三河市40年来温度和降水变化及对农业生产的影响

对三河市1960~2002年气温和降水等气象数据分析结果表明,该区气温以每年0.04℃的速度上升,且不同季节的变化亦不同,冬季增温最明显,夏季最小,春秋季居中;积温也呈增加趋势,增加趋势总积温>0℃以上年积温>10℃以上年积温。降水年季变化有一定的减少,5年时段变化20世纪60年代初至90年代末减少了150mm,且降水减少的时间主要集中在夏玉米生长季节,同时降水的变化对冬小麦的种植和生长有一定影响。     

近50年聊城地区气候变化特征分析

利用聊城地区代表站1959-2008年气温及降水资料,用一元线性回归、相关分析等数理统计学方法,对聊城地区近50a来气候变化做了分析。结果表明:聊城地区近50a来年均气温呈上升趋势,增温率为0.07℃/10a,20世纪90年代-21世纪初增温尤其明显。不同季节气温的变化趋势不同,春季变暖趋势最明显。根据冷暖波动情况,可划分成一个冷期和两个暖期;近50a降水量则呈下降趋势,倾向率为-25.22mm/10a,2002年降水最少。各季节中,夏、秋、冬季降水呈下降趋势。根据降水变化可分为三个多雨期和三个少雨期。     

三北防护林工程区气候变化分析

利用三北防护林工程区内气象站点近52 a气温与降水资料,研究了工程建设前后该区的气候变化特征。结果表明:(1)近52 a工程区增温趋势明显,增温速率为0.346℃/10 a; 1960-1977年为相对低温期,1978-1995年气温逐渐上升,建设后期1996-2011年气温显著增高;增温趋势具有明显的南北分异特征,显著升温区主要分布在工程区北部内蒙古高原、松嫩平原和吉林西部平原。(2)年降水量呈下降趋势,下降速率为3.554 mm/10 a;建设之前降水偏少,建设初期有所增加,1996年以来又呈明显减少趋势;降水变化东西差异明显,东部除嫩江平原、内蒙古阴山地区降水增多外,其他地区普遍减少,而西部大部降水呈增加趋势。(3)工程区气候变化空间差异明显,暖湿化区域主要集中在西部阿勒泰地区、柴达木盆地和东部内蒙古阴山地区、河套平原和松嫩平原,而其他地区如呼伦贝尔草原、大兴安岭山区、辽嫩平原则暖干化趋势显著。     

过去(1958-2007)和未来(2011-2060)50年淮河流域气候变化趋势分析

根据淮河流域1958-2007年观测资料和ECHAM5/MPI-OM模式对该流域2011-2060年气候变化的预估结果,分析淮河流域1958-2007年平均气温、极端高(低)温、农业界限温度和年降水量变化,并对2011-2060年气温和降水量变化趋势进行预估。结果表明:(1)淮河流域年平均气温,20世纪90年代以前以降温为主,90年代中后期增温显著;季节变化上,春秋两季气温呈波动增加趋势,冬季增温速率较高,夏季则呈下降趋势,极端气温事件出现次数和温度变化幅度均减小。淮河流域热量资源的时间变化以增温趋势为主,各界限温度初日提前,终日推迟,持续日数和累积温度增加。从区域分布上,流域东部增温趋势强于西部。1958-2007年年降水量和极端降水等无突变性的增加或减少趋势;季节变化上,流域夏季降水量变幅较大。(2)3种排放情景下淮河流域年平均气温升高趋势一致,且SRES-A1B情景升温幅度大于其它两种情景且约在2040年突变增温,3种情景下季节平均气温均为冬季升高最快;未来年降水量有微弱增加,但M-K检测均无显著变化趋势,未来50a淮河流域季节降水仍以春、夏季降水为主,约占全年降水量的70%。     

西北地区气候变化与风速响应特征

依据西北地区105个气象站点近51a逐年气温、降水及风速资料,利用趋势线法、Mann—Kendall突变检验法及ArcGIS空间差值法分析了该地气候变化特征及其对风速的影响。结果表明:(1)近51a来,西北地区增温趋势明显,气温经历了相对低温期—大幅上升期—上升趋势减缓期的转变;增温趋势空间差异明显。(2)该区降水呈下降趋势,呈现出由显著变化—趋于稳定—波动加快的转变;降水变化东西差异明显。(3)综合气温和降水来看,西北地区东部呈暖干化趋势,西、中部地区呈相对暖湿趋势。(4)近51a平均风速整体以每10a降低0.11m/s的速率变化,1974年之前呈增强趋势,之后减弱趋势明显,1993—2011年趋于稳定;风速变化空间上呈现出东南部、西部与中部的差异。(5)气温和风速呈极显著负相关关系。     

晋南地区不同海拔高度典型木本植物物候特征及其对气候变化的响应

基于1983-2016年临汾市不同海拔高度上3个农业气象观测站(尧都区、隰县、安泽县)的6种典型木本植物物候期和温度的观测资料,统计分析其变化特征及相互影响。结果表明:(1)研究区年及四季气温整体呈上升趋势,尧都区增温幅度最大,春季增温极显著;月平均气温除隰县个别月份略有下降外,大多以增温趋势为主,其中3月增温极显著(P0.01),是年平均气温升高的主要因素。(2)研究区内木本植物物候期最早和最晚平均相差1～2个月,物候期变化呈现较强的区域性特征,尧都区和安泽的木本植物春季物候期提前,秋季物候期推迟,植物生长季延长;隰县木本植物春季物候期推迟,秋季物候期提前,植物生长季呈缩短趋势。(3)木本植物展叶始期对年、春季及展叶前1～2个月的平均气温响应显著,随着气温升高,木本植物展叶始期表现为一致提前趋势;木本植物落叶末期在尧都区和安泽县随着气温的升高表现为明显的推迟趋势,受年、秋季及落叶前1个月的平均气温影响显著,在隰县随气温的升高表现为普遍提前趋势,受年均气温变化影响显著;随着气温升高尧都区和安泽县的木本植物生长季延长,隰县木本植物生长季变化不明显。说明晋南地区不同海拔高度的气温及其变化趋势存在较大差异;各代表站典型木本植物的物候期和生长季对气候变化的响应不同。     

伊塞克湖典型小流域径流变化差异性及其影响因素分析

基于伊塞克湖流域近70年来气温、降水和径流量资料，采用Mann—Kendall法、突变检验和小波分析进行研究流域气温、降水和径流量的变化特征及差异性，在此基础上，探讨区域气候变化对径流量的影响。结果表明：（1）1951—2012年伊塞克湖典型小流域气温呈上升的趋势；其中，乔尔蓬-阿塔站（湖盆中部）和克孜尔苏站（东部）气温分别在1975年和1989年后上升趋势增大，秋季增温幅度均对气温升高的贡献较大；2个水文站降水量变化相对复杂，整体呈增加趋势，秋季降水量增加幅度最大。（2）受气温升高和降水量的直接影响，研究区4个典型水文站年径流量变化趋势不一致，乔尔蓬-阿塔、琼—阿克苏和琼—克孜尔苏站径流量呈明显增加趋势，曲线值分别在1987年、1983年和1987年后开始表现为增加趋势；而卡拉科尔站径流量呈明显下降趋势，曲线值在1982年后开始表现为下降趋势。从年内不同季节的径流分配来看，乔尔蓬-阿塔站和琼—克孜尔苏站径流量增加趋势明显，夏季增加幅度最大；而卡拉科尔站夏季径流量减少趋势明显，下降幅度最大。（3）通过皮尔逊相关分析法和主成分分析法分析，在年际尺度上，各水文站径流量与气温、降水量之间呈较显著的相关性，气温的升高与降水量的多少影响径流量产量的多少。（4）从周期性变化分析来看，气温、降水和径流量的周期性变化均比较明显，波动变化基本一致，表明径流量对气温和降水的响应较突出。     

天山北麓近50年气温和降水的变化特征

根据天山北麓8个气象站1961—2010年气温和降水资料,采用线性趋势分析、Mann-Kendall检验、Hurst指数等方法,分析了天山北麓气温和降水的变化特征。结果表明:（1）50 a来,天山北麓年平均气温和年降水量均呈增加趋势,其变化率分别为0.26 ℃/10 a、15.67 mm/10 a;冬季增温最为明显,升温幅度达0.49℃/10 a左右,降水倾向率表现为夏季最大,为5.44 mm/10 a;（2）年平均气温和年降水量的突变年份分别在1996年和1983年;未来两者整体上呈增加趋势;（3）极端高（低）温指数在近50 a呈现增加（减少）趋势;极端降水指数中零降水日数和最长连续无降水日数呈不同程度的递减趋势,1日最大降水量和极端强降水日数以1.36 mm/10 a和1.81 d/10 a的速率递增,各极端气候指数空间差异明显;极端气温指数与年平均气温、极端降水指数与年降水量均有很好的相关性。     

松嫩平原50年来气温及降水变化分析

运用趋势系数和气候倾向率分析了松嫩平原地区50a来气温及降水的时空变化规律。结果表明，50a来本区气温有显著上升趋势，平均气温以0．3487℃／10a幅度升高。全年各月气温均呈上升趋势，但是冬春季升温剧烈，达0．5754℃／10a；夏秋季较弱，仅为0．1868℃／10a。由于最冷月平均温度升高比最热月大，导致气温年较差减少。气温升高存在显著的区域差异，平原西北部地区增温强烈，气温倾向率大于0．45℃／10a；平原东部地区气温倾向率较低，小于0．20℃／10a。全区降水总体趋势性变化不显著，但还是呈现弱的减少趋势，平均年降水量倾向率为-0．0783mm／10a，且秋季降水减少明显。     

气候变化对黄河中游河龙区间径流量的影响分析

通过对黄河中游河龙区间的气候变化分析发现,河龙区间年平均气温和四季气温均呈现上升趋势;进入20世纪90年代后河龙区间年平均降水量呈明显减少趋势;春、冬季降水量呈微弱增加趋势,夏、秋季降水量呈明显减少趋势.同时计算分析了龙门站径流量对气候变化的敏感性及气候变化对径流量的影响程度.结果表明,年径流量随降水的增加而增加,随气温的升高而减少;径流量对降水变化的响应较其对气温变化的响应更为显著;20世纪90年代后,气候变化对径流量的影响幅度为21%.     

中国华北地区近40年物候春季变化

根据华北地区7个观测站物候资料,分析了华北地区1963-1996年及北京1963-2005年物候春季的变化特征及其与气温的关系。结果表明:华北地区的物候春季有明显提早来临的趋势,而造成这一变化的主要因素是本地区近40 a来冬春季气温的明显上升。其中1963-1996年间华北地区1-3月及4月的平均气温分别上升了2.3℃与1.7℃,物候春季起止日期分别提前了9d和4d,因而使得春季长度也延长了5d;北京1963-2003年间1-3月及4月的平均气温分别上升了3.5℃与2.6℃,物候春季的起止日期分别提前了11d和10d,但春季长度没有明显变化。     

Sediment denitrification in waterways in a rice-paddy-dominated watershed in eastern China

Purpose

Rice-paddy-dominated watersheds in eastern China are intensively cultivated, and lands with two crops receive as much as 550–600 kg?ha^–1?year^–1 of nitrogen (N), mainly through the addition of N-based fertilizers. However, stream N concentrations have been found to be relatively low. Waterways in the watersheds are assumed to be effective “sinks” for N, minimizing its downstream movement. We directly measured net sediment denitrification rates in three types of waterways (ponds, streams/rivers, and a reservoir) and determined the key factors that control net sediment denitrification. Such information is essential for evaluating the impact of the agricultural N cycle on the quality of surface water.

Materials and methods

The pond–stream–reservoir continuum was sampled every 2 months at nine sites in an agricultural watershed between November 2010 and December 2011. Net sediment N₂ fluxes/net sediment denitrification rates were determined by membrane inlet mass spectrometry and the N₂/Ar technique. A suite of parameters known to influence denitrification were also measured.

Results and discussion

Net denitrification rates ranged between 28.2?±?18.2 and 674.3?±?314.5 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1 for the streams, 23.7?±?23.9 and 121.2?±?38.7 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1 for the ponds, and 41.8?±?17.7 and 239.3?±?49.8 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1 for the reservoir. The mean net denitrification rate of the stream sites (173.2?±?248.4 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1) was significantly higher (p?<?0.001) than that of the pond sites (48.3?±?44.5 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1), and the three types of waterways all had significantly higher (p?<?0.01) mean net denitrification rates in summer than in other seasons. Linear regression and linear mixed effect model analysis showed that nitrate (NO₃ ^?–N) concentration in surface water was the primary controlling factor for net sediment denitrification, followed by water temperature. Using monitoring data on NO₃ ^?–N concentrations and temperature of the surface water of waterways and an established linear mixed effect model, total N removed through net sediment denitrification in the pond–stream–reservoir continuum was estimated at 46.8?±?24.0 t?year^–1 from July 2007 to June 2009, which was comparable with earlier estimates based on the mass balance method (34.3?±?12.7 t?year^–1), and accounted for 83.4 % of the total aquatic N. However, the total aquatic N was only 4.4 % of the total N input to the watershed, and thus most of the surplus N in the watershed was likely to be either denitrified or stored in soil.

Conclusions

High doses of N in a rice-paddy-dominated watershed did not lead to high stream N concentrations due to limited input of N into waterways and the high efficiency of waterways in removing N through denitrification.     

天津半干旱地区不同种植年限菜田土壤微生物变化特征的研究

对天津周边半干旱地区不同种植年限的菜田土壤微生物状况调查研究表明 ,该地区土壤微生物以细菌为主 ,夏季微生物总量大大高于冬季 ;随着种菜年限的增加 ,耕层和亚耕层微生物总量都有增加趋势 ,其中细菌和放线菌增加明显 ,真菌有下降趋势 ;真菌类群分析表明 ,少数纤维素分解菌 ,如青霉 (Penicillium)、木霉 (Trichoderma)等为优势菌 ,而糖和木质素分解菌仅占少数。用尖孢镰刀霉 (Fusariumuoxysporum)、大肠杆菌 (Escherichia coli)接种不同种菜年限土壤 ,检测土壤拮抗菌状况发现 ,拮抗菌仅在种植年限长的老菜田的放线菌中发现。表明北方半干旱地区菜田土壤细菌为优势菌 ,主要存在于土壤微孔隙中 ;而适于生活在土壤疏松大孔隙中的真菌数量极少。应注意土壤结构的改良 ,为丰富土壤微生物提供良好的生态环境     

天津半干旱地区不同种植年限菜田土壤微生物变化特征的研究

对天津周边半干旱地区不同种植年限的菜田土壤微生物状况调查研究表明 ,该地区土壤微生物以细菌为主 ,夏季微生物总量大大高于冬季 ;随着种菜年限的增加 ,耕层和亚耕层微生物总量都有增加趋势 ,其中细菌和放线菌增加明显 ,真菌有下降趋势 ;真菌类群分析表明 ,少数纤维素分解菌 ,如青霉 (Penicillium)、木霉 (Trichoderma)等为优势菌 ,而糖和木质素分解菌仅占少数。用尖孢镰刀霉 (Fusariumuoxysporum)、大肠杆菌 (Escherichia coli)接种不同种菜年限土壤 ,检测土壤拮抗菌状况发现 ,拮抗菌仅在种植年限长的老菜田的放线菌中发现。表明北方半干旱地区菜田土壤细菌为优势菌 ,主要存在于土壤微孔隙中 ;而适于生活在土壤疏松大孔隙中的真菌数量极少。应注意土壤结构的改良 ,为丰富土壤微生物提供良好的生态环境     

Trends in soil science in Switzerland

Phytoremediation is an emerging technology based on the use of green plants to remove, contain, inactivate or destroy harmful environmental pollutants. Recent developments in Europe and the USA show that the approach is somewhat different on both sides of the Atlantic. In Europe, phytoremediation has more basically been research driven and, based on the outcomes, applications have been envisaged. By contrast, the approach in the USA is more application and experience driven. In spite of a growing track record of commercial success, more demonstration projects are needed to prove that phytoremediation is effective in order to rigorously measure its underlying economics, and to expand its applications. More fundamental research is also required to better understand the complex interactions between pollutants, soil, plant roots and micro-organisms at the rhizosphere level, to increase the bioavailability of pollutants, to fully exploit the metabolic diversity of plants and, thus, to successfully implement this new green technology.     

沈阳市城市表土中微生物区系变化的初步研究

在沈阳市远郊-近郊-市区等不同城市化水平区内选取林地、草地和路边土几种不同利用方式下的表层土壤,对土壤中的微生物状况进行了初步分析。结果表明,随着城市化水平的提高,土壤中微生物的数量表现为明显的减少趋势。其中变化较大的是细菌,而真菌和放线菌的变化不明显。     

Patterns in trace elements in lichens

Water, Air, & Soil Pollution - Epiphytic lichens were sampled in a Dutch national monitoring survey, which was carried out twice within 5 yr. The samples were analyzed by neutron activation...     

Trace metals in precipitation in Sweden

Trace metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn) concentrations in atmospheric precipitation have been routinely monitored in Sweden since the autumn of 1983. Concentrations are highest in southern Sweden and decrease northward. It is postulated that the long range transport of anthropogenic pollutants from the rest of Europe is the major source of Cd, Pb, and Zn in precipitation. Evidence for this hypothesis is that enrichment factors indicate anthropogenic origin, and Swedish atmospheric emissions of Zn and Cd are 2 to 3 times smaller than deposition fluxes. Also, Cd, Pb, and Zn concentrations are correlated in both space and time and are also well correlated with exSO₄ ⁺, a substance known to be of anthropogenic origin transported long distances.     

Variation in ozone concentration in relation to local climate in south-west Sweden

Ozone (O₃) concentration and air temperature/relative humidity were monitored using diffusive samplers (weekly, 3 m above ground) and Tinytag loggers (10 min sampling, 1 m above ground, self-ventilating radiation shields), respectively, in the forested landscape of south-west Sweden, 40 km north-east of Gothenburg. Two forest sites were included, one at a hilltop (175 m a.s.l.), and one in a nearby (～1 km) valley (110 m a.s.l.). In addition, a valley site (～3 km from the forest sites, 60 m a.s.l.) in an agricultural landscape was included, where ozone was measured using both a UV-based monitor and diffusive sampling. At the agricultural site measurements of temperature and relative humidity were made using a radiation shield with forced ventilation and with Tinytags, as on the forest sites, in addition to observations of wind speed and the vertical temperature gradient. Furthermore, comparison with O₃ concentrations at urban and coastal sites in the region was made. The temperature dependent, systematic error of using a self-ventilating radiation shield was estimated and corrected for. It was found that the elevated forested site experienced higher O₃ concentrations and lower evening cooling rates in calm situations as compared to the forest site in the valley and in particular as compared to the agricultural site. This can be explained by a stronger coupling with the planetary boundary layer at the elevated site and more pronounced night-inversions at the valley sites. The difference in weekly O₃ concentration between the two forested sites was correlated with the difference in average minimum night-time temperature. The coastal site had the highest ozone concentrations, related largely, but not fully, to higher night-time O₃ concentrations. The urban site showed a depression in O₃ concentration associated with the combination of large NO emissions and slow air mixing during the morning traffic rush hours.     

不同种植模式下菜地土壤腐殖质组分特性的动态变化

通过在南京普朗克有机农场开展的9年长期定位监测,研究了有机(露地和大棚)和常规种植模式下蔬菜地耕层土壤有机碳和土壤腐殖质组分特性的动态变化。结果表明,有机露地、有机大棚和常规露地种植土壤有机碳含量分别从11.41、9.29、9.00 g k g-1提高至15.35、20.90、10.00 g kg-1;胡敏酸碳(CHA)分别从1.79、1.23、1.14 g kg-1提高至2.11、3.11、1.31 g kg-1;富里酸碳(CFA)分别从2.19、1.88、1.73 g kg-1提高至2.44、2.68、1.91 g kg-1。两种有机种植模式的土壤有机碳及腐殖质组分含量增加达到显著水平,而常规种植模式下的变化不显著。两种有机种植模式下表征土壤腐殖质品质的胡/富比(CHA/CFA)、胡敏酸占总腐殖物质的比例(PQ值)均高于常规种植模式,土壤富里酸的E4/E6值、色调系数(ΔlogK)值随着种植时间增加的幅度较常规种植模式更大,土壤胡敏酸芳化度呈现先降低后增高的趋势,但在常规种植下变化不明显。说明土壤在长期有机种植模式下不仅更有利于土壤有机碳的积累,而且能促进土壤腐殖化进程。