接种AM真菌对采煤沉陷区文冠果生长及土壤特性的影响

煤炭井工开采往往造成地表塌陷,导致了土壤养分贫瘠和水分缺乏,土壤沙化和水土流失,从而限制了当地矿区植被生长,而丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi,AM真菌)对植被生长有促进作用。以文冠果为宿主植物,采用野外原位监测和室内分析方法,研究了未接种和接种丛枝菌根真菌对采煤沉陷区复垦植物文冠果生长和土壤特性的影响。结果表明:与未接种AM真菌处理相比,接种AM真菌显著提高了文冠果根系菌根侵染率和土壤根外菌丝密度,7月接种AM真菌文冠果的株高、冠幅和地径提高了31.89%,23.07%,9.89%。同时,9月接种AM真菌处理的根际土壤全氮、碱解氮和有机碳含量分别比对照组增加0.29g/kg、13.0mg/kg和1.4g/kg,接种AM真菌显著提高了根际土壤的含水率、总球囊霉素和易提取球囊霉素,而速效磷和速效钾的含量显著降低。相关分析结果表明,菌根侵染率、土壤根外菌丝密度与根际土壤理化性质之间存在协同反馈效应。因此,接种AM真菌促进了采煤沉陷区复垦植被文冠果的生长和土壤的改良,这对矿区水土保持、维持生态系统稳定性和持续性具有重要意义。     

丛枝菌根和根瘤菌双接种对矿区土地复垦的生态效应

通过盆栽试验研究了山西省襄垣县矿区复垦土壤中接种丛枝菌根真菌和根瘤菌对三叶草的生长状况及土壤养分的影响.结果表明,双接种丛枝菌根和根瘤菌能显著提高菌根侵染率和土壤中孢子密度,促进三叶草干物质的积累和对氮、磷元素的吸收,促进三叶草对土壤养分的活化,提高土壤养分利用率,加速矿区生态恢复.     

生物炭和AM真菌提高矿区土壤养分有效性的机理

【目的】矿区土壤贫瘠、有效养分含量低,而生物炭和丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhizal, AM)真菌能够改善土壤养分,提高植物对环境胁迫的抗性和养分的利用。因此探究生物炭和AM真菌对矿区土壤的改良效果,可为矿区污染土壤生态恢复和新型肥料的开发提供参考。【方法】温室盆栽试验的土壤采自河南省洛阳市新安县江春矿区,以玉米"弘单897"为试验材料。试验设计4个处理,分别为原状土壤对照(CK)、添加生物炭(B)、接种AM真菌(M)、添加生物炭和接种AM真菌(BM),每处理重复8次,完全随机区组设计,玉米于矿区土壤中培育2个月后收获,测定根系生长、生理特性和土壤养分含量。【结果】施用生物炭和接种AM真菌均能够促进玉米生长,提高玉米叶片的净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔导度(G_s)、叶色值(SPAD值)和抗氧化酶活性,提高土壤养分含量。接种AM真菌对促进玉米生长、改善生理特性和磷吸收的效果优于生物炭,而生物炭提高土壤pH值和玉米对钾吸收的效果较好。生物炭和AM真菌联合处理玉米的总根长、根部和地上部干重分别较CK增加了84.22%、176.67%和45.84%,玉米叶片的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度分别较对照提高35.42%、56.44%和88.31%,叶色值比CK提高了22.77%,菌根侵染率较CK提高234.20%,菌丝密度可达到4.37 m/g,总球囊霉素和易提取球囊霉素分别达到4.32 g/kg和1.60 g/kg,有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量分别较对照提高24.23%、43.26%、98.63%和33.93%。【结论】生物炭和AM真菌单独或复合处理均能够促进玉米生长和提高土壤养分有效性,生物炭和AM真菌联合处理可促进玉米生长、改善生理特性、促进养分吸收、提高土壤养分效果,可作为退化土壤生态修复和农业生产安全的一项有效措施。     

菌剂与肥料配施对矿区复垦土壤白三叶草生长的影响

采用盆栽试验研究了矿区复垦土壤菌剂与肥料的不同配施对白三叶草(Trifolium repens Linn)生长的影响。结果表明: 双接种VA 菌根真菌(Glomus mossea)和根瘤菌(Rhizobium)能显著提高白三叶草根瘤数、根瘤鲜重和固氮酶活性, 根瘤数在有机肥双接种与无机肥双接种处理之间差异不显著, 而根瘤鲜重和固氮酶活性差异显著; 肥料与各菌剂组合处理中, 有机肥双接种处理的白三叶草分枝数、干物质重最大; 在白三叶草生长40 d 和150 d 时, 双接种处理的叶片数均为各处理中最大值; 接种VA 菌根真菌、根瘤菌和双接种均可增加白三叶草根系的菌根侵染率和土壤孢子数, 总体表现为双接种处理＞接种VA 菌根真菌＞接种根瘤菌, 有机肥相应处理＞无机肥相应处理＞对照; 肥料与菌剂的配合施用可有效提高植物对土壤氮、磷、钾养分的吸收。在矿区复垦土壤上有机肥与VA 菌根真菌和根瘤菌菌剂配施能显著促进白三叶草的生长, 是提高矿区复垦土壤植被恢复中比较适宜的组合方式。     

模拟矿区复垦接种丛枝菌根缓解伤根对玉米生长影响

针对煤炭开采过程中地表塌陷造成植物根系损伤问题,通过人为伤根模拟煤炭开采造成植物根系受损的盆栽试验,以玉米为宿主植物,矿区退化土壤为供试基质,研究接种丛枝菌根真菌对根系受损玉米生长的缓解作用。结果表明,玉米根系受损条件下,接种丛枝菌根真菌缓解了伤根对玉米生长造成的不利影响,促进了玉米的生长,接菌组玉米干质量平均每株要比对照组高出9.74 g。强化接种菌根真菌提高了玉米对土壤中矿质元素的吸收,增加了受损玉米根际土壤中球囊霉素和有机质含量,接菌组玉米根际土壤中总球囊霉素和有机质含量分别比对照组高出48.1%和24.5%。接种菌根改善了玉米根际微环境,有利于矿区退化土壤改良和培肥。通过研究菌根真菌对根系受损植物生长效应,为采煤塌陷区土地复垦与生态重建提供技术支撑。     

接种丛枝菌根真菌的种植紫花苜蓿土壤中球囊霉素含量与PAHs去除的关系

以菲和芘为多环芳烃(PAHs)代表物,以紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)为宿主植物,选用幼套球囊霉(Glomus etunicatum,Ge)、摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae,Gm)和层状球囊霉(Glomus lamellosum,Gla)3种丛枝菌根真菌(AMF),研究了接种AMF下土壤中AMF菌丝密度、球囊霉素含量与PAHs去除率的关系。35~75 d,接种Ge、Gm、Gla处理的土壤中菌丝密度、总球囊霉素含量、易提取球囊霉素含量均随时间延长而显著增大,与不接种对照相比,75 d时接种Ge、Gm、Gla处理的土壤中易提取球囊霉素含量提高了48.58%、55.99%和50.23%,总球囊霉素含量则提高了38.75%、50.95%和46.12%。接种AMF促进了土壤中菲和芘的去除,随着时间(35~75 d)延长,接种Ge、Gm、Gla处理的土壤中菲去除率分别高达83.4%~92.7%、82.1%~93.8%、86.9%~93.4%,芘去除率达42.2%~63.5%、43.7%~69.2%、44.6%~66.4%。接种Ge、Gm和Gla处理土壤中AMF菌丝密度、总球囊霉素含量均与土壤中菲和芘的去除率之间存在极显著正相关关系,表明接种AMF提高了土壤中AMF菌丝密度和总球囊霉素含量,并促进了土壤中PAHs的去除。研究结果为阐明丛枝菌根修复PAHs污染土壤的规律及机理提供了依据。     

AM真菌对土壤含水量不同条件下甘草生长及甘草酸含量的影响

为了探索丛枝菌根(AM)真菌对甘草的侵染特性,揭示土壤相对含水量不同条件下AM真菌对甘草生长及甘草酸含量的影响,以盆栽甘草为研究对象,分别接种摩西管柄囊霉(Funneliformis mosseae)、地表球囊霉(Glomus versiforme)、聚丛球囊霉(G.aggregatum)和幼套球囊霉(G.etunicatum)4种AM真菌,研究了土壤在不同相对含水量条件下AM真菌对甘草的侵染率及侵染后甘草的株高、主根长、地上干重、地下干重及甘草酸含量等,结果表明,接种的4种AM真菌均能与甘草形成丛枝菌根,形成了丰富的丛枝、泡囊结构,侵染率达到70%以上,显著促进了甘草的生长;在50%和65%的土壤相对含水量条件下,AM真菌都对甘草生长有促进作用,在土壤相对含水量小于35%时,甘草生长不良,甘草酸含量低;综合分析土壤在各个不同相对含水量处理中,接种摩西管柄囊霉的甘草适应生长的范围更大,甘草酸含量更高,综合来看,摩西管柄囊霉更有利于提高甘草对干旱的适应性,促进甘草生长效果显著,并且在干旱条件下仍保持较高的甘草酸含量。     

接种丛枝菌根真菌的种植紫花苜蓿土壤中球囊霉素含量与去除的关系

以菲和芘为多环芳烃（PAHs）代表物,以紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa L.）为宿主植物,选用幼套球囊霉（Glomus etunicatum, Ge）、摩西球囊霉（Glomus mosseae,Gm）和层状球囊霉（Glomus lamellosum,Gla）3种丛枝菌根真菌（AMF）,研究了接种AMF下土壤中AMF菌丝密度、球囊霉素含量与PAHs去除率的关系。35~75 d,接种Ge、Gm、Gla处理的土壤中菌丝密度、总球囊霉素含量、易提取球囊霉素含量均随时间延长而显著增大,与不接种对照相比,75 d时接种Ge、Gm、Gla处理的土壤中易提取球囊霉素含量提高了48.58%、55.99%和50.23%,总球囊霉素含量则提高了38.75%、50.95%和46.12%。接种AMF促进了土壤中菲和芘的去除,随着时间（35~75 d）延长,接种Ge、Gm、Gla处理的土壤中菲去除率分别高达83.4%~92.7%、82.1%~93.8%、86.9%~93.4%,芘去除率达42.2%~63.5%、43.7%~69.2%、44.6%~66.4%。接种Ge、Gm和Gla处理土壤中AMF菌丝密度、总球囊霉素含量均与土壤中菲和芘的去除率之间存在极显著正相关关系,表明接种AMF提高了土壤中AMF菌丝密度和总球囊霉素含量,并促进了土壤中PAHs的去除。研究结果为阐明丛枝菌根修复PAHs污染土壤的规律及机理提供了依据。     

AM 菌根真菌诱导对提高玉米纹枯病抗性的初步研究

试验研究玉米接种摩西球囊霉后对纹枯病抗性反应的结果表明,接种摩西球囊霉能明显减轻玉米纹枯病的发病率和病情指数,减轻病害。接种摩西球囊霉还能促进玉米营养生长,但立枯丝核菌侵袭会降低菌根的侵染率,表明摩西球囊霉与立枯丝核菌间存在相互作用。     

外源钙与丛枝菌根真菌协同对玉米生长的影响与土壤改良效应

为了缓解煤炭开采对神东矿区农业生产和地表环境造成的破坏,试验模拟神东矿区干旱缺水特点,以煤炭开采塌陷区退化土壤为供试基质,玉米为供试植物,研究丛枝菌根真菌(每克干土中含63个孢子)和不同浓度的外源钙(5,10,20,40,80mmol/L)协同效应对中度干旱胁迫下苗期玉米生长的影响。结果表明,干旱胁迫下,20mmol/L外源钙与丛枝菌根真菌协同效应最优,玉米质量平均每株可达4.03g,组织含水率和叶色值分别达到91.68%和43.67,玉米植株内氮磷钾累积量显著高于其他处理;同时,玉米根际土壤球囊霉素相关蛋白增加最为明显,总球囊霉素和易提取球囊霉素分别达到4.3和1.6mg/g,根际土壤中有机质含量增加明显。丛枝菌根真菌与外源钙联合作用有利于玉米的生长,缓解了干旱胁迫对苗期玉米生长的影响,接种丛枝菌根真菌对矿区退化土壤具有显著改良效应。     

基于野外大田试验的接菌紫穗槐生态修复效应研究

[目的]研究接菌紫穗槐对矿区退化植被的恢复生态效应,以期为丛枝菌根真菌应用于西部干旱半干旱煤矿区生态重建提供理论基础和野外试验基础数据。[方法]以紫穗槐为宿主植物,在野外大田条件下研究接种丛枝菌根真菌和紫穗槐的共生状况,以及对煤矿开采沉陷区植物根际土壤的改良作用。[结果]4a的连续监测结果表明,接菌促进了紫穗槐的生长,接菌紫穗槐成活率比对照高30%以上;接菌紫穗槐菌根侵染率和菌丝密度显著高于对照;接种菌根提高了紫穗槐根际土壤有效磷含量且降低了pH值,取得较好的生态修复效应。[结论]在野外大田条件下,接种菌根真菌能够促进植物—菌根共生关系的形成,改善植物—菌根共生体的营养环境。     

Impact of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the growth and expression of gene encoding stress protein – metallothionein BnMT2 in the non‐host crop Brassica napus L.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are an important component of the soil biota in most agroecosystems, and their association can directly or indirectly affect the diversity of soil microorganisms, nutrient cycling, and growth of host plants. Since not all crops are symbiotic, we hypothesized that the presence of AM fungi can: (1) inhibit the growth of non‐host plants by resulting in biotic stress, or (2) promote their growth indirectly by increased nutrient mobilization. These hypotheses were tested in the present study on the non‐mycorrhizal crop canola (Brassica napus L.) in the presence and absence of other autochthonous soil microorganisms. The soil was inoculated with a mixture of AM fungi (Acaulospora longula, Glomus geosporum, G. mosseae, Scutellospora calospora) and as a control, a non‐inoculated soil was used. The impact of inoculation on plant growth (biomass production, nutrient concentrations) and expression of the stress protein metallothionein gene BnMT2 was investigated in the shoots. B. napus L. did not form mycorrhizal associations on its roots, but its growth was promoted after inoculation with AM fungi. In the soil with autochthonic microorganisms, growth inhibition after inoculation was observed compared to the control. The concentrations of N, P, K, and S in the shoot were always significantly increased after inoculation with AM fungi. However, this was partly combined with reduced growth and thereby decreased total uptake of nutrients. Expression of BnMT2 in the leaves was increased after inoculation with AM spores at the soil devoid of indigenous microorganisms, but decreased in their presence. The expression of stress proteins (BnMT2) significantly increased with increasing length and biomass of shoots. In conclusion, the inhibition of the non‐host plant B. napus L. following inoculation with AM fungi was confirmed, however, only in combination with autochthonous microorganisms. Growth promotion of B. napus L. in the presence of AM fungi in the absence of autochthonous soil microorganisms suggest that plant growth depression in the presence of AM fungi was based on interactive effects of AM fungi with the autochthonous microorganisms in the soil rather than on a direct impact of the AM fungi.     

干旱半干旱煤矿区土壤水分研究进展

本文重点评述了干旱半干旱煤矿区土壤水分与生态环境效应研究进展,系统总结了土壤水分运移机理与动态模拟方法。采煤塌陷会破坏土壤含水层构造并导致地下水位下降,间接改变了土壤含水率空间分布特征;露天采矿与复垦过程中机械压实导致土壤孔隙数量减少、连通性减弱,土壤水分入渗受阻;土壤重构与植被重建技术能够有效改善土壤结构,缓解土壤水分流失。在未来研究中,应进一步丰富势能理论体系、完善数值模拟技术并引入动态指标;结合干旱半干旱煤矿区环境的特殊性加强土壤水分运移规律及其机理研究;基于土壤-植被-水分间耦合关系优化调控措施,促进干旱半干旱煤矿区复垦与生态修复。     

Nutrient acquisition and nitrate reductase activity of mycorrhizal Retama sphaerocarpa L. seedlings afforested in an amended semiarid soil under two water regimes

Abstract. We studied the effect of inoculation with three arbuscular-mycorrhizal (AM) fungi ( Glomus intraradices Schenck & Smith, Glomus deserticola (Trappe, Bloss. & Menge) and Glomus mosseae ([Nicol & Gerd.] Gerd. & Trappe) and the addition of composted sewage sludge on root nitrate reductase (NR, EC 1.6.6.1.) activity, mycorrhizal colonization, plant growth and nutrient uptake in Retama sphaerocarpa L. seedlings afforested in a semiarid, degraded Mediterranean soil under well-watered and non-watered conditions. Six months after planting, the mycorrhizal inoculation and the irrigation of plants had a strong effect on the growth parameters. The effect on plant growth was a negative interaction between plant irrigation and mycorrhizal inoculation and a positive interaction between plant irrigation and composted sewage sludge addition. The latter treatment had a significant, but moderate, effect on the growth but conferred no additional benefit when combined with mycorrhizal inoculation. Mycorrhizal inoculation, composted sewage sludge and irrigation had a significant effect on NR activity in roots and on foliar nutrients. The irrigation significantly increased the positive effect of composted sewage sludge on NR activity and the concentrations of foliar N and K. The effect of mycorrhizal inoculation on NR activity did not depend on the water regime. The effectiveness of mycorrhizal inoculation on the establishment and growth of R. sphaerocarpa seedlings in these Mediterranean conditions was independent of water regime. The addition of composted sewage sludge was only effective when soil water was freely available. The combination of mycorrhizal inoculation and composted sewage sludge addition had no synergistic effect on plant growth.     

Cultivation of flax in spoil‐bank clay: Mycorrhizal inoculation vs. high organic amendments

A greenhouse experiment was focused on the application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in effective crop production during reclamation of coal‐mine spoil banks. The aim of the study was to find out whether mycorrhizal inoculation improves growth of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) and whether it can compensate for high doses of expensive organic amendment. Flax was planted in original spoil‐bank gray Miocene clay amended with organic matter used for spoil‐bank reclamation (mixture of composted urban waste and lignocellulose papermill waste). This amendment was applied in four descending doses equivalent to the application of 500, 200, 100, and 0 t ha^–1. The plants received either a mixed inoculum of three AMF species (Glomus mosseae, G. claroideum, and G. intraradices) or were left uninoculated. Growth of flax was significantly increased by mycorrhizal inoculation in pure clay (by 60%) as well as in clay with all amendment doses (by 119% on average). Also, the addition of organic matter increased plant growth but, interestingly, the biomass production was comparable regardless the dose of amendment. Our results suggest that similar yields are attainable with only one fifth of the usual fertilization dose, which can significantly decrease costs related to the reclamation of spoil banks. If mycorrhizal inoculation is applied together with the optimized fertilization, growth of flax planted in spoil‐bank clay can be further improved.     

水分胁迫及VA菌根接种对绿豆生长的影响

本文采用土培试验研究了水分胁迫下接种VA菌根真菌Glomusmosseae,G .sp .和G .caledonium对绿豆生长及代谢活动的影响。结果表明 ,水分胁迫严重抑制了植株的生长 ,但对VA菌根真菌的侵染能力影响不大。接种VA菌根真菌不仅有利于植株对土壤中磷和氮的吸收 ,而且明显改善了植株的水分状况 ,降低了植株叶片的脯氨酸含量 ,提高了接种株叶片的光合效率 ,显著增加了植株干物质量 ,增强了绿豆的抗旱性或耐旱性。 3种真菌中 ,以Glomusmosseae的接种效果最好。     

丛枝菌根真菌对镉胁迫下芦竹生长、光合特性和矿质营养的影响

为揭示丛枝菌根真菌（Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi，AMF）对芦竹耐镉（Cd）胁迫的作用及其机理，采用大棚盆栽试验，利用丛枝菌根真菌（AMF）摩西管柄囊霉（Funneliformis mosseae，FM）、根内根孢囊霉（Rhizophagus intraradices，RI）、地表球囊霉（Glomus versiforme，GV）进行接种试验，研究了在Cd胁迫下接种AMF对芦竹生长、光合、矿质营养的影响。结果表明：AMF能够显著改善Cd胁迫下芦竹的生长状况，与对照相比，接种处理芦竹的株高增加19.09%~27.98%，叶长增加12.18%~31.06%，叶绿素相对含量SPAD值增加8.55%~9.36%，地上和根系生物量分别增加20.08%~31.41%、12.24%~24.12%，最大净光合速率增加7.08%~32.12%，芦竹根系全P含量增加30.26%~46.05%。接种处理后芦竹地上Cd含量介于68~105.97 mg/kg之间，显著高于对照处理（42.20 mg/kg），根系Cd含量介于113.07~221.47 mg/kg之间，显著高于对照处理（46.47 mg/kg），且根系Cd含量显著高于地上部。Cd胁迫下不同AMF菌种对芦竹产生的效应有差异，其中，RI处理对芦竹株高、叶长促进效应最好，经GV处理的芦竹全N、全P、全K含量以及Cd含量最高。Cd胁迫下接种AMF能促进芦竹的生长，增强其光合作用，提高全N、全P、全K吸收量，同时增强了芦竹对Cd的吸收。该研究表明芦竹丛枝菌根共生体对重金属Cd具有较强的固持作用，在Cd污染土壤修复中具有潜在应用价值。     

接种丛枝菌根真菌对小麦根内氮转运蛋白基因表达的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了在低氮(不施氮)和高氮(施氮0.2 g·kg~(-1))水平下接种不同种类丛枝菌根(AM)真菌[Funneliformis mosseae(BGC-NM03D)、Claroideoglomus etunicatum(BGC-NM01B)和Rhizophagus intraradices(BJ09)]对小麦生长、氮吸收及根内4个硝态氮转运蛋白(NRT)基因、1个辅助蛋白(NAR)基因和2个铵态氮转运蛋白(AMT)基因表达的影响。结果表明,3种AM真菌均能够侵染小麦根系,以R.intraradices菌根的侵染率最高;接种R.intraradices或C.etunicatum能够显著提高小麦的生物量或地上部氮吸收量;无论是高氮还是低氮处理,接种AM真菌后均显著下调了小麦根内NRT、NAR和AMT基因的表达水平,且不同AM真菌调控小麦根内氮转运蛋白基因表达的能力具有明显差异。