氮肥对镉胁迫下结缕草光合和叶绿素荧光特性的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了不同氮肥用量[0、200、300和400 mg/kg CO(NH2)2]对Cd胁迫(50 mg/kg)下结缕草光合及叶绿素荧光特性的影响。结果表明:不同浓度的氮肥均能使Cd胁迫下结缕草叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、光化学猝灭系数(q P)、叶片PSⅡ最大光量子产量(Fv/Fm)及表观光电子传递效率(ETR)有所提高,而非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)有所降低,说明氮肥对Cd污染具有一定的缓释作用。从结缕草叶片叶绿素(叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素a+b)含量、气孔导度、胞间二氧化碳浓度、叶片PSⅡ最大光量子产量及表观光电子传递效率指标来看,以氮肥浓度300 mg/kg缓解作用最大,200 mg/kg次之,400 mg/kg最弱;相对于叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率、水分利用率(WUE)、非光化学猝灭系数来说,以氮肥浓度300 mg/kg缓解作用最为明显,400 mg/kg次之,200 mg/kg最弱;不同施肥浓度及镉胁迫对结缕草叶片光化学猝灭系数基本无影响(P0.05)。通过本研究得出:施用氮肥对Cd胁迫下结缕草具有一定的缓解作用,当氮肥浓度为300 mg/kg时缓解效果最为显著。     

叶面喷施亚硒酸钠对谷子光合特性及产量构成的影响

以晋谷21号和张杂谷10号为试材,采用大田试验,研究了灌浆期叶面喷施亚硒酸钠(0,2.5,5,7.5,10,12.5,15g·667m-2)对谷子光合特性和产量的影响。结果表明,随着亚硒酸钠喷施浓度的增加,谷子叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率Y(Ⅱ)、电子传递速率ETR、光化学猝灭系数qP、PSⅡ最大光化学效率Fv/Fm和PSⅡ潜在活性Fv/Fo均呈先升高后降低的趋势;而胞间CO2浓度(Ci)变化呈现相反趋势。在灌浆期喷施亚硒酸钠对谷子千粒重、穗粒重、穗重影响效果最为显著。与对照相比,叶面喷施7.5g·667m-2的亚硒酸钠溶液,可显著提高谷子叶片中光合色素含量和光合性能,同时提高谷子的产量。     

尿素与除草剂甲基二磺隆复合处理对紫苏生理特性和产量的影响

为探讨尿素与甲基二磺隆对紫苏光合特性指标和籽粒产量的影响,本试验研究了适宜紫苏生长的最佳除草、施肥条件,对六叶期紫苏幼苗先后喷施尿素(0、1、2、4、8 g·L-1)和甲基二磺隆(0、0.175、0.35、0.7、1.4 mL·L-1)处理.结果表明,甲基二磺隆显著降低紫苏叶片的叶绿素含量指数,净光合速率和气孔导度也均不同程度降低,胞间CO2浓度升高,说明甲基二磺隆降低了紫苏的光合作用;叶绿素荧光分析显示,除草剂甲基二磺隆显著降低了光化学荧光淬灭系数、PSⅡ最大光化学效率、PSⅡ潜在活性及PSⅡ实际光化学效率,而非光化学淬灭系数则呈上升趋势.表明紫苏在甲基二磺隆处理下发生了光抑制,同时叶绿体的PSⅡ正常功能受阻;8 g·L-1的尿素处理效果相同;而1 ～4g·L-1浓度的尿素处理则效果相反.1 ～4 g·L-1的尿素和不同浓度的甲基二磺隆先后处理,比单用甲基二磺隆处理效果好,先施4 g·L-1的尿素,后施0.7 mL·L-1甲基二磺隆为最佳处理方案,能显著提高紫苏的光合速率,并使其光系统Ⅱ维持较高的光化学效率.该施药模式可为紫苏田平衡除草施肥和安全高产提供理论基础.     

镉胁迫条件下磷肥对结缕草光合特性的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究镉(50 mg·kg-1)胁迫下不同磷肥水平(50、100、150 mg·kg-1)对结缕草生长及光合特性的影响。结果表明,镉胁迫下结缕草的生长和光合特性受到抑制,施加100 mg·kg-1磷肥的结缕草叶长比只受镉胁迫组增加53.33%,根长增加70.5%,叶绿素a+b含量增加42.85%,净光合速率(Pn)增加54.75%,蒸腾速率(Tr)增加94.05%,水分利用效率(WUE)增加45.85%,PSⅡ原初光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)增加12.84%,且与镉胁迫组差异显著。施加150 mg·kg-1磷肥结缕草叶片的胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)、表观光电子传递效率(ETR)比镉胁迫组降低。除气孔导度(Gs)在50 mg·kg-1磷肥处理后显著增加,结缕草叶长、根长、叶绿素含量、Pn、Tr、Fv/Fm、Ci和ETR等指标均随磷肥浓度增加呈现先增加后减少的趋势。通过结缕草生长和光合指标可以看出,施用磷肥可以缓解镉对结缕草的胁迫,施加100 mg·kg-1磷肥效果显著。     

外源一氧化氮对NaCl胁迫下番茄幼苗叶绿素荧光特性的影响

通过水培试验, 研究了外源NO供体硝普钠(SNP)处理对100 mmol·L-1 NaCl胁迫下番茄幼苗叶绿素荧光特性的影响.结果表明, 外源NO提高了盐胁迫下番茄幼苗叶片的最大荧光(Fm)、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/Fo)、表观光合电子传递速率(ETR)、实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)、光化学荧光猝灭系数(qP)和光化学速率(Prate), 降低了初始荧光(Fo)、非光化学荧光猝灭系数(qN)、天线热耗散速率(Drate)和PSⅡ激发能压力(1-qP), 同时降低了激发能在两个光系统间的分配不平衡性.表明外源NO通过减少过剩激发能的耗散, 提高光合电子传递效率, 可有效缓解盐胁迫对番茄PSⅡ系统的伤害, 进而在缓解盐胁迫中发挥重要作用.     

控释氮肥对棉花叶片光合特性及产量的影响

以鲁棉研28号为材料,设计100%树脂包膜尿素基施、50%普通尿素+50%树脂包膜尿素基施和棉花控释专用肥基施3种控释氮肥处理,研究了等氮条件下,不同控释氮肥处理对棉花光合特性及产量的影响。结果表明,与生产对照(CK2)相比,100%树脂包膜尿素处理和棉花控释专用肥处理提高了植株上部叶片叶龄45和60 d的叶绿素含量、PSⅡ的活性(Fv/Fo)、光化学最大效率(Fv/Fm)、实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)和光化学猝灭系数(qP),从而使叶片保持了较高的净光合速率;单株结铃数分别增加了0.77和0.84个,子棉产量分别增加6.2%和5.0%,皮棉产量分别提高6.4%和4.3%,分别达极显著和显著差异。而50%普通尿素和50%树脂包膜尿素处理与生产对照CK2差异较小。     

旺长期烤烟叶片的叶绿素荧光特性与激发能分配

以烤烟品种龙江911为试验材料,研究了烤烟植株上、中、下3个部位叶片实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)和PSⅡ最大光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)的日变化,以及激发能的分配特性。结果表明,烤烟叶片Fv/Fm和实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)中午降低,PSⅡ功能下调,有明显的光抑制。在光合有效辐射(PPFD)逐渐增强过程中,Fv/Fm和ΦPSⅡ降低,非光化学猝灭(NPQ)增加,激发能由PSⅠ向PSⅡ分配的比例增加,说明引起烤烟光抑制的原因除了NPQ之外,分配给PSⅡ能量增加是光抑制非常重要的因素。PPFD逐渐减小时,光抑制逐渐减缓,光化学效率恢复,激发能分配不平衡性系数(β/α-1)下降,PSⅡ能量负荷减轻,失活的PSⅡ恢复活性。     

头花蓼光合特性及叶绿素荧光对林下光照生境变化的响应

为探索头花蓼(Polygonum capitatum)对林下光照环境变化的适应性,研究了种植于针阔混交林下的林窗(FG,Forest gap)、林荫(FC,Forest canopy)、林窗-林荫过渡区(FT,Forest transition zone)3种光照生境下的头花蓼光合特性和叶绿素荧光参数,并分析了其对光强变化的响应。结果表明:3种生境的头花蓼表观量子效率(AQY)以FG(0.028)和FC(0.023)较高,FT(0.019)最低。各生境间的光补偿点相差不大(35.00~66.77μmol/(m~2·s)),植株的光饱和点表现为FG生境(808.45μmol/(m~2·s))远小于FT(1 201.43μmol/(m~2·s))和FC(1 780.42μmol/(m~2·s)),最大净光合速率表现为FG(6.24μmol/(m~2·s))低于FT(8.86μmol/(m~2·s))和FC(13.72μmol/(m~2·s)),暗呼吸速率为FG(1.97μmol/(m~2·s))高于FT(0.80μmol/(m~2·s))和FC(1.67μmol/(m~2·s))。FC生境的头花蓼叶片光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)的最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm,0.803)和潜在光化学(Fv/F0,4.08)均高于FG(0.801,0.402)和FT(0.785,3.65)。林下头花蓼PSⅡ光化学效率(φPSⅡ)、光化学淬灭系数(qP)随光强增加而下降,但电子传递速率(ETR)和非光化学淬灭(NPQ)则随光强增加而增大。林下头花蓼通过降低暗呼吸速率、提高净合速率和光化学效率等途径来适应林下弱光环境,同时在强光下以降低qP和增加NPQ途径来避免强光损伤,具有较强的光照适应性。     

酸雨对勋章菊保护酶活性及叶绿素荧光参数的影响

采用盆栽方法,以不同pH值(5.6、4.5、3.5、2.5)的模拟酸雨胁迫试验,探讨其对勋章菊(Gazania Hybrids)叶片质膜透性、MDA含量、保护酶活性、叶绿素含量及叶绿素荧光参数的影响.结果表明,随pH值的降低,勋章菊叶片质膜透性和MDA含量呈逐渐升高的趋势,且二者呈显著正相关;SOD、CAT和POD活性呈先升高后下降的单峰曲线变化,其中SOD、CAT和POD活性最大值均出现在pH4.5处理;叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素a+b的含量、叶绿素a/b、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ的潜在活性(Fv/Fo)、PSⅡ实际光化学量子产量(Φps.Ⅱ)、光化学淬灭系数(qP)均随pH值的降低而下降,非光化学淬灭系数(qN)随pH值的降低而升高.模拟酸雨对勋章菊叶片隐形伤害的阈值为pH≤3.5,表明勋章菊对酸雨具有较强的耐受性,可作为酸雨危害较严重地区的园林绿化地被植物之一.     

白羊草与达乌里胡枝子混播时其叶片叶绿素荧光特性对土壤水分变化的响应

[目的]研究半干旱黄土丘陵区白羊草群落优势种叶绿素荧光特性对土壤水分变化的响应,为进行水土保持林草措施合理配置提供科学依据。[方法]采用盆栽控制试验,设置7个组合比例(白羊草∶达乌里胡枝子,0∶12,2∶10,4∶8,6∶6,8∶4,10∶2和12∶0)和3种水分水平(高水HW,中水MW和低水LW),在拔节期、开花期与结实期将从高水分别降至中水(H-MW)和低水(H-LW)处理,并于水分变化后第0,2,4,6,8 d测定白羊草叶绿素荧光参数。[结果]最大光化学效率(可变荧光/最大荧光,F_v/F_m),实际光化学效率(Ф_(PSⅡ))和表关量子传递速率(ETR)均随水分胁迫持续出现降低趋势,以结实期从高水处理降至低水处理下的降低幅度最显著;拔节期和开花期的F_v/F_m和Ф_(PSⅡ)显著高于结实期,且多数处理下的F_v/F_m大于0.750;H-MW和H-LW处理下土壤水分降低后非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)在拔节期呈现升高趋势,而在开花期和结实期出现降低趋势,但光化学淬灭系数(q_p)在3个生育期间呈相反变化趋势;土壤水分降低后第8 d,结实期的F_v/F_m和Ф_(PSⅡ)以H-MW显著高于H-LW,且大多数处理下12∶0组合比例的F_v/F_m,Ф_(PSⅡ)和ETR均显著低于其他组合比例处理。[结论]与达乌里胡枝子混播种植促进了土壤水分阶段降低条件下白羊草的叶片PSⅡ光化学活性。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.     

Short-term variation in the concentration of selected ions within individual tropical rainstorms

Rainwater was collected at the campus of the University of Brunei Darussalam in Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam, using a funnel-in-bottle sampler. Polypropylene bottles were changed at intervals during rainstorm events. The pH and conductivity were determined immediately after collection on aliquots of the sample. Samples were refrigerated at 5°C for subsequent chemical analysis. Analyses for Na, Mg, Ca, Zn and Fe were carried out by means of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES); Cu and Mn were analysed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS); K was analysed using flame atomic emission spectroscopy (FAES); and Cl^–, NO₃ ^– and SO₄ ^2– were analysed by ion chromatography (IC). Concentration versus time profiles are reported for three rainstorm events. All ions exhibited a decrease in concentration during the rainstorm. The first sample contained the highest concentration of ions, consistent with a first-flush effect. The contribution of the initial stages of the shower to the total quantity of ion deposited during the entire rainstorm is quite overwhelming; in many cases 20 to 30% of the mass was deposited in less than 5% of rainstorm duration. On the other hand, the pH and conductivity variation during rainstorms did not exhibit a consistent pattern.     

Leaf litter selection by detritivore and geophagous earthworms

Summary Litterbag experiments with 10 different kinds of leaf litter showed that detritivore (Lumbricus species) and geophagous (Aporrectodea species) earthworms prefer certain litter types over others, since different numbers of worms were found below the litter after 50–52 days of exposure in a pasture. The detritivores preferred Fraxinus, Tilia, and predecomposed Ulmus and Fagus litter to Fagus litter and paper, while geophages preferred Tilia litter to Alnus and Ulmus litter, so that the two groups of earthworms showed different preferences. The detritivores seemed to be more selective than the geophages. The palatability of the litter was examined in relation to the C: N ratio, the lignin concentration and the initial and final polyphenol concentration. The numbers of detritivores were significantly correlated with the C: N ratio and the final polyphenol concentration, so that selection of litter seems to be related to palatability. The numbers of geophages were not significantly correlated with any of the parameters for palatability. The disappearance of litter after 50–52 days appeared to be due to detritivore activity, since the numbers found below the litter were positively and significantly correlated with the litter disappearance. There was no significant correlation with geophage activity. This indicates that detritivores use litter as food, and therefore influence the composition of the litter layer.     

The 5S rRNA gene diversity in the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Secale</Emphasis> and determination of its closest haplomes

We analyzed 127 rDNA sequences (5S DNA units) obtained from 23 seed accession samples from more or less 10 taxa in wild and cultivated rye, genus Secale L. The sequences fell into two known groups, here assigned to two unit classes, viz. long R1 and short R1 (designations to reflect on R haplome of rye). The different taxa could not be fully differentiated based on the 5S DNA units. We searched for 5S DNA sequences from known unit classes most closely similar to the long R1 and the short R1. One set with the long R1 unit class contained sequences of the long P1 unit class from Agropyron (P haplome) and from Kengyilia (StYP haplome), long J1 from Thinopyrum (J haplome), whereas the set with the short R1 included the long S1 from Pseudoroegneria (St haplome) and Kengyilia (StYP haplome), the short J1 from Thinopyrum (J haplome) and the short V1 from Dasypyrum (V haplome). Each of the two sets was analyzed separately by maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic analysis from which we were able to infer that the 5S DNA units of Secale differentiated in a non-clock fashion and followed the HKY substitution model in the gene tree with the long R1 unit class and the HKY + G in the gene tree with the short R1 unit class. A complementary Bayesian analysis yielded identical tree topologies to the ML ones for each of the two sequence sets. In the tree with the long R1 units the long P1 and long J1 unit classes were closest to the long R1 unit class, whereas in the tree with the short R1 units the long S1 and short J1 unit classes were closest to the short R1 unit class, indicating possibly a close relationship between the St, J and R haplomes.