积环境。[结果](1)研究区地表沉积物粒级极粗砂和极细砂含量较少,沙漠和绿洲分别以粗砂和细砂为主,过渡带以中砂为主,沉积物粒径自沙漠到绿洲呈现明显减小的趋势;(2)3条样带的分选性都较好,相比而言,沙漠的分选性最好,过渡带次之,绿洲最差;(3)偏态除绿洲属于正偏外,沙漠和过渡带都属于近对称分布,频率曲线峰型都是平顶峰,说明不同沉积物粒级对风力作用响应的差异性。[结论]敦煌绿洲的沙以风成环境为主,鸣沙山主要为河湖沙或河流冲积沙,过渡带混合有风成沙和河湖或河流冲积沙。     

呼伦贝尔沙质草原区域风况与风蚀坑形态特征

对呼伦贝尔海拉尔气象观测站风速风向观测记录(1951-2003年)统计分析,发现呼伦贝尔地区以西北、西和西南风为主,西北风出现频率最高.年输沙势为279.1 VU,属于中风能环境,合成输沙方向是148.3°.冬季风向变率指数较高,夏季较低,近50 a来风向逐渐趋于稳定,与本区的风蚀坑走向高度一致.呼伦贝尔沙质草原的风蚀坑可以分为两类,即沙丘风蚀坑和平坦草地风蚀坑.其中平坦草地风蚀坑又可以根据发育阶段和形态将其分为沙斑、碟形坑和槽形坑等简单风蚀坑.     

呼伦贝尔沙质草原槽形风蚀坑表面气流特征

根据野外对呼伦贝尔沙质草原槽形风蚀坑表面二次流的观测结果,利用相对风速（v／vR400）比较不同部位之间气流在水平方向上的变异情况。发现：槽形风蚀坑内气流结构紊乱,坑内前部位置出现风速随高度降低的现象,形成反向回流;风蚀坑内在斜向气流的情况下有螺旋环流产生,由于气流聚集,在坑后部形成的高速气流容易将大量沙物质搬运到坑后;在坑口积沙区坡脚遇阻减速后气流辐散溢出。认为槽形风蚀坑是在碟形坑的基础上,沿强风能方向延伸扩展,3个出风口最终合并而形成的大型风蚀地貌形态。     

策勒绿洲-沙漠过渡带不同沙丘的沉积物粒度特征及沉积环境

[目的]通过对策勒绿洲—沙漠过渡带不同沙丘类型下风沙沉积物粒度、磁化率分布特征及环境敏感粒级组分进行分析,探讨不同沙丘类型下风沙沉积物相关参数及分布规律。[方法]基于绿洲—沙漠过渡带4种沙丘各部位粒度数据及磁化率数据,采用数理统计方法进行相关性分析。[结果]4种沙丘在不同地貌部位表层的沙物质粒级含量有所差别,回涡、灌丛、新月形及风影沙丘表面沙物质主要由极粗粉砂、极细砂、细砂组成,百分含量总和由小到大依次为96.71%,97.54%,98.48%,98.65%。4种不同沙丘表面沙物质分选性均为分选中度好。不同沙丘的峰态平均值介于0.93～1.02,属于中等峰态,从总体上分析4种沙丘的峰态值从迎风坡底到顶部逐渐增大,顶部到背风坡底部逐渐减小。新月形沙丘偏度值最小,偏度值介于-0.03～0.01,主要表现为对称,风影、回涡及灌丛沙丘偏度值介于-0.04～0.44,为对称和正偏。风影、灌丛及新月形沙丘表面沙物质平均粒径与偏度值呈极显著正相关(p<0.01),表明沙粒平均粒径愈粗愈趋向正偏。风影、回涡及新月形沙丘表面沙物质偏度与峰态呈极显著正相关(p<0.01),沙物质分选性愈差,就...     

柴达木盆地西南缘沙丘沉积物粒度特征及其沉积环境

[目的] 研究柴达木盆地西南缘沙丘沉积物粒度特征及其沉积环境,为格(尔木)库(尔勒)铁路防沙和安全运行提供基础数据支撑。[方法] 通过粒度分析方法对柴达木盆地西南缘沙丘区沙丘沉积物的粒度特征及沉积环境进行分析。[结果] 柴达木盆地柴西南沙区沙丘表层沉积物以细沙为主,中沙次之,平均粒径-0.14~3.49Φ,平均值为2.02Φ;分选系数为0.32～1.59,平均值为0.69,以分选较好和好的沙粒为主;偏度主要为近对称分布;峰度以中等峰态占优。自然频率分布曲线呈单峰和双峰分布模式,累积频率曲线图式为一段式、二段式、三段式。平均粒径与分选系数呈线性相关关系,即随平均粒径变细,分选逐渐变好。当峰度＜0.9时,平均粒径与峰度呈负相关;当峰度＞0.9时呈正相关。[结论] 柴达木盆地西南沙区西北部为风成环境,以风成沙为主;而东南部以湖相和河流冲—洪积环境为主,沙物质受到风力和流水的交互作用。     

民勤县固定与半固定沙丘粒度特征分析

沉积物粒度特征可以反映沉积物形成的沉积环境、沉积过程和搬运营力、搬运过程等信息。以民勤县西北部半固定与固定沙丘为研究对象,运用粒度分析方法,对其表层沉积物进行了系统采样分析。结果表明,半固定、固定沙丘的粒度组成均以细沙为主,极细沙次之,二者粒级级配相似,含量却有不同。半固定沙丘平均粒径为2.69Φ,中等分选近对称中等峰度分布;固定沙丘平均粒径为2.66Φ,中等分选近对称尖窄峰度分布。半固定、固定沙丘平均粒径与偏度存在二次多项式关系（R2=0.404 1）;峰度与平均粒径、标准离差、偏度呈不显著线性正相关关系（0.550,0.496,0.356）;标准离差与平均粒径、偏度之间无相关性。     

库布齐沙漠南缘光伏电站内表层沉积物粒度特征

以库布齐沙漠南缘光伏电站表土为研究对象,利用激光衍射技术分析研究了地表0~5 cm层沉积物粒度特征,探讨光伏电站对风蚀颗粒粒度的影响。结果表明:光伏电站内沉积物以细砂、中砂为主。光伏电板的阻滞作用使得板下极细砂、细砂含量升高,中砂含量降低。与裸沙丘相比板下与板间分选性变好,板下颗粒细化,板间颗粒粗化,峰态偏离正态,向负偏发展,颗粒频率分布曲线变宽,累积频率曲线依次变陡。光伏电站内迎风方向(东南向西北方向)电板区域沉积物含量波动显著,频率较高,平均粒径较背风方向小,迎主害风方向颗粒出现粗化趋势。背风方向(西南向东北方向)沉积物含量波动频率明显下降,平均粒径较迎风方向大,背风方向颗粒出现细化趋势。北向南方向电板区域沉积物粒径逐渐增大,颗粒出现细化趋势,由光伏电站外缘延至光伏电站内部极细砂、细砂颗粒堆积程度逐渐增大。光伏电站迎风方向沉积物粗粒化现象尤为严重,需要在光伏电站周围、主要在迎风方向建设防护措施,来降低电站内颗粒粗粒化现象以及板间堆积现象的发生程度。     

新疆策勒绿洲—沙漠过渡带风沙运动沙尘物质粒径分形特征

新疆策勒绿洲—沙漠过渡带风沙活动频繁,对其近地表风沙运动规律的研究具有重要意义。采用实验测定分析、线性回归分析、相关统计分析等研究方法,对策勒绿洲—沙漠过渡带不同地貌部位表面及近地表输沙和降尘物质粒度及粒径分形特征进行了研究。结果表明:策勒不同风沙运动形式沙尘物质组成主要为极粗粉砂和极细砂,大气降尘物的粗粉砂含量偏高,分形维数介于0.25~2.25;五种沙尘物质平均分维值介于1.03~1.67,灌丛沙堆表面沙物质粒径分形维数平均值最大,其次依次为大气降尘、裸平沙地、地表输沙物质和流动沙丘的沙尘物质,标准偏差值大小变化趋势与之相反。灌丛沙堆表面沙物质的粒径分形维数与沙物质平均粒径、分选系数等指标呈显著线性相关性,流动沙丘表面沙物质平均粒径的分形维数与粒度参数之间线性相关性不显著。灌丛沙堆、流动沙丘、地表输沙物质的黏粒含量与分形维数均呈极显著正相关性(p0.01),灌丛沙堆与地表输沙物质的砂粒级含量与分形维数呈显著负相关,大气降尘物的粉砂含量与分形维数呈显著负相关(p0.05)。流动沙丘表面沙物质的粉砂和砂百分含量与分维值无显著相关性。沙物质的粒级组成、运动形式、植被覆盖度、风力及地形等均是导致绿洲—沙漠过渡带沙尘粒度及分形特征差异的主要原因。     

不同植物灌丛沙丘表面沉积物粒度变化及其固沙能力

研究沙区不同类型植物灌丛沙丘地表沉积物环境敏感粒度组分体积百分含量变化及其影响因素有助于精确描述地表风沙运动过程,为快速比较不同植物种固沙能力和沙区植被恢复提供参考。采用激光衍射法对乌兰布和沙漠内部5种荒漠植物灌丛沙丘地表沉积物粒度差异进行测定,以粒级-标准偏差法对风沙环境敏感组分进行提取,根据敏感组分体积百分含量变化对植物固沙能力进行评价,并以多元线性回归方法拟合了敏感组分体积百分含量对植株形态指标变化的响应。结果表明:沙鞭、沙蓬、芦苇样地表层沙物质分布同裸沙丘均为单峰型,白刺和油蒿为双峰型。植被分布区沙丘表层沉积物中沙、细沙减少,极细沙和粉粒增加,沉积物颗粒分选性变差,频率曲线趋于正偏,峰度值降低。整体而言,颗粒组成由细到粗依次为:白刺油蒿芦苇沙蓬沙鞭裸沙丘。乌兰布和沙漠地表沉积物存在1.45~76和76~456μm 2个环境敏感粒度组分,中值分别为57.3和193.6μm,分别命名为细组分和粗组分,细组分对应风沙流中的悬移质,粗组分为跃移质。环境敏感组分在各植物覆盖下差异显著,细组分体积百分含量变化为:白刺油蒿沙蓬芦苇沙鞭裸沙丘,粗组分体积百分含量变化相反,植株对风动力的阻滞能力相应降低。多元线性回归显示,细组分体积百分含量与株高、冠幅、分枝数呈正相关关系,与疏透度呈负相关关系,表层沉积物中细组分体积百分含量越高的植物灌丛,影响其体积百分含量多少的因素越复杂。     

Wind velocity and algal crusts in dune blowouts

In two saucer-shaped blowouts wind velocity was measured at 0.18 m height and compared to the wind velocity data from the nearest standard meteorological station at Valkenburg about 3.5 km to the northeast. In blowout 1 relative velocities are highest when the wind blows from directions between E and SSE. In blowout 2 winds blowing from directions between S and WSW are relatively stronger. In general the wind speed increases as its moves along the surface inside the blowout, because the aerodynamic roughness of the blowout surface is less than that of the surrounding area. Less important are the influence of the configuration of the terrain surrounding the blowout and the influence of the slopes within the blowout.The frequency distribution of the general wind at Valkenburg is analysed and combined with the horizontal wind velocity pattern within blowouts. A simulation model, producing the spatial distribution of the wind power shows that the prevalence of algal crusts at the SW side of blowouts agrees well with the location which reaches the lowest wind power values. In other parts of the blowouts algal crusts are damaged by moving sand at times of high wind velocity.     

Blowout dynamics on Lake Huron sand dunes: analysis of digital multispectral data from colour air photos

We adapted a digital image analysis procedure to extract multispectral data from sequential colour air photos of a Lake Huron sand dune system and then classify land cover into water, sand, and vegetation. We isolated portions containing individual blowouts from georeferenced land cover maps of the dune system in 1973 and 1998 and overlaid the sequential images using geographic information systems (GIS). This allowed us to quantify changes in blowouts over the 25-year period. Net change in land cover (m²) within each blowout was expressed as the difference between retrogression (bare areas created by erosion or burial of existing vegetation) and colonization (vegetation patches created by plant establishment on bare areas). The analysis procedure produced maps with an overall accuracy of ≥90% for land cover classification within blowouts. The individual blowouts fell along a continuum of activity, varying from significant retrogression (+748 m²) to significant colonization (−1148 m²). Overall, sand movement in all sampled blowouts produced 3991 m² (17.9% of the blowout area in 1998) of bare sand patches that replaced formerly existing patches of vegetation. Colonization of bare areas over the 25-year period was 4127 m² or 18.5% of the 1998 blowout area. Retrogression and colonization are natural cooccurring processes in coastal dune systems, and the technique described here represents a new tool for the study of temporal and spatial vegetation dynamics in blowouts.     

直压立式纱网沙障不同取样季节输沙量变化特征

[目的] 对不同规格纱网沙障春季、夏秋季的输沙量变化特征进行定位连续测定,为进一步评价纱网沙障的固沙效果提供科学依据。[方法] 采用野外定位、定期观测方法,研究不同季节纱网沙障的输沙量变化特征。[结果] 无论是春季,还是夏秋季,设置2 m×2 m,3 m×3 m,3 m×4 m和4 m×4 m的纱网沙障对风沙流的拦截效果随着网格变小而增加,且输沙量随高度变化趋势线均呈现指数关系。来自西北风方向的输沙量大于东南风方向的输沙量,且春季输沙量大于夏秋季输沙量。和对照相比,春季3 m×4 m纱网沙障0—60 cm高度拦截的净输沙量降低了85.98%,而夏秋季降低了79.56%。[结论] 纱网沙障输沙量主要集中在地表20 cm及以下高度范围,并随着纱网沙障规格增加其降低输沙量能力减少。设置纱网沙障能有效减少风沙流危害。     

紫色土流失土壤的颗粒特征及影响因素

土壤可蚀性是影响坡面水蚀过程的内在因素,与土壤质地,土壤有机质等理化性质密切相关.本研究利用田间人工模拟降雨观测资料,分析了侵蚀过程中流失土壤颗粒组成的变化.结果表明:(1)在次降雨过程中,流失土壤颗粒组成不断变化.随着降雨的进行,细砂含量逐步增加,而粉粒含量基本不变,黏粒含量逐渐减小;(2)雨强是影响流失土壤颗粒组成的重要因素.随雨强增加,细砂含量呈逐步增大的趋势,而粉粒与黏粒含量均逐步下降;(3)坡度对流失土壤颗粒组成影响比较复杂.随坡度增加,细砂含量先增大后减小,粉粒与黏粒含量先减小后增大;在20°坡度时,细砂含量最大,粉粒与黏粒含量最小.     

Vegetation stabilisation and slope failure of eroding sand dunes

A comparison of adjacent vegetated and non-vegetated seaward-facing dune slopes illustrates some of the problems associated with stabilisation byartificial planting. Although the vegetated slopes are more sec re (‘F’ values range from 1·16 to 2·33), they have a tendency to fail as rotational slips following marine undercutting, and supply of sand to the eroding beach is greatly reduced. Also a potential for massive slab failure exists. Sediment residence time is increased from 3·5 years for loose sand faces to 27 years for planted ones. For successful stabilisation it is necessary to know both the maximum stable cliff angle and the probable magnitude of storm-induced recession.     

A new method for the identification of sediment stratification in soils of the Blue Springs Basin,Ontario

Eight soil profiles were sampled from the upland and lowland components of four glacial-fluvial landforms in the Blue Springs drainage basin, Guelph, Ontario. Sediment stratification in these soils was established at depths where statistically significant changes in the values of the ratios of % total sand/% total silt that are calculated on clay-free and carbonate-free basis take place. Limits of significance for differences between populations of stratified sediments were established from the standard error of determination of the ratios of % total sand/% total silt at the 0.01 probability level. A texturally uniform sediment is characterized by a regression line in which the depth (X) is the independent variable and the value of the ratio of % total sand/% total silt (Y) corresponding to the depth is the dependent variable.     

鄱阳湖沙山地区沙化土地特征及成因分析

鄱阳湖沙山地区土地沙化属于南方荒漠化的一种典型类型,是在湖滨沙质阶地的基础上形成的,它既有别于北方的土地沙漠化,又区别于南方其它类型的荒漠化.基于野外调查的基础上对该地区土地沙化特征进行描述,同时从历史背景、当代气候特征以及鄱阳湖水位变化等几个方面对沙化的成因进行了分析.分析结果表明:(1)目前该地区土地沙化趋于变好态势;(2)历史上的海平面变化及气候特征成为鄱阳湖沙山形成的主要因素,而沙山又为该地区当代土地沙化提供了丰富的物质来源.(3)当代气候特征下,流水及固定风向的长期侵蚀为土地沙化提供了动力因素,而鄱阳湖水位的周期性变化,为土地沙化的物质循环提供了有利的环境.总的来说,鄱阳湖沙山地区的土地沙化是在历史地质地貌变迁、当代气候条件、湖泊变化以及人为活动等因素的共同作用下形成的独具特色的亚热带土地荒漠化.     

Holocene fluvial-coastal interactions on a mixed sand and sand and gravel beach system, North Canterbury, New Zealand

Fluvio-coastal interactions are examined on a progradational sand, and mixed sand and gravel beach sequence between the Ashley and Kowai rivers, Pegasus Bay, New Zealand. This coastal system presents an example of a wave-dominated environment energetic enough to deal with the sediment supply derived from the rivers, but where the coast is still prograding. Progradation occurs because of the inability of the marine system to evacuate wave-eroded sediment from the bay floor. This results in gradual nearshore aggradation until nearshore storage is filled and sediment is finally transported landward to form a new beach ridge. This type of coastal system can be identified by a diagnostic morphological assemblage comprising a ‘small river’ coastal morphology (sensu Zenkovich (1967, Processes of Coastal Development, Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh) backed by a sequence of beach ridges. Sediment fractionation (shape and size sorting) is identified as the primary effect of erosional processes on a mixed sand and gravel beach. Fractionation is capable of converting sandy beaches with minor gravel components to graveldominated beaches. Gravel is concentrated by the evacuation of sand from the shoreface. This occurs dominantly through storm sifting but also occurs in response to normal swash processes. This process is very similar to the process of chenier production on mixed mud and sand beaches, and fractionation is highlighted as a dominant erosional process on mixed beaches, irrespective of grain size.     

High Variability in Sediment Characteristics of a Neotropical Stream Impacted by Surface Mining and Gully Erosion

This study examined patterns of stream sediment granulometry, organic matter (OM) and metal concentration, and surface water characteristics in a catchment in the Brazilian Iron Quadrangle that is highly impacted by surface iron mining and gully erosion. Sediment granulometry indicated fine sediment deposition at impacted stream sites, i.e., tendencies towards bimodal particle size distributions with an additional peak in the sand fraction at impacted stream sites that did not occur at pristine reference sites, as well as towards smaller mean sediment particle sizes at impacted sites than at reference sites. Impacted sites also had significantly lower sediment OM contents than reference sites. Sediment heavy metal and arsenic concentrations did not differ between impacted and reference sites and were generally below published target or threshold effect concentrations. Impacts on surface water characteristics occurred only locally at a site that received tailings pond effluent from an iron mine and had very low pH and conductivity values. Sediment characteristics exhibited substantial spatial variability in the studied tropical catchment, showing that land use impacts can hardly be detected in routine monitoring and impact assessment studies that adopt a before–after control-impact approach and do not consider pristine reference streams. These results underline the importance of high-resolution and long-term sediment monitoring as well as integrated basin-scale sediment management programs.