首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
相似文献
 共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 62 毫秒
1.
柴油机喷嘴内小桐子油流动特性仿真分析   总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0  
为对燃用小桐子油柴油机的燃油喷射及雾化进行系统研究,建立了考虑燃油黏度、密度及气泡数密度随喷射条件变化的三维气液两相流空穴模型,在对所建数学模型验证的基础上,进行了喷油压力、喷油背压及燃油温度对喷嘴内小桐子油空穴流动特性影响的数值模拟,并与喷嘴内柴油的流动特性进行了对比分析。结果表明:应用小桐子油作燃油时,随着喷油压力的增加,喷孔出口燃油的平均流速及质量流量逐渐增加,流量系数逐渐降低,但空化效应变化并不明显;喷油背压的变化对喷嘴内小桐子油的流动特性影响较小;随着燃油温度的升高,喷孔出口平均流速、质量流量及流量系数均大幅提高,空化效应显著增强。相同喷射条件下,小桐子油的空化效应及喷孔出口平均流速均低于柴油,但其质量流量及流量系数是否低于柴油,还受到燃油温度的影响。该研究可为燃用小桐子油柴油机工作过程的深入分析提供参考。  相似文献   

2.
生物油/柴油乳化燃料的燃烧特性   总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1  
为了研究生物油/柴油乳化燃料的燃烧特性,利用非离子表面活性剂复配,对热解生物油/柴油混合液进行了乳化,测量了乳化燃料的密度、热值、动力黏度及pH值。在SD1110型柴油机台架上进行4种不同配比的生物油/柴油乳化燃料的发动机台架试验,得出了柴油机燃用生物油/柴油乳化燃料和纯柴油的负荷特性和排放特性曲线,并且对乳化燃料和纯柴油的排放特性进行了对比。研究结果表明:生物油体积分数为20%的乳化燃料当量油耗率最低,乳化燃料CO的排放高于柴油的排放,且生物油含量越高CO排放越大,而乳化燃料的NO及碳烟的排放则优于纯柴油的排放。由于生物油/柴油乳化燃料的理化特性与柴油接近,可以作为普通柴油机的燃油使用。  相似文献   

3.
柴油机怠速燃用小桐子油的燃烧噪声及其波动性   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
为了分析柴油机燃用小桐子油在怠速工况时的燃烧噪声及燃烧噪声的波动性,分别以柴油、柴油-小桐子掺混油、小桐子油、高温小桐子油为燃料,在单缸水冷四冲程柴油机上进行了怠速工况试验,测录了多循环的瞬时气缸压力,采用最高燃烧压力、压力升高率、压力升高加速度、气缸压力频谱曲线以及A声压级进行了对比。结果发现,柴油与掺混油、小桐子油与高温小桐子油的气缸压力频谱相似,柴油和掺混油的气缸压力级较大;对于同一工况,最大压力升高率越大且对应相位越迟,则燃烧噪声越大;18°供油提前角时,燃用高温小桐子油的A声压级低于柴油约7dB,21°供油提前角时低于柴油约5dB;燃用相同燃料,最大压力升高率的波动率降低均会减小A声压级的波动。  相似文献   

4.
小桐子油超声波协同纳米催化剂制备生物柴油   总被引:8,自引:2,他引:6  
以纳米Zn-Mg-Al高温煅烧物为催化剂,高酸值小桐子油为原料,超声波反应器中连续生产生物柴油,并系统研究超声波辐射协同纳米催化剂催化制备生物柴油的最优条件。研究结果表明,超声波协同纳米催化剂催化制备生物柴油的最优条件为:超声波功率210 W、醇油摩尔比4︰1、催化剂为油质量的1.2%、反应温度60℃时生物柴油收率94.3%。在此优化条件下完全可实现小桐子油连续工业化生产生物柴油的需求,精制后的生物柴油完全符合德国生物柴油标准DIN V 51606: 1997,且理化性质稳定,放置1 a后生物柴油的酸值、密度、黏度和化学组成基本不变。  相似文献   

5.
柴油机燃用柴油与生物柴油的雾化特性分析   总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0  
燃油雾化特性是影响柴油机燃烧和排放的关键因素,对比分析了柴油、生物柴油的喷雾特性,探讨了密度、黏度、分子结构、调合比例、喷油泵转速和燃油温度等因素对雾化特性的影响。结果表明:减小生物柴油的密度,降低黏度,通过燃料重新设计打断分子双键结构均可有效改善雾化特性;柴油机喷油泵的转速在1?100 r/min时,柴油和生物柴油的贯穿距离分别在0~0.9?ms和0.5~0.7?ms时到达最大;在上止点5℃A左右,温度为380?K,100%负荷时,生物柴油的索特平均直径最大。  相似文献   

6.
柴油机应用不同配比生物柴油的经济性和排放特性   总被引:10,自引:6,他引:4       下载免费PDF全文
生物柴油经济性能和排放特性的试验对研究生物柴油的适用性具有重要意义。该文采用柴油机台架试验,测量了4种不同配比的生物柴油混合燃料的经济性和排放特性。试验结果表明:在不作任何调整的情况下,生物柴油及与石化柴油的混合燃料可以直接应用于柴油机,随着生物柴油掺混比例的增加,柴油机的烟度、碳氢化合物HC和一氧化碳CO有较大幅度的下降,改善了柴油机的排放特性。采用生物柴油掺混比例为10%或20%时,可在柴油机经济性能改变较小情况下,改变柴油机的排放状态并减少污染物排放。  相似文献   

7.
该文以生产达标的文冠果生物柴油为目的。通过设计其生产工艺流程,分别在转化温度为60和70℃的条件下生产了2种生物柴油,并测定了0#柴油分别与2种生物柴油以一系列不同掺混比(0、10%、20%、30%、40%、50%、60%、70%、80%、90%、100%)混合的燃料的理化性质(密度、运动黏度、闪点、凝点和馏程)。结果表明:转化温度为70℃的生物柴油各理化性能要优于转化温度为60℃的生物柴油;生产的2种生物柴油与0#柴油在掺混比不超过20%时,各项理化性能指标均符合国家车用柴油标准,达到应用要求。  相似文献   

8.
柴油机燃用乙醇-柴油-生物柴油混合燃料的试验研究   总被引:13,自引:5,他引:8  
研究了乙醇-柴油-生物柴油混合燃料的互溶性和理化性质,测量了柴油机燃用柴油、乙醇-柴油-生物柴油混合燃料的动力性、经济性与排放特性。结果表明,当温度高于10℃、生物柴油的体积分数大于17.6%时,乙醇、柴油和生物柴油可以任意比例稳定互溶。随着乙醇掺混比例的增大,燃用乙醇-柴油-生物柴油混合燃料的燃烧与排放情况是:燃油消耗率逐渐增大,但能量消耗率变化不大;转矩逐渐减小;烟度排放大幅度降低,中高负荷下CO排放大幅度减少,HC排放量明显增加,NOx排放变化不大;最大燃烧压力和放热率峰值逐渐升高并后移。  相似文献   

9.
不同掺混比例生物柴油的非常规污染物排放特性   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
为了实现柴油机的清洁燃烧,需要系统研究非常规污染物的生成机理与排放特性。根据羰基类、芳香烃类物质的理化性质特点,提出了柴油机非常规污染物高效快速的测量方法,采用不同掺混比例的生物柴油进行了柴油机台架试验,探讨了不同燃料、不同工况下柴油机非常规污染物的排放特性。结果表明,二硝基苯腙采样结合高效液相色谱技术,可以实现柴油机排气中15种羰基类污染物的快速准确测定,活性炭吸附结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术可以实现芳香烃污染物的定性定量分析;中、低负荷时,生物柴油掺混比例对柴油机总羰基排放的影响不大,随着负荷的增加,BD50(生物柴油和市售0#柴油按体积比1:1配制的调合油)和BD0(纯柴油)的总羰基排放呈升高趋势,BD100(以地沟油为原料的生物柴油)的总羰基排放有所降低;BD0的单环芳香烃最大排放浓度最高,3种燃料的气相多环芳香烃排放在低负荷和高负荷工况点存在"双峰"特征,三环菲约占所有环数多环芳香烃总量的44%,燃用生物柴油可降低柴油机约32%的多环芳香烃排放。该研究为柴油机非常规污染物的排放控制提供了参考。  相似文献   

10.
棉籽油基生物柴油铜片腐蚀特性   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
参照国家标准《发动机燃料铜片腐蚀试验方法》(GB/T378-1990),在温度为25℃和50℃条件下,研究棉籽油基生物柴油铜片腐蚀特性,同时考察了棉籽油甲酯和乙酯理化性质的变化,并与0#柴油作了对比。结果表明:在25和50℃条件下,腐蚀试验历时2个月,棉籽油甲酯、乙酯对铜片具有不同的腐蚀现象,且棉籽油甲酯比乙酯的腐蚀性更大。在温度25℃条件下,棉籽油甲酯的铜片腐蚀率达到0.0926?cm/d,腐蚀后棉籽油甲酯的酸值、过氧化值、运动黏度分别提高10.4、1.44、1.13倍;温度升高到50℃时,棉籽油甲酯的铜片腐蚀率达到0.4115?cm/d,腐蚀后棉籽油甲酯的酸值、过氧化值、运动黏度分别增加12.8、2.16、1.13倍。温度升高,铜片腐蚀加剧,油品性质变化增大,乙酯生物柴油也具有类似的变化趋势,而0#柴油对铜片几乎无腐蚀。铜片的腐蚀是由生物柴油变质导致的。该研究可为棉籽生物柴油的工业化应用提供腐蚀数据。  相似文献   

11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响   总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0  
【目的】以富士(Fuji)、 秦冠(Qinguan)嫁接在平邑甜茶(Malus hupehensis Rehd.)上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水(ZZ)、 低氮正常水(DZ)、 正常氮干旱(ZG)、 低氮干旱(DG)。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮(6 mmol/L NO-3-N)、 低氮(0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N)、 正常供水(保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%)、 干旱处理(保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%)。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量(茎和叶)、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水(ZZ)>低氮正常水(DZ)>正常氮干旱(ZG)>低氮干旱(DG),并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水(ZZ)>低氮正常水(DZ)>正常氮干旱(ZG)>低氮干旱(DG); 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶>根>茎,磷元素则是根>叶>茎;光合氮素利用效率(PNUE)和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水(DZ)处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱(DG)处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。  相似文献   

12.
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.  相似文献   

13.
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,  相似文献   

14.
李聃枫  朱春梧 《土壤》2020,52(3):561-566
自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。  相似文献   

15.
Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.  相似文献   

16.
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.  相似文献   

17.
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.  相似文献   

18.
Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.  相似文献   

19.
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications  相似文献   

20.
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.  相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号