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1.
林青  徐绍辉  王凯丽 《土壤学报》2013,50(3):478-485
通过室内土柱实验,采用溶质运移的对流-弥散方程,模拟了饱和条件下重金属镉在不同质地土壤中的运移.结果表明,化学非平衡单点模型(One-site model,OSM)能较好地模拟镉在粉壤土、壤砂土中的运移(R2分别为0.810和0.901),而对镉在砂壤土中运移的模拟效果较差(R2=0.542).OSM模型准确地模拟了土柱中镉运移的穿透时间,但是对穿透曲线拖尾部分的拟合效果欠佳.土壤对镉运移的阻滞作用与土壤理化性质有关,但是其机理还需要进一步研究.由于上层砂壤土对镉的强烈吸附,使镉的穿透时间较晚(10 pv),且不同土层界面处镉的浓度和吸附量变化明显.  相似文献   

2.
地下水浅埋条件下包气带水和溶质运移数值模拟研究述评   总被引:10,自引:2,他引:8  
地下水浅埋条件下包气带水和溶质运移规律是解决土壤盐渍化、地下水污染等环境与生态问题的基本理论基础,基于多孔介质水和溶质运移基本方程的数值模型是研究包气带物质运移的重要手段。通过深入分析土壤水和地下水之间的相互关系,强调在地下水埋深小于其极限埋深的情况下应把地下水作用耦合到包气带水和溶质运移模型中。该文概括总结了现有研究把地下水作用与土壤水模型相耦合的方法,并分析了各种方法的优缺点。在回顾现有土壤水分运动参数和溶质运移参数确定方法的基础上,归纳了包气带水和溶质运移模型从“点”尺度向“田块”尺度扩展的途径,随机方法仍将是今后的研究热点,并有望应用于实践。  相似文献   

3.
王伟鹏  李晓鹏  刘建立 《土壤》2012,44(1):10-16
土壤水力学性质的空间变异对于区域土壤水分溶质循环模拟研究至关重要。基于Markov链的条件模拟是一种能融合多源信息技术的地统计学模拟方法,与传统插值法和基于变异函数的条件模拟相比有诸多优势。目前,该方法在土壤水力学性质空间变异性领域的研究并未全面展开。实现区域土壤水力学模型参数的随机模拟,对于实现区域土壤水分运动和溶质运移的随机模拟,分析土壤水力学性质空间变异性对土壤水分运动和溶质运移模拟结果的影响,特别是参数采样点变化对土壤水分运动和溶质运移结果影响的不确定性等研究都有重要意义。本文旨在综述基于Markov链的地统计学模拟在土壤学相关领域的研究进展,以期为区域模拟中面临的参数获取难题提供帮助,为区域农业生产管理,水分高效利用,农田生态环境保护提供科学依据。  相似文献   

4.
不同因素影响下层状土壤水分入渗特征及水力学参数估计   总被引:8,自引:1,他引:7  
马蒙蒙  林青  徐绍辉 《土壤学报》2020,57(2):347-358
层状土壤是自然界常见的土体结构,其水分运移规律不同于均质土;大气降水、灌溉水等水分的入渗是土壤水文过程的一个重要环节,同时它也与地下水补给、污染物运移等过程紧密相关。土壤初始含水量、土体构型及供水强度等因素均会影响水分的入渗过程。为探究积水深度、土体构型、初始含水量三种因素对层状土壤水分运移的影响,通过室内积水入渗试验对湿润锋、累积入渗量、土壤剖面压力水头进行观测,并利用Hydrus-1D模型反演水力参数并对相应条件下的水分运移规律进行模拟和分析。结果表明,层状土壤中湿润锋随时间的推进方式由非线性过渡至线性,入渗率逐渐减小。三种因素作用下,层状土壤水分运移特征有明显差异:积水深度、土壤初始含水量增加时,湿润锋运移速率和入渗率均增大,且各观测点压力水头升高加快,土壤不饱和程度降低;上砂壤下粉砂壤构型较上粉砂壤下砂壤构型而言,整体湿润锋推进速率和入渗率较大,出流快,且入渗后期界面处的压力水头高于其他观测点。且结果表明,反演的水力学参数较拟合实测的参数更适用于层状土壤入渗的模拟和预测。该研究旨在揭示和掌握层状土壤水分运移规律和影响因素的作用机制,并进一步为农田灌溉措施的合理制定提供科学依据。  相似文献   

5.
夹砂层状土壤潜水蒸发特性及计算模型   总被引:10,自引:8,他引:2  
针对西北地区农田土壤常见的砂土夹层土壤结构,通过室内土柱实验,研究了浅层地下水埋深条件下夹砂层状土壤的潜水蒸发特性。研究结果表明:砂层对水分蒸发既有促进也有抑制作用,相同厚度时潜水蒸发强度随砂层层位的升高以及级配的变差而降低。以砂层的相对层位和相对有效粒径作为砂层的量化指标,建立了适用于不同层位和质地夹砂层土壤稳定蒸发强度的修正模型,并对其进行了验证。该实验为定量研究夹砂层状土壤潜水蒸发提供了新思路。  相似文献   

6.
黄土高原土壤物理性质对养分迁移速率的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
采用一维饱和稳定流易混置换试验,用Cl-和K 为对象模拟黄土高原地区4种典型土壤对养分运移阻滞因子R的影响。试验结果表明对于不同质地的土壤,随着土壤质地变细,运移阻滞因子增大;对于同种质地土壤,随着容重增加,运移阻滞因子增大;对于同种质地而粒级不同的土壤,运移阻滞因子随着粒级的增大而增大;受土壤排斥的离子较受土壤吸引的离子容易穿透土壤。  相似文献   

7.
基于稳定同位素的土壤水分运动特征   总被引:8,自引:1,他引:7  
土壤水分受降雨和地下水的共同补给作用,是陆地水循环的重要环节。通过模拟试验,结合土壤水同位素特征,以黄土高原黄绵土为研究对象,研究降雨入渗和地下水补给方式下土壤水分的运移变化特点。结果表明:土壤体积含水量随时间的延长而增大,最终趋于稳定,土壤水分的运移有明显滞后效应;土壤水氢同位素受补给水源、交换混合以及蒸发的影响,随时间的延长,补给水源的影响逐渐减弱,水分的交换混合和蒸发作用逐渐显现,土壤水最终达到动态平衡状态;两种补给条件下,土壤水运移方式均为活塞式推进,降雨入渗方式土壤水δD随土层深度的增加先减小后增大最终趋于稳定,表层0~5cm土壤水由于蒸发富集重同位素,5~20cm土壤水滞留时间最长,保水能力最强,地下水补给方式下土壤水δD随土层深度的增加而减小,上层土壤水δD由于蒸发富集重同位素,下层受地下水补给影响贫化;两种补给方式下土壤水δD与δ18O有良好线性关系,降雨入渗方式土壤水蒸发分馏作用大于地下水补给方式,地下水补给具有较好的保水效果。  相似文献   

8.
通过室内均质土柱试验,以Br-为示踪剂,研究了90 mm/15 d和30 mm/5 d两种灌水频率下,1.7,1.2,0.8 m地下水埋深土壤中溶质(Br-)的运移规律。结果表明:不同地下水埋深或同一地下水埋深条件下,高、低灌水频率土壤中溶质运移快慢的趋势是变化的。地下水埋深由深变浅,高灌水频率土壤中溶质(Br-)运移由慢于低灌水频率逐渐转变为快于低灌水频率;高灌水频率土壤中Br-较集中地向下运移,低灌水频率土壤中地下水埋深越大,Br-分布越均匀分散;高灌水频率不利于土壤溶质(Br-)积聚于土表。  相似文献   

9.
通过室内均质土柱试验,以Br^-为示踪剂,研究了90 mm/15 d和30 mm/5 d两种灌水频率下,1.7,1.2,0.8 m地下水埋深土壤中溶质(Br^-)的运移规律。结果表明:不同地下水埋深或同一地下水埋深条件下,高、低灌水频率土壤中溶质运移快慢的趋势是变化的。地下水埋深由深变浅,高灌水频率土壤中溶质(Br^-)运移由慢于低灌水频率逐渐转变为快于低灌水频率;高灌水频率土壤中Br^-较集中地向下运移,低灌水频率土壤中地下水埋深越大,Br^-分布越均匀分散;高灌水频率不利于土壤溶质(Br^-)积聚于土表。  相似文献   

10.
夹砂层土体构型毛管水上升的实验研究   总被引:14,自引:0,他引:14  
针对西北地区土壤剖面多呈层状和春季强烈返盐季节土壤多处于裸露状态的特点,通过室内土柱实验,研究了有地下水位条件下夹砂层剖面的土壤蒸发问题。结果表明,砂层会影响毛管水上升的高度和速度,毛管水到达土表的时间随砂层厚度的增加、层位的升高以及级配的变差而延长,但砂层级配对于水分的阻滞作用最大。砂层影响各层土壤含水量的分布,在水分达到平衡状态时,砂层以下土壤含水量大于均质土,而砂层以上土壤含水量则小于或近似于均质土。砂层能明显降低地下水的蒸发量,但夹砂层土柱的蒸发量随砂层厚度的增加而降低,而表砂层土柱的蒸发量则随砂层厚度的增加而增强。在蒸发阶段,砂层层位的作用表现更为显著。  相似文献   

11.
潜水蒸发条件下不同质地剖面的土壤水盐运动   总被引:19,自引:6,他引:13       下载免费PDF全文
刘福汉  王遵亲 《土壤学报》1993,30(2):173-181
  相似文献   

12.
Salt balance in simulated soil coulumns was calculated on the basis of a large amount of long term observation data.The results showed that under the climate conditions of semi-arid region of the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain,the soils in the columns were under salt accumulation conditions when the groundwater depth was controlled at less than 2.0m,and under desalinization conditions when at larger than 2.5m.In the soil columns with clay soil and silty loam soil intercalated with a clay layer,the amount of salt accumulated was far less than that in the soil column with silty loam soil throughout the whole profile.Under no irriagtion conditions crop planting may increase groundwater evaporation and hence salt accumulation in soil,making the soil columns under desalinization be under salt accumulation conditions.  相似文献   

13.
A long term simulation test on salt-water dynamics in unsaturated soils with different groundwater depths and soil texture profiles under stable evaporation condition was conducted.Salinity sensors and tensiometers were used to monitor salt and water variation in soils.The experiment revealed that in the process of fresh groundwater moving upwards by capillary rise in the column,the salts in subsoil were brought upwards and accumulated in the surface soil,and consequently the salinization of surface soil took place.The rate of salt accumulation is determined mainly by the volume of capillary water flow and the conditions of salts contained in the soil profile.Water flux in soils decreased obviously when groundwater depths fell below 1.5m.When there was an interbedded clay layer 30cm in thickness in the silty loam soil profile or a clay layer 100cm in thickness at the top layer,the water flux was 3-5 times less than in the soil profile of homogeneous silty loam soil.Therefore,the rate of salt accumulation was decreased and the effect of variation of groundwater depth on the water flux in soils was weakened comparatively.If there was precipitation or irrigation supplying water to the soil,the groundwater could rarely take a direct part in the process of salt accumulation in surface soil,especially,in soil profiles with an interbedded stratum or a clayey surface soil layer.  相似文献   

14.
蒸发条件下浅层地下水埋深夹砂层土壤水盐运移特性研究   总被引:30,自引:7,他引:23  
针对西北地区土壤剖面多呈层状和春季强烈返盐土壤多处于裸露状态的特点,通过室内土柱实验,研究了浅层地下水埋深条件下夹砂层土壤中砂层的层位、厚度以及级配等因素对水盐迁移特性的影响。结果表明,砂层位于底层即层位为0时可加速水盐运动;层位为10 cm时可抑制其运动;层位为35 cm时砂层对潜水蒸发量和土壤表层返盐的抑制率可达70%~80%左右。砂层对水分和盐分的抑制率随蒸发历时的延长而减小,但层位为35 cm的砂层对盐分的抑制率随蒸发历时的延长而增加;同一历时砂层对水分的抑制率小于对盐分的抑制率。相同层位时,水盐的抑制率随砂层厚度的增加以及级配的变差而增大。该研究为层状土区盐碱地的改良以及灌溉和排水等措施的制定提供了参考。  相似文献   

15.
层状包气带结构中黏土层对污染物进入地下水具有阻滞作用,黏土层的厚度对硝态氮(NO_3~--N)在包气带迁移中的淋失、累积以及反硝化作用等具有非常重要的影响,而目前关于这方面的研究还不足。该研究通过设置高度为40 cm、砂土与黏土层厚度比分别为3∶1,1∶1,1∶3的"上粗下细"型以及全黏土型的4组填充土柱,采用稳定浓度的定水头淋滤试验,研究黏土层厚度不同的土柱NO_3~--N溶液入渗过程、土壤NO_3~--N淋滤、累积和反硝化特征,进而阐明层状包气带黏土层厚度对NO_3~--N迁移的影响。结果表明:湿润锋运移深度和累积入渗量与入渗时间的关系在溶液穿越砂黏土层界面前后由非线性趋于线性,累积入渗量随黏土层厚度增加而显著减小(P0.05);当土柱内黏土层厚度达到40 cm时,其对NO_3~--N淋滤的阻滞作用明显强于黏土层厚度为10~30 cm的土柱;淋滤试验过程中在砂黏土层界面形成水分滞留层,界面处黏土层中NO_3~--N和NO_2~--N累积量均达到峰值,且随着深度的增加,NO_3~--N和NO_2~--N累积量降低;黏土层厚度差不小于20 cm的土柱内NO_3~--N累积量差异显著(P0.05),而40 cm黏土层的土柱反硝化量[(0.15±0.05) g]显著高于黏土层厚度为10~30 cm的土柱(P0.05),说明当黏土层达到一定厚度时(如40 cm),对NO_3~--N的阻滞作用和反硝化作用具有显著影响,对防止NO_3~--N淋失进入地下水产生重要作用。该研究可为层状包气带土壤条件下农田施肥管理与地下水保护提供科学依据。  相似文献   

16.
In Indian Punjab, rice–wheat is a dominant cropping system in four agro‐ecosystems, namely undulating subregion (zone 1), Piedmont alluvial plains (zone 2), central alluvial plains (zone 3), and southwestern alluvial plains (zone 4), varying in rainfall and temperature. Static and temporal variabilities in soil physical and chemical properties prevail because of alluvial parent material, management/tillage operations, and duration of rice–wheat rotation. A detailed survey was undertaken to study the long‐term effect of rice–wheat rotation on soil physical (soil separates, bulk density, modulus of rupture, saturated and unsaturated hydraulic conductivities, soil water content, and suction relations) and chemical (organic carbon, pH, electrical conductivity) properties of different textured soils (sandy clay loam, loam, clay loam, and silty clay loam) in these four zones of Punjab. Soil samples (of 0‐ to 30‐cm depth) from 45 sites were collected during 2006 and were analyzed for physical and chemical properties. The results showed that sand content and pH increased whereas silt and organic carbon decreased significantly from zones 1 to 4. Compared to other textures, significantly greater organic carbon, modulus of rupture, and pH in silty clay loam; greater bulk density in clay loam, and greater saturated hydraulic conductivity in sandy clay loam were observed. Irrespective of zone and soil texture, in the subsurface soil, there was a hard pan at 15–22.5 cm deep, which had high soil bulk density, modulus of rupture, more silt and clay contents (by 3–5%) and less organic carbon and hydraulic conductivity than the surface (0–15 cm) layer. These properties deteriorated with fineness of the soil texture and less organic carbon content. Continuous rice–wheat cropping had a deleterious effect on many soil properties. Many of these soils would benefit from the addition of organic matter, and crop yields may also be affected by the distinct hardpan that exists between 15 and 22.5 cm deep.  相似文献   

17.
Measurements of apparent density (dry bulk density) have been used to monitor structural change in gleyed alluvial soils in Norfolk following drainage and cultivation. In Waveney series silty clay loam, drained for 9 years, soil ripening has been the dominant pedological process. Apparent density has increased throughout the drained profile due to loss of water and consequent structural rearrangement. In silty clay loam alluvium, reclaimed from the Wash over a 120-year period, soil ripening appears to be terminated after 40 years but, under continuous arable use, apparent density continues to increase in, and immediately below, the plough layer. This increase in density is accompanied by a decline in the organic-matter content of the plough layer.  相似文献   

18.
Through a simulation test carried out with soil columns (61.8cm in diameter),the effect of precipitation on salt-water dynamics in soils was studied by in-situ monitoring of salt-water dynamics using soil salinity sensors and tensioneters.The results show that in the profile of whole silty loam soil,the surface runoff volume due to precipitation and the salt-leaching role of infiltrated precipitation increased with the depth of ground water;and in the profile with an intercalated bed of clay or with a thick upper layer of clay,the amount of surface runoff was greater but the salt-leaching role of precipitation was smaller than those in the profile of whole silty loam soil.In case of soil water being supplemented by precipitation,the evaporation of groundwater in the soil columns reduced,resulting in a great decline of salt accumulation from soil profile to surface soil.The effect of precipitation on the water regime of soil profile was performed via both water infiltration and water pressure transfer.The direct infiltration depth of precipitation was less than 1m in general,but water pressure transfer could go up to groundwater surface directly.  相似文献   

19.
From a factorial experiment using a graded sand and three soils (sand, clay loam, and clay), five slopes (0.0, 3.5, 7.0, and 14.0 per cent) and four intensities (50, 80, 110, and 140 mm h?1), splash detachment and splash transport are described in terms of the direct effects and the first and second order interactions of these variables. The graded sand and three soils tested are significantly different in the mean weight of soil detached and transported. They can be placed in rank order of graded sand, sand, clay, and clay loam with increasing resistance to splash detachment. The amount of material transported is in the order of graded sand > clay > sand > clay loam. For each soil there are significant increases in splash detachment and splash transport with increasing rainfall intensity. Both splash parameters are significantly correlated with slope steepness. The most important interactions that influence splash detachment and splash transport are soil × intensity and slope × intensity respectively. Significant interactions show that the factors are not independent of each other; the simple effects of a factor differ, and the magnitude of any simple effect varies according to the level of the other factors of the interaction term. These interactions have not been explicitly studied in previous research on splash erosion. Power equations are established between splash activity and the above variables and reasonable working ranges for the exponents are suggested.  相似文献   

20.
华中丘陵红壤物理性质空间变异性的研究   总被引:29,自引:1,他引:28       下载免费PDF全文
  相似文献   

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