高氧处理对草莓采后腐烂和品质的影响

为探索高氧处理对草莓防腐保鲜的效果，该试验研究了40%、60%、80%和100% O₂及空气气流连续处理对“丰香”草莓在5℃、16 d贮藏期间果实腐烂和主要品质指标变化的影响。结果表明，高氧处理对果实总酸、可溶性固形物含量及果实表面色泽无明显影响。但60%～100%高氧处理可显著抑制草莓果实贮藏期间的腐烂，且O₂浓度越高，果实腐烂率越低，以100% O₂处理对果实防腐的作用最大。60%～100%高氧处理还可显著抑制果实失重，保持较高的果肉硬度和维生素C含量。40% O₂处理对草莓果实腐烂无显著影响。这些结果表明，高氧处理在草莓果实采后防腐保鲜中具潜在的应用前景。     

高氧处理对冬枣货架期呼吸强度及品质变化的影响

该文研究了-2℃低温下用70％O₂、100％O₂分别处理冬枣7 d、15 d后，在20℃货架期期间果实的呼吸强度和品质变化。研究结果表明，70％O₂＋7 d处理促进了冬枣货架期呼吸强度的升高，100％O₂＋15 d处理能极显著抑制冬枣的呼吸强度。70％O₂处理7 d和15 d，或100％O₂处理15 d有利于冬枣果实货架期硬度的保持，但对可溶性固形物含量(SSC)的变化没有明显影响。100％O₂处理7 d和15 d均有利于Vc的保持，而70％O₂处理则促进了Vc的降解。高氧处理抑制了PPO活性的上升，100％O₂处理的效果更加明显。高氧处理15 d对抑制冬枣货架期腐烂有一定作用，但抑制效果仍不理想。总体来看，在低温下用100％O₂处理15 d，有利于提高冬枣果实在货架期期间的保鲜效果。     

热激减轻柿果冷害与活性氧代谢的关系

为探讨热激处理延缓采后柿子果实冷害的效果，该文研究了柿子果实经48 ℃热空气处理3 h后，在1℃下冷藏期间，热激处理对柿果冷害指数、活性氧清除酶活性、超氧物阴离子自由基(O₂^·-)生成速率和MDA含量的影响。结果表明，热激处理提高了柿果超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)及谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性，降低了超氧物阴离子自由基(O₂^·-)生成速率和MDA含量，并延缓了柿果冷害指数。这表明，热激处理(48℃，3 h)减轻柿果冷害的发生与活性氧清除酶活性的提高，及活性氧积累的降低有关。     

CMC与抑菌草制剂复合涂膜对冷藏南丰蜜桔的保鲜效果

为了开发南丰蜜桔贮藏保鲜新技术,该文以"杨小-2,6"南丰蜜桔为试材,研究了凤仙透骨草提取液与羧甲基纤维素(CMC)复合可食性涂膜对冷藏期间果实品质及采后生理生化变化的影响。结果显示:与对照相比,复合涂膜处理显著抑制了果实的采后腐烂及水分损失,延缓了可溶性固形物、可滴定酸及抗坏血酸含量的下降,对可溶性糖的含量影响不大;复合涂膜处理还能保持较高超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、几丁质酶、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶和苯丙氨酸解氨酶的活性,对多酚氧化酶活性影响不大。与CMC涂膜相比,复合涂膜可显著降低果实的腐烂,对果实品质无不良影响,同时可以诱导几丁质酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性的上升,说明复合涂膜用于南丰蜜桔的保鲜切实可行。     

热水结合维生素C处理对甜樱桃果实褐变的控制研究

在预试验基础上，甜樱桃果实采用42℃热水及42℃热水添加0.1%维生素C各处理10 min，在0±0.5℃，相对湿度为85%~90%的条件下贮藏18 d后，再置于24±1℃，相对湿度为65%~70%条件下存放2 d，对果实的褐变参数及相关酶活性进行检测。结果表明，热水处理明显抑制甜樱桃果实L^*和H⁰值的下降及苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性的上升。热水添加维生素C处理强化了这一抑制效果。贮藏后，热水和热水添加维生素C处理的果实感官综合评分分别为6.9和7.5，而对照仅为5.7。相关分析表明，感官综合评分与L^*、b^*和H⁰呈显著正相关，与a^*、PPO和POD活性呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。     

高氧对巨峰葡萄冷藏和货架期品质的影响

本文研究了高氧气调冷藏对巨峰葡萄品质、质构、贮藏性和货架寿命的影响。结果表明，与空气冷藏相比，高氧气调抑制了葡萄可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、维生素C含量和果柄耐拉力的降低，改善了葡萄的硬度、弹性、凝聚性、咀嚼性、风味和外观，减少了水分损失、腐烂、落果率和果梗褐变。与40%O₂+30%CO₂气调相比，除弹性、凝聚性、水分损失、落果和外观无显著差异外，80%O₂处理葡萄的保鲜效果更好。     

外源水杨酸对冷藏枇杷果实木质化及相关酶活性的影响

以“解放钟”枇杷为试材，研究了外源水杨酸(SA)对4℃冷藏枇杷果实木质化的影响。试验结果表明：采用1.0 g/L SA浸果20 min处理能抑制枇杷果实苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、肉桂醇脱氢酶(CAD)和过氧化物酶(POD)的活性，从而抑制果实木质素的形成，降低果实硬度，说明SA具有减缓冷藏枇杷果实木质化的作用。     

仿生膜对轻度加工葡萄自由基和保护酶的影响

以红地球葡萄为试验材料，研究壳聚糖仿生膜对轻度加工葡萄品质和超氧阴离子自由基(O₂^-·)、丙二醛(MDA)含量、电解质渗漏以及超氧化歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)等保护酶活性动态变化的影响，探讨轻度加工果实组织衰老和与保护酶的关系，以及仿生膜在果实成熟衰老进程的作用。结果表明：与对照相比，1.5%的壳聚糖仿生膜能抑制SOD、POD、CAT活性下降，减低O₂^-·生成速率，进而抑制MDA的积累，维持细胞膜的稳定性，延缓果实成熟衰老进程。相关性分析表明，O₂^-·生成速率与SOD、CAT呈极显著负相关(r=－0.975^**，－0.546^**)，与POD呈显著正相关(r=0.442^*)，说明保护酶对抑制O₂^-·产生具有重要作用。1.5%壳聚糖仿生膜可有效抑制保护酶活性降低和自由基的产生，1.2%和1.8%壳聚糖仿生膜没有明显的效果。     

热处理对冷藏枇杷木质化及相关酶活性的影响

为阐明热处理对冷藏枇杷果实木质化败坏的影响及其机理,该研究先将枇杷果实用38℃热空气处理5 h,然后在(1±1)℃下贮藏35 d,并每隔7 d测定果实硬度、出汁率、苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）、过氧化物酶（POD）、多酚氧化酶（PPO）和多聚半乳糖醛酸酶（PG）等木质化相关酶活性及果胶和木质素含量的变化。结果表明,热处理可以有效控制果实硬度的上升和出汁率的下降,抑制PAL、POD和PPO活性的上升及PG活性的下降,减少原果胶和木质素的积累,保持较高的水溶性果胶含量,从而减轻冷藏枇杷果实的木质化症状,保持较好的食用品质。这些结果表明,热处理减轻冷藏枇杷果实木质化败坏的机理与其抑制木质素的合成和促进果胶物质的降解有关。     

茶树油控制香蕉采后炭疽病害的研究

为了探讨植物提取物对香蕉采后病害的防治效果,以香蕉果实为材料,采用菌丝生长速率方法测定不同剂量的茶树油（TTO）及其主要成分（4-松油烯醇、α-松油醇、γ-松油烯和1, 8-桉叶油素）对香蕉炭疽病菌的离体抗菌活性,并用TTO及其主要成分熏蒸处理接种炭疽病菌的香蕉果实,测定果实的发病情况和TTO处理对接种果实防御酶活性的影响。结果表明,TTO、4-松油烯醇和α-松油醇均能显著抑制离体炭疽病菌的菌丝生长,浓度越高,抑制效果越明显;TTO处理降低了接种炭疽病菌果实的发病程度,4-松油烯醇和α-松油醇处理对接种果实病斑直径的抑制效果显著好于TTO。另外,TTO处理提高了接种果实过氧化物酶（POD）和苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）的酶活性,抑制了多酚氧化酶（PPO）酶活性。初步研究表明TTO在控制香蕉果实采后腐烂和提高果实抗病性上具有应用可行性,4-松油烯醇和α-松油醇可能是其主要活性成分。     

延安生态农业建设示范区果树资源及其合理利用

延安生态农业建设示范区有野生果树33种,半栽培果树有2种,栽培果树有15种,可引入的果树有5种。示范区果树资源以蔷薇科为主,有野生果树15种,半栽培果树有1种,栽培果树有10种。栽培果树以苹果为主。野生果树以山桃、山杏、酸枣和文冠果等为主,其利用价值较高。该示范区栽培果树树种、品种搭配不够合理,单产低,急需调整、提高。     

套袋对妃子笑荔枝挂果及果实品质的影响

就妃子笑荔枝套袋后袋内温度对挂果、果实生长发育和品质的影响进行研究，结果表明：套袋明显地提高了保果率，增加了单果重量，使果面着色均匀，农药残留显著降低，是实现优质、高产，生产绿色果品的重要方法。     

果实采前套袋对龙眼果实品质和耐贮性的影响

以福建省主栽龙眼品种“福眼”果实为材料，研究果实采前套袋对龙眼果实品质和采后耐贮性的影响。结果表明：果实采前套袋可明显改善龙眼果实的外观品质；但降低了果肉可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、维生素C和总糖等营养物质含量，导致龙眼果实甜度下降、风味变淡。果实采前套袋降低了与龙眼果皮褐变密切相关的酚类物质(包括花色素苷、类黄酮和总酚)含量和多酚氧化酶、过氧化物酶的活性，减少了龙眼果实在贮藏期间果皮褐变的发生；同时，果实采前套袋明显减轻由采前病原菌潜伏侵染所致的采后龙眼果实病害，提高果实耐贮性，延长果实贮藏期。     

Calcium Foliar Sprays for Control of Alfalfa Greening,Cork Spot,and Hard End in ‘Anjou’ Pears

ABSTRACT

New calcium (Ca) spray materials were made available to test for their possible improvement over the often-used dry form of calcium chloride products. Four orchards of mature ‘Anjou’ pears (Pyrus communis L.) were selected for the experiments. Three Ca materials were used at equal Ca rates, consisting of a dry Ca material derived from calcium chloride (Mora-leaf-Ca) with and without Sylgard; a liquid Ca material derived from CaCl₂ (Cal-Plex-12); and a dry Ca material derived from calcium oxide (Mira-Cal) at different concentrations. In one orchard, Mira-Cal Ca at the double rate had the lowest incidence of cork spot and hard end with the highest concentration of cortex Ca and acceptable fruit finish, closely followed by the standard rate of Mora-Leaf-Ca. In a second orchard, Mora-Leaf-Ca plus Sylgard 309 had the lowest incidence of cork spot and alfalfa greening. In the third orchard, Mora-Leaf-Ca had the lowest incidence of cork spot and the highest concentration of fruit Ca in peel and cortex. In the fourth orchard, Cal-Plex-12 Ca produced nearly complete control of cork spot and the highest concentration of fruit Ca in peel and cortex. When comparing commercial spray-machine application of 935 L ha^?1, control of cork spot and fruit Ca absorption was improved with six calcium applications versus only two spray applications.     

MODULATION IN YIELD AND JUICE QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF CITRUS FRUIT FROM TREES SUPPLIED WITH ZINC AND POTASSIUM FOLIARLY

Citrus, especially K innow (Citrus deliciosa × Citrus nobilis), fruit yield and quality in Pakistan is not competitive with that of other countries which could be mainly attributed to the lack of good nutrient management for citrus orchards. The yield losses in this fruit crop occur mainly due to heavy fruit dropping. Experiments to overcome these problems were conducted at four different sites one each in Faisalabad, Toba Tek Singh, Jhang and Sargodha districts of Punjab, Pakistan. The soil and leaf chemical analysis showed severe deficiency of Zn and our pervious results have shown that soil amendment with potassium (K) at 75 K₂O kg ha^?1 improved the citrus fruit yield and quality at all selected sites. In the present experiments, effect of foliar application of Zn and K alone or in combination was studied on nutrient uptake, fruit yield, fruit dropping and juice quality. The fruit trees were pretreated with a selected K level of sulfate of potash (SOP) or muriate of potash (MOP), i.e., 75 kg K₂O ha^?1 along with recommended nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) doses. Zinc [Zn, 1% zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄) solution], K [1% potassium sulfate (K₂SO₄) solution] and Zn + K (solution containing 0.5% each of ZnSO₄ and K₂SO₄) were sprayed at the onset of spring and flush of leaves or flowers, fruit formation and at color initiation on fruit. Overall, application of Zn, K or Zn + K was effective in improving the nutrient uptake, yield and quality parameters of citrus fruit at all sites. Fruit dropping was also reduced by the foliar spray of Zn, K or Zn + K but the most promising results were recorded with foliar spray containing both Zn and K.     

高光谱图像技术在水果品质无损检测中的应用

传统的近红外光谱分析法和可见光图像技术应用于水果品质无损检测中存在的检测区域小、检测时间长、仅能检测表面情况等局限性。高光谱图像技术结合光谱技术与计算机图像技术两者的优点,可获得大量包含连续波长光谱信息的图像块,其图像信息可检测水果的外部品质,光谱信息则可用于水果内部品质的检测,达到根据水果内、外部综合品质进行分类的目的。根据不同的采集设备,简介了两种获得高光谱图像的方法。综述了国内外将该技术应用于水果品质检测方面的研究进展,检测内容包括外观品质、损伤与缺陷,成熟度和坚实度,含糖量、含水率等内部品质,着重介绍了各高光谱图像的成像波段范围、分辨率、成像源,实验数据处理的方法以及实验结果等。根据综述所得提出了高光谱图像技术应用中需要解决的光谱降维、降低样品差异影响和实时检测平台搭建等问题。     

Blossom‐end rot and fruit cracking of tomato grown in net‐covered greenhouses in Central Thailand can partly be corrected by calcium and boron sprays

Two tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cultivars King Kong 2 (KK2) and FMTT 260 (FMTT) were grown in a net‐covered greenhouse in Central Thailand to investigate the influence of fruit applications of combined aqueous calcium (Ca) and boron (B) solutions amended or not with the tenside Glucopon® on fruit yield and quality. Special attention was paid on blossom‐end rot (BER) and fruit cracking (FC), two prevailing disorders in tomato and main causes for non‐marketability of tomato fruits under the conditions of protected cultivation in Central Thailand. While no effect of the additional Ca and B applications on total fruit yield was observed, the composition of the non‐marketable fraction of fruit yield differed significantly between treatments and cultivars. Cultivar KK2 proved to be highly susceptible to both BER and FC and, therefore, produced less marketable fruits than cv. FMTT. The Ca and B sprays decreased the incidence of BER but increased FC at the same time. Addition of the tenside Glucopon® to the Ca and B solutions did not yield any further advantage. The contrasting effect of the Ca and B sprays on BER and FC resulted in similar levels of non‐marketable fruit yield in the treatments with or without the sprays for both cultivars. The nutrient status in different fruit segments was surveyed during fruit development. The Ca concentration in the distal end of the fruit during the time of rapid fruit growth was correlated with the BER incidence in mature fruits. Since additional Ca and B sprays are labor‐intensive and did not significantly reduce the portion of non‐marketable fruits, the selection of cultivars insusceptible to BER and FC appears to be of highest priority when conditions favoring these disorders are to be expected. This is particularly true for protected cultivation in Central Thailand.     

Seasonality of nutrients vis-à-vis fruit quality of pomegranate cv. Bhagwa on vertisol

The temporal changes of nutrient concentration in leaves and their accumulation in fruit are good indicators of plant nutrient demand for each developmental stage. Seasonality of nutrients in leaves and fruits of pomegranate and their relation with fruit quality was evaluated in commercial orchards using cv. “Bhagwa.” The concentration of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sulfur (S), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) and boron (B) in leaves decreased while calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn) and copper (Cu) concentration increased during fruit growth and development. Total nutrient accumulation increased gradually in fruit and translated into growth of arils, and increase in juice content and total soluble solids, however as the biomass accumulation in fruit was much faster than nutrient accumulation, concentration of majority nutrients except Mg decreased rapidly, followed by slow and continuous decrease till maturity. During fruit enlargement, demand for N, P, K, Fe, Cu and Zn was high while requirement for Ca, Mg and S was high during fruit development.     

不同氮钾肥用量对百香果生长、品质及产量的影响

通过田间试验,分析不同氮钾水平下百香果的生长、产量及品质差异,为指导百香果合理施肥提供参考依据。基于‘3414’肥料试验,探究百香果在不同氮钾水平下的生长状况、果实品质、产量效应;结合肥料效应函数,从而明确百香果的最佳氮钾施用量。供试果园土壤肥力处于适宜水平,磷钾肥用量一致的条件下,随着氮肥施用量的增加,百香果的株高、茎粗、单果重均呈先增后降的趋势,且百香果茎粗、单果重均在N2(249.76     

Effect of Pre-Harvest Calcium Sprays on Calcium Concentrations in the Skin and Flesh of Apples

During 2004 and 2006, experiments were conducted that measured the absorption of calcium (Ca) by the fruit and assessed the effects of Ca sprays on the skin and flesh of apples. Frequent (1 spray/month for 2 or 4 months) Ca treatments increased the concentration of Ca in the skin, but not in the flesh of fruit, and several sprays were needed to promote a prolonged increase in the concentration of Ca in the skin. Calcium sprays did not influence the concentrations of magnesium (Mg) and potassium (K). Foliar analyses confirmed the absorption of topical Ca by the apple tree following the Ca sprays as the concentration of Ca in leaves increased.