清种补种上提式甘蔗排种器设计与试验

针对甘蔗横向排种器因无序排种导致漏播指数高、排种合格指数低,致使出芽率低影响甘蔗总产量的问题,该研究设计了一种具有清种补种功能的上提式甘蔗排种器。首先对排种过程进行动力学分析,确定排种器的关键结构和工作参数。然后采用EDEM-RecurDyn耦合仿真分析,模拟蔗段与弹性板间的碰撞,分析蔗段的受力及运动,并通过推压试验确定弹性板的参数。为获得排种器的最佳性能参数,在单因素试验基础上,进行二次回归正交旋转组合试验。结果表明：一级清种补种区长度、二级清种补种区长度对漏播指数、重播指数、合格指数具有显著影响（P<0.01）;排种带速度对漏播指数具有显著性影响（P<0.01）,而对重播指数、合格指数影响不显著（P>0.05）。利用多目标优化方法确定最佳参数组合为：一级清种补种区长度13 cm、二级清种补种区长度16 cm、排种带速度97 mm/s。此时,漏播指数为1.7%,重播指数为3.5%,合格指数为94.8%;与常规上提式排种器的漏播指数6.9%对比,该排种器漏播指数降低了75%。该排种器可有效减少甘蔗播种的漏播指数、提高排种的合格指数,有利于实现甘蔗的精准种植。     

气力滚筒式水稻直播精量排种器排种性能分析与田间试验

为了提高气力滚筒式水稻直播精量排种器的排种性能,该文运用单因素和中心组合试验设计理论,借助JPS-12型排种器性能检测试验台,研究了排种滚筒转速、负压气室真空度、清种气流速度及正压气室清堵正压4个主要运行参数对其排种性能的影响规律。单因素试验结果表明:排种滚筒转速、负压气室真空度、清种气流速度对排种器合格率、漏播率等指标的影响显著;正压气室清堵正压对排种器合格率、漏播率等指标的影响不显著;3个影响显著因素的三因素五水平回归正交旋转组合设计试验结果表明:各试验因素及因素交互作用对主要评价指标的影响主次顺序不同,影响排种器合格率的主次因素依次为:排种滚筒转速负压气室真空度清种气流速度;影响漏播率的主次因素依次为:负压气室真空度排种滚筒转速清种气流速度;对所建回归方程进行综合优化,得出排种器最佳工作参数组合为:排种滚筒转速10.00 r/min,负压气室真空度4.6 k Pa,清种气流速度21.88 m/s。此时,排种器的合格率为87.73%、漏播率为2.93%、空穴率为0.53%、重播率为9.34%、破损率为0.91%、穴距平均值为200.07 mm、穴距变异系数为4.75%、各行排量一致性变异系数为3.07%、总排量稳定性变异系数为2.08%。田间播种试验结果为合格率79.42%、漏播率15.11%、空穴率3.88、重播率5.47%、穴距平均值175.61 mm、穴距变异系数为20.03%。研究结果为气力滚筒式水稻直播精量排种器结构参数优化及排种性能提升提供参考。     

气力托勺式马铃薯精量排种器设计

针对勺带式排种器播种前进速度进一步提高的限制以及气吸式排种器播种马铃薯所需功耗较大等问题,设计了一种气力托勺式马铃薯精量排种器。气力托勺式马铃薯精量排种器主要由滚筒、托勺、种箱、空心轴、气压隔板、压缩弹簧、链轮、清种气管等部件组成。通过理论分析与计算,确定了排种器关键部件参数。为了确定气力托勺式马铃薯精量排种器作业的优化参数,以负压、清种风速、型孔直径、滚筒转速为试验因素,以漏播率、合格率为试验指标,采用Box-Behnken试验设计原理进行了排种器性能试验,得到影响漏播率和合格率的主次顺序为负压、滚筒转速、型孔直径和清种风速。利用数据处理软件Design Expert 8.0.6进行参数优化,以漏播率、合格率为试验指标,得出负压为8.92 kPa,清种风速为32.25 m/s,型孔直径为18.34 mm,滚筒转速为19.92 r/min时,模型预测的漏播率为3.64%,合格率为91.9%。经过试验验证,与优化结果基本一致。论文相关研究可为马铃薯精量播种技术的研究提供参考。     

舀勺式马铃薯播种机排种器的设计与试验

为提高马铃薯种植机械化水平,针对目前马铃薯播种机排种器普遍存在的重漏播率高、人工劳动强度大、通用性差等问题,研究设计了一种舀勺式马铃薯排种器。阐述了该排种器主要结构、工作原理和相关结构参数;对排种器关键部件进行结构设计,理论分析主动轮和振动清种装置的性能特点;对排种器的排种性能进行台架试验,以主动轮转速、排种器倾角、清种装置的清种强度为试验因素,排种性能为试验指标进行正交试验,分析相关因素对排种性能参数的影响,获得合理参数组合,结果表明：电机驱动凸轮的清种系统较其它清种装置结构简单,作业状态更稳定,破拱装置增加种薯的流动性,提高充种率;主动轮转速为42 r/min,排种器倾角为0o,清种强度为0.75时,排种合格指数为92.6%,重播指数为4.5%,漏播指数为2.9%,排种质量较好,田间试验表明该作业参数组合下排种器性能满足马铃薯播种机播种性能要求,该研究为马铃薯播种机排种器的研究和设计提供了理论及技术参考。     

基于离散单元法的水平圆盘式精量排种器排种仿真试验

为了优化水平圆盘式精量排种器的最佳排种性能参数(动排种盘转速、动排种盘厚度、型孔圆角半径),达到提高粒距合格指数、降低漏播和重播指数指标,并降低大田试验强度。该文基于离散单元法对根据全膜双垄沟播技术所设计的水平圆盘式精量排种器进行了排种数值模拟,并得到玉米籽粒模型排种、重播、漏播的形成过程;为提高其排种性能,进行了排种仿真试验。仿真结果表明:以合格指数较高为重点、兼顾重播指数和漏播指数较低的原则,确定了动排种盘转速为17 r/min、动排种盘厚度为6 mm、型孔上边倒圆角半径为1 mm时为较优组合,此时粒距合格指数S=97.05%、重播指数D=1.83%、漏播指数M=1.12%。田间验证试验表明:在上述条件下,测得粒距合格指数为S=95.13%,重播指数D=2.34%,漏播指数M=2.53%,重点指标粒距合格指数误差2.02%(5%)。因此,基于离散单元法的排种器仿真试验为排种器性能参数的确定提供参考。     

中央集排气送式玉米精量排种器设计与试验

该文提出降低充种阻力的新型气流结构,结合集中排种与气送投种的特点设计了一种中央集排气送式玉米精量排种器,阐述了工作原理并确定了关键结构参数。以漏播指数、重播指数、合格指数为试验指标,对充种型孔直径、作业速度进行了双因素等重复试验。结果表明：4 mm孔径漏播指数较高;作业速度为4～10 km/h,孔径为4.5 mm时平均合格指数最高为97.9%,其次为5 mm孔径（97.2%）、5.5 mm孔径（96.3%）;作业速度超过12 km/h后,4.5 mm孔径漏播严重,漏播指数达到8.47%,5和5.5 mm孔径漏播指数为2%左右。     

油菜精量气压式集排器排种性能试验

为提高油菜精量气压式集排器的排种性能,该文通过对充种和清种2个基础过程解析,明确了影响排种性能的主要因素,确定了相关试验因素的范围,并以华油杂62种子为对象,采用L27(313)正交试验设计研究了清种气嘴口截面形状、充填高度、清种气流流速和排种滚筒转速对集排器排种性能的影响。结果表明,清种气嘴口截面形状、充填高度、清种气流流速和排种滚筒转速对排种均匀性影响显著,清种气嘴口截面形状、充填高度和排种滚筒转速对各行排量一致性有显著影响,并确定了其较优参数组合。优化组合试验得出选择矩形截面形状的清种气嘴,充填高度27 mm,清种气流流速10 m/s,排种滚筒转速20 r/min的最佳参数条件下,排种均匀性变异系数为8.07%,各行排量一致性变异系数为1.95%,种子破损率低于0.1%。该研究为油菜精量气压式集排器结构优化与排种性能的提升提供了参考。     

气压组合孔式玉米精量排种器设计与试验

该文将排种器型孔和种子搅拌装置相融合,取消了传统气力式排种器复杂的种子搅拌装置,设计了1种气压组合孔式玉米精量排种器。阐述了正压气流与导槽相结合来提高排种器充种性能的原理,计算确定了其主要结构参数。以重播指数、漏播指数及粒距合格指数为指标,对其分别进行了台架试验和田间试验。结果表明,该排种器漏播指数、重播指数、合格指数等指标明显优于气吸式排种器,且田间工作性能稳定。     

气送式高速玉米精量排种器设计与试验

为满足在高速条件下玉米精量播种的要求,从工作原理出发,设计一种可从根本上解决因高速作业带来的充种性能不佳、清种结构复杂等问题的高速精量排种器,其利用高速作业产生的离心力进行充种与清种,将现行的种子堆积依靠重力充种的形式改成气送充种,对排种盘、型孔插件、护种板结构形状进行了理论分析和参数设计,采用文丘里管进行有序气吹送种,型孔插件与护种板相配合充种与携种,护种板宽度变化清种。分别对排种器工作速度、种子喂入速度、气送风压进行单因素试验,以合格指数、漏播指数、重播指数为试验指标,得出各因素对排种性能的影响,其中此工作原理下增加排种器工作速度不但不会增加漏充指数,反而降低并基本保持不变。为得到排种器的最佳性能参数,进行正交旋转组合试验并构建各因素与指标间的关系式。采用响应曲面法对试验结果进行目标优化,并通过台架试验进行验证:得到工作速度为9 km/h,种子喂入量为1.91 kg/min,气送风压为492.17 Pa时,排种合格指、漏播指数、重播指数分别为93.14%,1.00%,5.86%,经台架试验验证,优化结果可靠。试验结果表明此种气送式高速玉米精量排种器很好的解决了在高速作业下充种难,清种复杂的问题,在高速工作条件下能保持良好的排种性能。     

气力滚筒式水稻直播精量排种器的设计与试验

为适应杂交水稻精量穴直播的种植要求,采用窝眼充种、多吸孔吸种、气吹清种、护种带护种及气力清堵等方式,设计了一种气力滚筒式水稻穴直播精量排种器。以黄华占破胸芽种为播种对象,采用四因数三水平正交试验设计方法,研究了窝眼形状、滚筒转速、吸室真空度和清种气流强度对排种器排种性能的影响,并进行了窝眼形状对杂交稻品种的播种适应性试验。试验结果表明:影响排种器性能的主次因素依次为窝眼形状、滚筒转速、清种气流强度和吸室真空度,且在窝眼形状为圆锥形、滚筒转速为10 r/min、清种气流强度为17.03 m/s、吸室真空度为4 k Pa时,排种器的合格率((3±1)粒/穴)为85.47%,漏播率(小于2粒/穴)为3.6%,空穴率为0.4%,重播率(大于4粒/穴)为10.93%,平均穴距为199.37 mm(理论穴距为200 mm),穴距变异系数为6.10%,种子破损率为1.08%,满足杂交水稻精量穴直播的种植要求。采用相同的窝眼形状和运行参数,试播外形几何尺寸有一定差异的冈优364、汕优63和丰源优272 3个杂交品种的破胸芽种,合格率均达到或超过85.07%,漏播率均不大于4%,空穴率均不大于0.67%,试验结果表明圆锥形窝眼对不同杂交稻品种具有一定的播种适应性。该研究为窝眼式水稻穴直播精量排种器的设计提供了理论参考依据。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.