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1.
不同植被恢复年限弃渣场入渗性能研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
为科学预测弃渣场水土流失量及评价其植被恢复效应,采用双环入渗法研究了不同植被恢复年限的弃渣场平台及边坡处的入渗特征,结果表明:不同植被恢复年限的弃渣土体容重、有机质含量及毛管孔隙度均随植被恢复年限的增加而增大,植被恢复从1年变化到2年,其容重差异在0.07~0.14 g/cm~3之间;弃渣入渗过程大致存在入渗率迅速降低(9 min内)、缓慢降低(10~60 min)和趋于稳定(60 min后)三个阶段;平台处的稳定入渗率随植被恢复年限的增加呈先增加后减小趋势,而边坡处的稳定入渗率则随植被恢复年限的增加呈先减小后增加趋势;Horton模型对弃土弃渣入渗过程拟合的相关系数最大(平均0.923),是反映其入渗过程的适宜模型。  相似文献   

2.
吉沙水电站工程施工区渣土抗剪强度试验研究   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
在分析施工区渣土容重的基础上,用微型剪力仪对其抗剪强度进行了测定分析,结果显示:①弃渣堆积平台和运渣道路的渣土容重开挖边坡弃渣堆积边坡,其均值分别为1.85g/cm3、1.45g/cm3和1.05g/cm3,说明运渣道路经不断碾压,渣土密实,弃渣边坡的自然堆积渣土,疏松多孔。②随着堆积年限的不同,弃渣边坡抗剪强度的大小有显著差异,堆积3年的弃渣其抗剪强度2年弃渣1年弃渣;同一坡面不同堆积部位的弃渣,其渣土抗剪强度呈坡上坡中坡下的趋势。③渣土堆放时间越长,植被恢复程度越好,渣土抗剪强度就越大。④施工区不同类型植被覆盖下原生土壤的抗剪强度大小依次为:高山松林灌木丛和草地乔灌木混交林,分别为当年堆渣坡面的9.25、8.75、8.75和6.50倍,也是弃渣平均抗剪强度的1.68倍。  相似文献   

3.
兴文县香椿人工林土壤物理性质研究   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2       下载免费PDF全文
以柳杉人工林、柏木人工林及耕地为对照,研究了不同定植年限香椿人工林的土壤物理性质变化。结果表明:①香椿人工林土壤体积质量随定植年限的增长而减小,不同林分在0~40 cm土层中,土壤体积质量以定植4年香椿林为最大,柏木人工林最小,分别为1.58 g/cm3和1.31 g/cm3。②随定植年限增加,土壤孔隙度、持水量及贮水量均增大,各林地及耕地土壤孔隙度、持水量及贮水量均随土壤深度的增加而减小。③在0~40 cm土层中,柏木人工林的总孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度最大,香椿人工林次之,耕地最小;而毛管孔隙度香椿人工林最大,柳杉人工林最小。④在0~40 cm土层中,各林地及耕地土壤最大持水量、毛管持水量及田间持水量均为柏木人工林香椿人工林柳杉人工林耕地,土壤贮水量为香椿人工林柳杉人工林耕地柏木人工林。⑤香椿人工林土壤物理性质随林龄的增加而改善,明显优于柳杉人工林及耕地,仅某些指标较差于柏木人工林。  相似文献   

4.
不同恢复年限弃渣场入渗特征研究与评价   总被引:3,自引:3,他引:0       下载免费PDF全文
为分析弃渣场入渗性能及其植被恢复效应,采用野外双环入渗和主成分分析方法,分析和评价不同恢复年限弃渣场入渗特征。结果表明:(1)弃渣场恢复年限2个月(P1),2a(P2),4a(P3)和桑树林地(P4)的初始入渗率依次为11.32,9.34,15.84,19.38mm/min,稳定入渗率为4.64,3.62,6.71,7.81mm/min;桑树林地的稳定入渗率为3个弃渣场的1.68,2.16,1.16倍;(2)Kastiakov模型的拟合效果优于通用经验模型、Philip模型和Horton模型,其决定系数为0.905~0.956;(3)入渗特征值与土壤容重,20~5mm,5~2mm颗粒含量呈显著负相关(p0.05),与非毛管孔隙度、有机质含量和2~0.075 mm颗粒含量呈显著(p0.05)或极显著(p0.01)正相关;(4)主成分分析评价的土壤入渗能力排序依次为P4(2.398)P3(0.792)P1(-1.104)P2(-2.089);随着恢复年限的增加,弃渣场入渗性能得到较好的改善且接近桑树林地。  相似文献   

5.
六盘山林区四种植被类型对土壤物理性质的影响研究   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
植被恢复是改善土壤物理性质、保持水土的重要措施。为研究不同植被类型对土壤物理性质的影响,以六盘山林区华北落叶松、白桦、虎榛子和沙棘4种植物为研究对象,分别测定了不同层次的土壤容重、总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、土壤含水量、最大持水量、毛管持水量和田间持水量等指标,并进行了分析。结果表明:4种植被类型的土壤容重,均表现出随着土层的增厚而增加的趋势;土壤总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、土壤含水量、最大持水量、毛管持水量和田间持水量,均表现随着土层的增厚而降低的趋势。植被恢复更有利于提高土壤总孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度,改善土壤结构,提高土壤透气透水性和涵养水源的能力。沙棘和虎榛子在提高土壤总孔隙度方面更为有效,虎榛子更有利于改善土壤表层的土壤含水量、毛管持水量和田间持水量。  相似文献   

6.
不同治理措施对秦巴山区渣场土壤养分与植被恢复的影响   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
通过对不同治理措施下渣场土壤养分状况的差异性进行分析,系统地探讨不同治理措施对渣场土壤养分含量和植被恢复的影响。结果表明:渣场形成初期土壤养分含量比较贫乏,但随着恢复年限的增加会有一定程度的增加趋势,不同恢复年限之间渣场土壤全氮、铵态氮、速效钾和有机质含量差异极显著(P<0.01),硝态氮含量差异显著(P<0.05),速效磷含量差异不显著;不同覆土厚度的渣场除了速效磷含量差异显著以外,其他土壤养分含量差异极显著,说明覆土厚度对渣场土壤养分含量和植被恢复有一定的作用;渣场形成初期,若进行人工恢复植被,会使渣场土壤养分在短期内小于自然恢复植被的渣场,但是随着恢复年限的增加,以及人工植被改良土壤的作用,从而使进行人工恢复植被的渣场土壤养分含量大于自然恢复植被的渣场。  相似文献   

7.
扰动边坡植被恢复过程中的土壤性质演变   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
采用空间代替时间法研究了扰动边坡植被恢复过程中的土壤性质演变。结果表明,扰动边坡植被恢复过程中土壤含水量呈上升趋势,土壤容重呈下降趋势。随着植被的恢复,土壤物理性质逐渐改良。土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮、微生物量碳、微生物量氮、土壤呼吸呈上升趋势。全磷和全钾变化趋于稳定,速效磷和速效钾随着植被恢复演替在前期呈现增加的趋势,随后又降低,最后趋于稳定。土壤微生物呼吸速率随着植被恢复年限的增加呈上升趋势,说明植被在恢复过程中,土壤的熟化程度越来越高。  相似文献   

8.
农牧交错带植被恢复对土壤物理性质的影响   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2       下载免费PDF全文
以地处毛乌素沙地南缘的榆林市沙生植物园植被恢复30a的10种植被类型下土壤为研究对象,对不同植被类型下土壤物理性质进行了对比分析。结果表明,植被恢复可以改善土壤物理性质,与流动沙地相比较,植被恢复后表层土壤容重降低了0.1~0.5g/cm3,土壤总孔隙度提高了1%~10%,土壤颗粒组成虽然仍然呈现砂粒占绝对优势,但明显表现出细化的趋势,1~0.25mm含量明显降低,其它粒级含量呈不同程度的升高。不同植被类型对土壤的改良作用差异显著,灌木对土壤物理性质的改良作用优于草本和乔木,其中柠条较其它植物种类可更好地改善土壤物理性状。  相似文献   

9.
为了探索黄土丘陵区退耕地植被自然恢复对土壤水分环境的影响,以延安市安塞区5个植被自然恢复阶段(10,20,30,40,50年)退耕地为研究对象,采用空间代替时间法研究不同演替阶段土壤理性特征的变化、土壤蓄水性能及其影响。结果表明:陕北黄土丘陵区弃耕地在植被自然恢复过程中,同一演替阶段不同土层,其表层(0—20cm)土壤容重均小于下层(20—40cm)土壤容重。不同演替阶段表层土壤容重总体表现为先减少后增加的趋势,其土壤容重在30年的植被自然恢复期降到最低值,说明植被恢复导致表层土壤容重变小,表层土壤总毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度均呈现先增大后减小的趋势,且在30年自然恢复期达到峰值,而土壤毛管孔隙度变化趋势为先减小后增大再减小再增大。不同演替阶段表层土壤饱和蓄水量、滞留蓄水量均表现为先增大后减小的趋势,且在30年自然恢复期其蓄水量达到峰值。土壤物理特征的变化趋势为土壤容重大,土壤粗砂粒含量增加,毛管孔隙度增大,非毛管孔隙度减小,土壤蓄水量降低;土壤容重减小,土壤细砂粒、粉黏粒含量增加,毛管孔隙度减小,非毛管孔隙度增大,土壤蓄水量增大。  相似文献   

10.
采用现场调查和定位观测等方法,对金安桥水电站工程弃渣场弃渣容重、粒径组成,原地貌和渣场绿化边坡、弃渣场松散堆积物边坡以及堆积平台和运渣道路的土壤侵蚀量进行了研究.结果显示:①弃渣场不同部位的渣土容重均值分别为1.70 g/cm3、1.30g/cm3和0.96g/cm3;②弃渣颗粒在剔除> 2cm石块后,粒径>4mm的弃...  相似文献   

11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响   总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0  
【目的】以富士(Fuji)、 秦冠(Qinguan)嫁接在平邑甜茶(Malus hupehensis Rehd.)上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水(ZZ)、 低氮正常水(DZ)、 正常氮干旱(ZG)、 低氮干旱(DG)。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮(6 mmol/L NO-3-N)、 低氮(0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N)、 正常供水(保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%)、 干旱处理(保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%)。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量(茎和叶)、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水(ZZ)>低氮正常水(DZ)>正常氮干旱(ZG)>低氮干旱(DG),并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水(ZZ)>低氮正常水(DZ)>正常氮干旱(ZG)>低氮干旱(DG); 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶>根>茎,磷元素则是根>叶>茎;光合氮素利用效率(PNUE)和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水(DZ)处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱(DG)处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。  相似文献   

12.
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.  相似文献   

13.
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,  相似文献   

14.
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.  相似文献   

15.
Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.  相似文献   

16.
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.  相似文献   

17.
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.  相似文献   

18.
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.  相似文献   

19.
Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.  相似文献   

20.
李聃枫  朱春梧 《土壤》2020,52(3):561-566
自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。  相似文献   

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