土壤干缩开裂三维模型构建及其参数敏感性分析

为揭示农田土壤干缩裂隙沿深度方向的发展规律及形成机理,该研究改进了Vogel提出的Hookean弹簧模型,通过构建由节点组成的三棱柱状网格结构,并考虑重力的影响,建立了可以模拟裂隙深度的三维农田土壤干缩开裂模型,分析了纵向弹性系数（与土壤沿深度的弹性有关）对模拟裂隙深度的影响,通过Minkowski密度（即面积密度、长度密度和欧拉数密度）量化分析裂隙形态。结果表明：试验与模拟裂隙图像的面积、长度、欧拉数密度及裂隙深度频率的决定系数在0.849～0.959之间,一致性指标在0.965～0.988之间,偏差在0.103～0.189之间,均方根误差在0.005～0.083之间,说明改进后的三维模型达到率定要求,该三维物理模型可以模拟出裂隙沿深度的拓展情况,模拟的表层裂隙形态特征符合自然裂隙的发育规律。敏感性分析中,纵向弹性系数越小,裂隙沿深度方向发育的趋势越明显,深裂缝（土深5～10 cm）的占比越大。研究可为模拟农田土壤裂隙沿纵向的发育和形成提供算法参考。     

关于土壤收缩特征曲线的探讨

简单介绍了土壤收缩特征曲线的基本理论,着重阐述了Groenevelt和Grant提出的收缩特征曲线模型,并对该模型提出改进的思想,以便为土壤胀缩特性的研究提供参考。     

土壤表面干缩裂隙形态定量分析及其数值模拟

为揭示农田土壤表面干缩裂隙发展规律以及形成机理,该文对农田土壤裂隙演化试验图像进行二值化、去除噪点、提取裂隙边缘等处理,应用闵科夫斯基函数定量分析裂隙形态变化,并基于胡克定律模拟由于水分蒸发而引起的土壤收缩开裂过程。结果表明:闵科夫斯基函数可以有效地描述裂隙形态;形态学分析结果显示裂隙的闵科夫斯基面积、长度、欧拉数密度函数具有不同的变化规律;应用数值方法模拟由于水分蒸发而引起土壤收缩开裂的二维裂隙,试验图像裂隙面积、长度、欧拉数密度基本分布在100组模拟图像裂隙密度均值与标准差之间,裂隙试验图像与模拟图像面积、长度、欧拉数密度决定系数在0.893~0.928之间,均方根误差在0.002~0.039之间,偏差在0.064~0.144之间,一致性指标大于0.888,表明模拟结果较好。应用数值方法模拟土壤表面裂隙,有助于研究农田土壤裂隙的形成机理以及土壤裂隙随时间变化过程中动态演化规律。     

控制高径比条件下崩岗土体的收缩开裂特性

崩岗土体的收缩开裂受到多种因素的影响。该研究为研究高径比对其影响,共设计10组高径比,通过定点拍照记录脱湿前与脱湿结束时的土体形态变化,结合数字图像处理技术进行定量分析,探讨在控制高径比条件下崩岗土体的收缩开裂规律。结果表明：1）崩岗4层土中,过渡层的裂隙性、径向收缩性能最强,砂土层最弱,两者之间的较大差异会严重破坏崩岗土体的稳定性与承载力,促使崩壁崩塌;2）高径比较小的试样裂隙发育显著,径向收缩不明显;高径比较大的试样无裂隙发育,径向收缩显著。其中,4层土由干缩开裂土样过渡至径向收缩土样的高径比具体临界值分别位于：0.147～0.160、0.160～0.183、0.160～0.183、0.134～0.147;3）当高径比相同时,即使高度、直径不一致,但其各裂隙参数、径向收缩率具备相似性,轴向收缩率随厚度的增加而增加;4)随高径比的增加,收缩含水率逐渐增大,开裂含水率逐渐减小,两者之间的差值可以表示脱湿过程中土体产生抗拉强度的大小。收缩开裂裂隙度、宽径比、径向收缩率随高径比的增加整体呈现增大的趋势,其余参数均呈现减小的趋势。其中,4层土中,过渡层的收缩开裂特性受高径比影响最显著,砂土层受影响程度最小。研究结果可为揭示崩岗崩塌机理提供科学依据。     

不同盆栽基质水分特征曲线的对比分析与模拟

现有关于盆栽控水模拟土壤干旱条件的试验中多采用含水率作为水分胁迫阈值,然而由于基质配比不同导致含水率相同的基质的水分状况也不尽相同,这导致各研究间结果难以对比和参考。为快速获取盆栽基质水分特征曲线,建立基质水分特征曲线预测模型。该研究以盆栽控水试验常用的泥炭土、蛭石和珍珠岩为基质材料,测定了不同配比基质的水分特征曲线,通过不同方法（多元回归模型、人工神经网络）建立了其预测模型。结果表明,人工神经网络模型对基质水分特征曲线的预测精度高于多元回归;相较于人工神经网络,多元回归模型的稳定性更高。综合考虑模型的精度和稳定性,多元回归模型是预测作物盆栽基质水分特征曲线的最佳模型。该模型为基质水分特征曲线快速获取以及相关作物干旱胁迫研究间的对比提供了方法和依据。     

干湿效应下崩岗土体的裂隙演化及收缩变形规律

为提高崩岗土体稳定性,抑制崩壁崩塌.试验共设计6次干湿循环,利用工业相机对脱湿过程中崩岗4层土进行定时定点拍照并结合数字图像处理技术,研究干湿效应下崩岗土体的裂隙演化及收缩变形规律.结果表明:(1)脱湿过程中土体形态变化顺序为轴向收缩、径向收缩和裂隙发育;(2)表面裂隙率与液限、塑性指数、黏粒含量呈显著正相关关系,4层...     

干湿循环下气—液界面张力对黏土收缩开裂的影响

气—液界面张力(表面张力)作为主要的外部环境因素之一,其变化势必会对土壤收缩开裂和土水特性有重要影响。开展了一系列不同温度条件下的干湿循环试验,脱湿温度设定为25℃和60℃两种,对3组不同表面张力的初始饱和试样进行干湿循环试验。在脱湿过程中,对试样的含水率变化及表面裂隙的演化过程进行定时测量拍照,利用数字图像处理技术对试样裂隙图像进行定量分析,最终得到表面收缩开裂裂隙度δ。结果表明:随着干湿循环次数的增加,试样的最终δ有所增加,但增长幅度不大;温度越高,试样初次出现裂隙的时间越快,当温度从25℃增加至60℃时,试样出现初始裂隙时对应的临界含水率从38%增至41%,试样的最终δ增长20%~40%;在同一温度环境下,土样的裂隙发育程度随着表面张力的降低而变慢,最终δ随着表面张力的降低而减小,无论何种温度环境,表面张力大小和裂隙度大小顺序一致,均为纯水试样酒精溶液试样肥皂水试样;含水率相同时,表面张力越大,对应试样的δ越大。     

土壤裂隙及其优先流研究进展

土壤在干燥脱水的过程中易收缩产生裂隙。裂隙的产生是土壤性质与外界条件等多种因素综合作用的结果,其形态结构也非常复杂,难以准确描述。裂隙能够作为优先流的路径,增加农田水分和养分的流失以及地下水污染的风险。本文总结和归纳了裂隙产生的影响因素、裂隙的表征指标与测定方法、裂隙导致的优先流的研究方法、裂隙对优先流的影响和模拟等方面的研究进展。今后应进一步加强裂隙产生机理的全面深入的研究;构建和完善裂隙三维指标体系及其测定方法;推进裂隙导致的优先流的定量化和数学模拟研究;加大田间原位裂隙及其优先流的研究。     

广西喀斯特地区甘蔗地土壤收缩变化研究

广西喀斯特地区干湿季节明显,旱地土壤在干湿交替过程中的土壤胀缩易导致土壤裂隙产生,从而影响土壤水分和养分的保存与运移。本研究以广西南宁里建农业科学院甘蔗地为研究对象,在耕作与免耕条件下,利用Soil Shrinkage Simulator(SSS)软件对不同土壤含水量条件下甘蔗地土壤进行土壤线性伸展系数变化和土壤收缩曲线拟合的研究。结果表明:土壤收缩特征曲线拟合值和原状土壤样品实测值拟合度较高(R~20.94);耕作与免耕条件下,土壤线性伸展系数与土壤含水量呈正相关,土壤含水量越高土壤的线性伸展系数越大,收缩越明显;相较于免耕条件下,耕作能够影响土壤含水量的空间分布,调节土壤结构,改善土壤理化性质,增强土壤的收缩能力。因此,研究广西喀斯特地区不同耕作条件下土壤收缩变化可以为广西喀斯特地区合理开展甘蔗种植及土壤保水保肥提供理论依据。     

干湿交替过程中土壤胀缩特征的实验研究

土壤胀缩是土壤在干燥、湿润交替变化过程中所表现出的土壤容积随含水量改变的现象。本文通过测定4种土壤脱水和吸水过程中的土柱高度和直径的变化,分析了胀缩过程中土壤容积与含水量的关系及土壤的胀缩特征。结果显示:三直线模型能够很好地拟合4种土壤的收缩、膨胀过程;土壤收缩、膨胀曲线各段的特征值均小于1,这说明土壤胀缩过程中土壤容积的变化速率小于含水量的变化速率;4种土壤胀缩过程中几何因子rs大于1而小于3,且收缩初期几何因子rs等于1,表明土壤的胀缩是各向异性的,并且在土壤收缩的最初阶段只有垂直收缩。     

Influence of load on shrinkage behavior of peat soils

The shrinkage of the peat soils that accompanies the soil moisture changes is an important feature of such soils and has strong influence on their physical attributes and soil water management. The relationships between soil moisture and volume are often described using shrinkage characteristic curves by relating void ratio (volume of voids per unit volume of solids) to moisture ratio (volume of water per volume of solids). For conversion of soil volume changes into cracks volume and subsidence, a dimensionless shrinkage geometry factor is used. The paper presents results of volumetric shrinkage behavior and the geometry factor at various loads in sedge and alder peat soils. The measurements were conducted on undisturbed soil samples without applying a load and with loads corresponding to field overburden. The shape of the shrinkage characteristics of such soils were completely different from those of clay soils. The application of loads did not significantly influence the shrinkage characteristics curve. The applied load strongly influenced on relationship between shrinkage geometry factor and the moisture ratio, showing higher values of subsidence and lower values of crack volume in comparison with unloaded conditions.     

In situ measurement of the vertical linear shrinkage curve of soils

In situ studies on soil shrinkage has been limited so far to highly swelling soils due to the limited precision of the in situ measurements. We present a new experimental set-up for the in situ measurement of the vertical linear shrinkage curve (LSC) of soils that uses electronic linear displacement transducers to measure soil layer thickness variations. We used block kriging, instead of arithmetic averaging as done by former authors, to estimate locally the water content of the soil layers at the same spot where the thickness measurements are done. We tested this in situ LSC measurement method in the borderline case of two weakly swelling soils from Senegal. The precision of the soil layer thickness measurements are better than or equal to ±10 μm. With block kriging, the gravimetric water content of the soil could be estimated with a precision less than ±0.02 kg kg⁻¹, in average, from only 3 samples. The global in situ shrinkage of the two weakly swelling soils ranged from 0.02%–0.36% in relative values, which is two orders of magnitude less than that measured on highly swelling soils. Owing to the precision of the measurements, LSCs of both soils could be drawn. They had a shape similar to that of highly swelling soils, with a structural shrinkage phase followed by an uncompleted basic shrinkage phase. Residual shrinkage was never observed, except for the sandy top layer of the ferrallitic soil.     

Shrinkage potential and pore shrinkage capacity of differently developed volcanic ash soils under pastures in southern Chile

The drying process of volcanic ash soils often results in the formation of shrinkage cracks with consequences for their physical properties (i.e., decrease of water retention capacity) and land use management. This study presents the soil water characteristics and shrinkage behaviour (shrinkage phases in terms of void and moisture ratio), the shrinkage potential (COLE index), and the pore shrinkage capacity (PSI) for 5 and 20 cm depth of a Haplic Arenosol (tephric) and two Silandic Andosols under pasture management along a soil gradient from the Andean mountains to the coastal range in southern Chile. The main focus of the presented study is on the effect of soil development in conjunction with the weathering of volcanic ash soils on the shrinkage properties. The water retention and shrinkage curves were continuously determined for undisturbed soil samples (100 cm³) during a drying process under laboratory conditions. In addition, the shrinkage curve data were modelled to distinguish different shrinkage zones. The results suggest that the investigated soil properties vary depending on soil development. The more developed Andosols had higher total porosities (up to 70 cm³ cm^?3) than the less developed Arenosol. The shrinkage behaviour of the Haplic Arenosol showed a wide structural shrinkage phase, whereas the Silandic Andosols revealed a more pronounced proportional shrinkage phase, which is related to the pore size distribution. In addition, wide and narrow coarse pores of the Haplic Arenosol and medium and fine pores of the Silandic Andosols determine the shrinkage potential (COLE) and the pore shrinkage capacity, respectively. The finer‐grained and organic matter‐rich Andosols indicate a higher COLE index (> 0.03–0.09) compared to the Arenosol (≤ 0.03). The pore shrinkage index (PSI) of the total pores (TP) varied significantly (P < 0.05) with values of 0.042–0.149 in 5 cm depth and 0.04–0.091 in 20 cm depth of sites 1–3, respectively.In summary, the shrinkage potential and pore shrinkage capacity are positively correlated to the organic carbon content and decrease with increasing dry bulk density. The study points out a higher risk of soil degradation due to irreversible drying processes for the more clayey and allophane containing Andosols than the Arenosol.     

A simplified parametric model to describe the magnitude and geometry of soil shrinkage

Assessing the magnitude and geometry of soil shrinkage is indispensable for sound use and management of swelling and shrinking soils for agriculture and engineering. We have explored a simplified parametric model for the soil shrinkage characteristic curve, which is a measure for the magnitude of soil shrinkage, and tested it against experimental data for a Vertisol and a Lixisol under sugar cane in the Havana province, Cuba. We then applied the model to determine soil consistency limits, including the shrinkage, plastic and structural limits, using the model's third and fourth derivative. We further demonstrated how the model can be used to assess the geometry of shrinkage in terms of the relative crack area and the relative surface subsidence. Excellent matches were obtained between the observations and the fitted model. The shrinkage and structural limits corresponded to distinct changes in the soil shrinkage characteristic curve and were as such considered to be correctly estimated. The accuracy of the estimated plastic limit could, however, not been verified, since data were lacking. Linear regressions with R² > 0.88 were established relating the shrinkage and plastic limits to the soil's COLE index and the cation exchange capacity. The model could be easily applied to determine the crack area and the surface subsidence. We finally demonstrated how a geometry factor r_s plays a crucial role in determining the shrinkage geometry, particularly for r_s values ranging from 1 to 3.     

Impact of biochars on swell–shrinkage behavior,mechanical strength,and surface cracking of clayey soil

Swell–shrinkage, cracking and stickiness of expansive clayey soils usually lead to their low yield. Improvement of these poor soil physical properties is a key goal for enhancing the crop productivity of expansive clayey soils. This article presents results of a study on the impact of three biochars produced from wheat straw (SB), woodchips (WCB), and wastewater sludge (WSB) on the swell–shrinkage behavior, mechanical strength, and surface cracking of a clayey soil. The soil was treated with biochars at the rate of 0, 20, 40, and 60 g biochar kg^?1 soil, respectively; and incubated for 180 d in glasshouse. Application of biochars decreased significantly (p < 0.01) the coefficient of linear extensibility (COLE) of the soil, the effect of SB being most prominent. The tensile strength (TS) of the clayey soil was originally 937 kPa, which decreased to 458 kPa, 495 kPa and 659 kPa for 6% SB‐, WCB‐, and WSB‐amended soils, respectively. Shear strength tests indicated that biochars significantly reduced cohesion (c) and increased internal friction angle (θ). Biochar significantly reduced the formation of soil surface cracks, surface area, and length of the cracks. The surface area density of cracks in the 6% biochar‐amended soils decreased by 14% for SB, 17% for WCB, and 19% for WSB, respectively, compared with control. The results suggest that biochar can be used as a soil amendment for improving the poor physical properties of the clayey soil, particularly in terms of reduction in swell–shrinkage, tensile strength and surface area density of cracking.     

Modelling cracking stages of saturated soils as they dry and shrink

Cracks that form when clay soils shrink on drying eventually form a network that determines transport properties. I propose and validate a model for (i) analysing the initial cracking stages of shrinking saturated soils, (ii) estimating the minimum dimension of quasi‐brittle cracks capable of developing in such conditions, and (iii) determining relations between the minimum crack dimension and other characteristic dimensions of the soil structure. Shrinkage cracks in soils can be classified on the concept of the minimum quasi‐brittle crack capable of developing at shrinkage. I use the model of developing a shrinkage crack in a semi‐infinite brittle medium with constant relevant properties, desiccating in conditions of shock drying. The model is generalized to the cracking of a saturated clay soil with a limited maximum crack depth. The available data justify the use of constant elastic, strength, diffusivity, and shrinkage properties of clay soil. The critical point of crack development is the existence of the minimum crack capable of developing in the particular conditions. The dimension of the crack is related to the soil properties. The crack goes through stages of delay, jump, stable growth with approximately constant velocity, and then quick decline until it stops. I show that the minimum crack dimension is related to the mean dimension of soil particles, the thickness of an upper intensive‐cracking layer, and the mean spacing of primary cracks at the soil surface.