除草剂对土壤温室气体排放的影响

试验设对照、尿素、尿素＋草甘膦和尿素＋丁草胺4个处理,尿素氮用量为200mg·kg-1干土,除草剂用量为10mg有效成分·kg-1干土。在实验室恒温培养条件下,研究除草剂对菜田土壤温室气体排放的影响。结果表明,菜田土壤中施用氮肥显著增加了温室气体N2O、CO2和CH4的排放。尿素氮肥中添加草甘膦显著抑制N2O、CO2的排放,分别比尿素处理降低48.4%和20.2%;添加丁草胺显著抑制N2O排放,比尿素处理降低23.2%,对CO2排放略有减少但不显著;草甘膦和丁草胺对CH4排放都无明显影响。这说明除草剂对土壤温室气体的排放具有显著影响,但不同除草剂品种的效应也存在明显差异。因此,在农田温室气体排放估算时应考虑除草剂的施用对温室气体减排所产生的效果。     

氮肥施用对西南地区紫色土冬小麦N_2O释放和反硝化作用的影响

N2O是重要的温室气体之一,由此引起的全球变暖和臭氧层破坏是当今重要的环境问题。采用遮光密闭箱和气相色谱法研究了氮肥施用对小麦地N2O释放和反硝化作用的影响。结果表明,小麦生长季节里,高氮、中氮以及不施氮处理N2O平均排放通量分别为2.71、2.42、1.97 gN.hm-.2d-1;尿素、硫酸铵、硝酸钾3种氮肥品种处理下,平均N2O排放通量分别为2.42、2.14、3.13 gN.hm-2.d-1。小麦生长季节里,高氮、中氮以及不施氮处理平均反硝化速率分别为4.91、4.50、1.67 gN.hm-.2d-1;尿素、硫酸铵、硝酸钾3种氮肥品种处理下,平均反硝化速率分别为4.50、3.68、5.29 gN.hm-.2d-1。氮肥施用明显促进了土壤-植物系统中N2O排放通量和反硝化作用,氮肥施用量水平和N2O排放通量、反硝化作用呈正相关。硝酸钾对N2O排放通量和反硝化作用贡献最大,硫酸铵最小。研究还表明,小麦地N2O释放和反硝化作用与季节有一定相关性,温度较高季节排放量及反硝化作用明显,反之则较弱。     

硝化抑制剂与尿素配施对旱地土壤温室气体排放及硝化微生物的影响

为明确施肥措施对旱地土壤温室气体排放的综合效应及微生物机理,采集典型麦田土壤进行室内微宇宙培养,研究了双氰胺(DCD)和烯丙基硫脲(ATU)分别与尿素配施对旱地土壤氮素转化及N_2O、CO_2和CH_4排放的影响,同时监测了不同类型微生物群落的动态变化。结果表明氨氧化细菌(AOB)主导了施氮麦田土壤硝化过程及N_2O排放。单施尿素促进AOB迅速繁殖,使N_2O排放总量提高235%,同时促进了细菌生长,CO_2排放量增加18.5%。DCD与尿素配施极大程度抑制了AOB的生长,显著降低了N_2O排放(59.4%),但促进了细菌的生长并提高了CO_2的排放总量(50.6%)。而ATU与尿素配施同时抑制了真菌、细菌和AOB的生长,对反硝化细菌的影响则相反,使CO_2和N2O排放分别下降28.4%和35.2%。与不施肥相比,氮肥及与两种硝化抑制剂配施均显著降低了CH4的排放量。3种温室气体的综合温室效应在处理间差异显著:Urea+DCDUreaCKUrea+ATU。CO_2排放对综合温室效应的贡献最大,CO_2和N_2O的贡献之和大于98.4%。该研究为深刻理解农田土壤中的微生物行为及生态学效应,合理使用硝化抑制剂以及减缓温室气体排放提供科学依据。     

有机无机肥配施对玉米-豇豆种植系统土壤N2O排放的影响

在等施氮量条件下,比较有机肥与无机肥施用后旱地玉米-豇豆复种系统土壤硝化与反硝化作用、N_2O排放与作物产量的变化,有助于正确认识肥料施用对N_2O排放的影响,为制定大田合理的丰产减排措施提供理论依据。本研究通过田间试验,利用静态箱技术和BaPS气压过程分离技术研究了不同肥料类型处理(无机肥、有机肥、有机无机肥配施)下玉米-豇豆种植系统土壤N_2O排放、硝化与反硝化作用的变化特征。结果表明:1)相对于单施无机肥或有机肥,有机无机肥配施可显著降低土壤硝化作用速率;在玉米生长季,有机无机肥配施处理平均土壤硝化作用速率分别比化肥和有机肥处理显著降低了28.74%和13.96%,豇豆生长季显著降低了24.66%和13.28%。土壤反硝化作用速率在各施肥处理间差异不显著。2)有机无机肥配施显著降低土壤N_2O排放;在玉米生长季,有机无机肥配施处理分别比无机肥处理和有机肥处理显著降低33.44%和32.29%,在豇豆生长季分别显著降低27.00%和15.14%。3)相关分析表明,土壤N_2O排放与硝化作用速率呈极显著相关,而与反硝化作用速率呈不显著相关。4)有机无机配施处理玉米和豇豆产量最高。因此,有机无机肥配施能有效降低玉米-豇豆系统土壤N_2O排放和提高作物产量,是一项丰产低N_2O排放的施肥技术,但长期有机无机肥配施对土壤N_2O排放和作物产量的影响还需要进一步研究。     

碳源和氧对设施菜田土壤N_2O排放的影响

利用在线自动监测培养系统(Robot系统),研究不同氧分压、碳源投入以及不同氧分压和碳源投入组合下,添加硝化抑制剂双氰胺(DCD)对设施菜田土壤N_2O排放的影响。结果表明:随着土壤氧分压的升高,N_2O排放量呈指数下降(P0.001),土壤氧分压大于等于3%O_2后,N_2O排放量不足于无氧和微量氧(1%氧)处理的30%。添加碳源降低了有氧条件下土壤N_2O和N_2产生量,显著增加了微量氧下异养反硝化途径对N_2O的贡献量(P0.01)。在微量氧和3%O_2下,与未添加DCD的处理相比,无碳源添加且施用DCD后,N_2O的排放分别降低了64.4%和88.8%,同时N_2排放分别降低了23.4%和18.6%。从微量氧至3%O_2,虽然无碳源添加的处理硝化细菌反硝化作用对N_2O排放的贡献从17.2%增加至42.6%,但由于排放总量的急剧下降,硝化细菌反硝化作用对设施菜田土壤N_2O排放的贡献较小。本研究所用土壤pH较高,且添加DCD的处理培养前后硝酸盐基本平衡,异养的同步硝化-反硝化过程可能很弱。总之,设施菜田土壤N_2O排放主要发生在无氧和微量氧条件下。异养反硝化菌对土壤N_2O排放的直接贡献最大,尤其是在碳源较为充足的条件下。     

水分和有机肥投入对设施菜田土壤N_2O,N_2和CO_2排放及产物比的影响

以设施菜田土壤为材料,利用Robot自动培养系统研究了有机肥施用和水分变化对N_2O排放和氮素气态损失的影响。结果表明:施用有机肥并灌水后显著增加了设施土壤N_2O和N_2的产生(P0.05),培养一周时N_2O和N_2的排放系数分别为2.23%和14.7%,且N_2O和N_2产生速率均与土壤孔隙含水量呈极显著正相关关系(P0.0001)。有机肥施用显著增加了土壤CO_2产生速率和O_2的消耗,且土壤呼吸速率与氮素气态(N_2O+N_2)产生速率呈极显著正相关关系(P0.001)。N_2O产物比在有机肥施用后显著增加,土壤水分含量和有机肥均对N_2O产物比有极显著影响,且二者对N_2O产物比有交互效应(P0.001)。由相对气体扩散系数(RD)和N_2的产生速率,可以初步判定在施用有机肥并灌水的3天内,土壤反硝化作用过程是N_2O排放和氮素气态损失的主导途径。     

南京郊区番茄地中氮肥的气态氮损失

采用田间试验研究了番茄地施用化学氮肥后的氨挥发、反硝化损失和N2O排放及其影响因素。氨挥发采用通气密闭室法测定，反硝化损失（N2＋N2O）采用乙炔抑制-土柱培养法测定，不加乙炔测定N2O排放。结果表明，番茄生长期间全部处理均未检测到氨挥发，其原因是土表氨分压低于检测灵敏度，较低的氨分压是由于表层土壤的铵态氮浓度和pH都不高所致。在番茄生长期间，对照区即来自有机肥和土壤本身的反硝化损失和N2O℃排放量相当高，反硝化损失总量高达N29．6kghm^-2，N2O排放量为N7．76kghm^-2。施用化学氮肥显著增加了反硝化损失和N2O排放，3个施用化学氮肥处理的反硝化损失变化在N40．8～46．1kghm^-2之间，占施入化肥氮量的5．50％～6．01％；N2O排放量为N13．6～17．6kghm^-2，占施入化肥氮量的2．62％～4．92％；与尿素相比，包衣尿素未能显著减低反硝化损失和N2O排放。施用尿素的处理在每次追肥后，耕层土壤均会出现NO3^--N高峰，继之的反硝化和N2O排放高峰。反硝化速率与土壤含水量呈极显著正相关。总的看来，番茄生长期间没有氨挥发，而硝化反硝化是氮素损失的重要途径之一。     

氮肥减施对黄淮海地区麦田温室气体排放的影响

为探讨玉米秸秆还田条件下,氮肥减量施用对黄淮海区域小麦田温室气体排放的影响,通过田间试验,以农民传统施氮量作为对照(CK),研究了不同氮肥减量施用条件下(比农民传统施氮量减少10%(N_1)、20%(N_2)、30%(N_3)和40%(N_4)),麦田温室气体排放量和排放强度的变化。结果表明,不同氮肥减量施用条件下,温室气体(CO_2、N_2O和CH_4)排放通量均具有明显的季节变化。氮肥减量施用显著降低了CO_2和N_2O的排放量,但对CH_4排放量影响不显著。不同氮肥减量施用条件下,CO_2和N_2O的排放量大小分别为CKN_1N_2N_4N_3和CKN_1N_2N_3N_4,且不同处理间差异显著(p0.05)。与CK相比,N_1、N_2、N_3和N_4处理的CO_2排放量分别降低了4.9%、18.7%、36.5%和31.2%;N_2O的排放量分别降低了21.9%、32.5%、40.4%和53.5%,并且氮肥使用量与N_2O排放量间存在显著正相关关系(r=0.939p0.05)。不同氮肥减量施用条件下,CH_4吸收量的大小为N_2CKN_4N_3N_1,但不同处理间差异不显著(p0.05)。氮肥减量施用显著影响麦田温室气体排放强度(Greenhouse Gas Intensity,GHGI),表现为CKN_1N_2N_4N_3,且CK与不同处理间差异显著(p0.05)。与CK相比,N_1、N_2、N_3和N_4处理的GHGl分别降低了7.7%、11.5%、34.6%和19.2%。氮肥施用量比农民传统施氮量减少10%~30%,小麦产量间无显著差异(p0.05)。从环境和经济效益综合考虑出发,推荐氮肥最佳用量为210 kg·N·hm~(-2)(比农民传统施氮量减少30%)。在该施肥量条件下,小麦产量稳定,且温室气体排放强度最低。该研究结果可为黄淮海区域建立合理的施肥制度提供基础数据。     

施肥对夏玉米季紫色土N2O排放及反硝化作用的影响

采用原状土柱-乙炔抑制培养法研究了施肥对紫色土玉米生长季土壤N2O排放通量和反硝化作用的影响.结果表明:玉米季施肥显著增加土壤N2O排放和反硝化损失,同时,各施肥处理间N2O排放与反硝化损失量差异显著.猪厩肥、猪厩肥配施氮磷钾肥、氮肥、氮磷钾肥和秸秆配施氮磷钾肥等处理的土壤N,O排放量分别为3.01、2.86、2.51、2.19和1.88 kg hm-2,分别占当季氮肥施用量的1.63％、1.53％、1.30％、1.09％和0.88％,反硝化损失量分别为6.74、6.11、5.23、4.69和4.12 kg hm-2,分别占当季氮肥施用量的3.97％、3.55％、2.97％、2.61％和2.23％,不施肥土壤的N2O排放量和反硝化损失量仅为0.56和0.78 kg hm-2.施肥是紫色土玉米生长前期(2周内)土壤N2O排放和反硝化速率出现高峰的主要驱动因子,土壤铵态氮和硝态氮含量是影响土壤N2O排放、土壤硝化和反硝化作用的限制因子,土壤含水量是重要影响因子,降雨是主要促发因素.土壤N2O排放量与反硝化损失量的比值介于0.45 ～0.72之间,土壤反硝化损失量极显著高于土壤N2O排放量,说明土壤反硝化作用是紫色土玉米生长季氮肥损失的重要途径.     

秸秆还田对灌溉玉米田土壤反硝化及N2O排放的影响

运用乙炔抑制技术研究了不同施氮水平下秸秆还田对灌溉玉米田土壤反硝化反应和氧化亚氮(N2O)排放的影响。结果表明,土壤反硝化速率及N2O的排放受氮肥施用、秸秆处理方式及其交互作用的显著影响。与秸秆燃烧相比,不施氮或低施氮水平时,秸秆还田可刺激培养初期反硝化反应速率及N2O排放,增加培养期间N2O平均排放通量;高施氮水平时,秸秆还田可降低反硝化反应速率及反硝化过程中的N2O排放。秸秆还田可降低反硝化中N2O/N2的比例。     

Net fluxes of CO2, but not N2O or CH4, are affected following agronomic-scale additions of urea to prairie and arable soils

While experimental addition of nitrogen (N) tends to enhance soil fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), and nitrous oxide (N₂O), it is not known if lower and agronomic-scale additions of urea-N applied also enhance trace gas fluxes, particularly for semi-arid agricultural lands in the northern plains. We aimed to test if this were true at agronomic rates [low (11 kg N ha⁻¹), moderate (56 kg N ha⁻¹), and high (112 kg N ha⁻¹)] for central North Dakota arable and prairie soils using intact soil cores to minimize disturbance and simulate field conditions. Additions of urea to cores incubated at 21 °C and 57% water-filled pore space enhanced fluxes of CO₂ but not CH₄ and N₂O. At low, moderate, and high urea-N, CO₂ fluxes were significantly greater than control but not fluxes of CH₄ and N₂O. The increases in CO₂ emission with rate of urea-N application indicate that agronomic-scale N inputs may stimulate microbial carbon cycling in these soils, and that the contribution of CO₂ to net greenhouse gas source strength following fertilization of semi-arid agroecosystems may at times be greater than contributions by N₂O and CH₄.     

Tillage-induced environmental conditions in soil and substrate limitation determine biogenic gas production

Tillage changes soil environmental conditions and controls the distribution of residues in the soil, both actions that affect the production and emission of soil biogenic gases (CO₂, N₂O, and CH₄). The objective of this study was to determine how tillage-induced environmental conditions and substrate quality affect the mineralization rate of easily metabolizable compounds and the subsequent production of these gases. Carbon compounds, with and without nitrogen, were applied to soil cropped to maize under tilled and no-till systems. Following substrate application in the spring and summer, biogenic gases were measured periodically at the soil surface (flux) and within the profile (concentration) at 10-, 20-, and 30-cm depths (i.e., within, at the bottom of, and below the plough layer). Strong CO₂ and N₂O responses to sucrose and glycine in both the field and the laboratory indicate that the soil was C- and N-limited. Surface fluxes of CO₂ and N₂O were greater in soils amended with glycine than with sucrose and were greater in tilled than no-till soils. Transient emission of CH₄ following the addition of glycine was observed and could be attributed to inhibition of N mineralization and nitrification processes on CH₄ oxidation. Laboratory and field measurements indicated that the larger substrate-induced CO₂ emission from the tilled soils could not be attributed to differences in the total biomass or the basal respiratory activity of the soils. Thus, there appears to be no underlying difference in the functional capacity of the microbial communities under different tillage regimes. Comparison of gas profiles indicates relative accumulation of CO₂ at depth in soils under no-till, as well as greater decline in profile CO₂ content with time in the tilled compared to the no-till soil. These results support the conclusion that greater CO₂ efflux from the tilled soils resulted from more rapid gas diffusion through the profile. Hence, the observed differences in gas fluxes between tilled and no-till soils can be attributed to differences in physical environment.     

Effects of land-use type and nitrogen addition on nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide production potentials in Japanese Andosols

Land-use type and nitrogen (N) addition strongly affect nitrous oxide (N₂O) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) production, but the impacts of their interaction and the controlling factors remain unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of both factors simultaneously on N₂O and CO₂ production and associated soil chemical and biological properties. Surface soils (0–10 cm) from three adjacent lands (apple orchard, grassland and deciduous forest) in central Japan were selected and incubated aerobically for 12 weeks with addition of 0, 30 or 150 kg N ha^–1 yr^–1. Land-use type had a significant (p < 0.001) impact on the cumulative N₂O and CO₂ production. Soils from the apple orchard had higher N₂O and CO₂ production potentials than those from the grassland and forest soils. Soil net N mineralization rate had a positive correlation with both soil N₂O and CO₂ production rates. Furthermore, the N₂O production rate was positively correlated with the CO₂ production rate. In the soils with no N addition, the dominant soil properties influencing N₂O production were found to be the ammonium-N content and the ratio of soil microbial biomass carbon to nitrogen (MBC/MBN), while those for CO₂ production were the content of nitrate-N and soluble organic carbon. N₂O production increased with the increase in added N doses for the three land-use types and depended on the status of the initial soil available N. The effect of N addition on CO₂ production varied with land use type; with the increase of N addition doses, it decreased for the apple orchard and forest soils but increased for the grassland soils. This difference might be due to the differences in microbial flora as indicated by the MBC/MBN ratio. Soil N mineralization was the major process controlling N₂O and CO₂ production in the examined soils under aerobic incubation conditions.     

Differences in soil CO2 flux between different land use types in mid-subtropical China

It is crucial to advance the understanding of the soil carbon dioxide (CO₂) flux and environmental factors for a better comprehension of carbon dynamics in subtropical ecosystems. Red soil, one of the typical agricultural soils in subtropical China, plays important roles in the global carbon budget due to their large potential to sequester C and replenish atmospheric C through soil CO₂ flux. We examined the relationship between soil CO₂ flux and environmental determinants in four different land use types of subtropical red soil-paddy (P), orchard (O), woodland (W) and upland (U) using static closed chamber method. Objectives were to evaluate the relationship of soil temperature, water-filled pore space (WFPS), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) with the soil CO₂ flux. Soil CO₂ fluxes were measured on each site about every 14 days between 09:00 and 11:00 a.m. during 14-July 2004 to 25-April 2007 at the experimental station of Heshengqiao at Xianning, Hubei, China. Soil CO₂ fluxes revealed seasonal fluctuations, with the tendency that maximum values occurred in summer, minimum in winter and intermediate values in spring and autumn except for paddy soil when it was submerged. Further, significant differences in soil CO₂ fluxes were observed among the four soils, following the order of P > O > U  W. Average soil CO₂ fluxes were estimated as 901 ± 114, 727 ± 55, 554 ± 22 and 533 ± 27 (±S.D.) g CO₂ m⁻² year⁻¹ in paddy, orchard, upland and woodland soils, respectively. Variations in soil CO₂ flux were related to soil temperature, WFPS, and dissolved organic carbon with a combined R² of 0.49–0.75. Soil temperature was an important variable controlling 26–59% of soil CO₂ flux variability. The interaction of soil temperature and WFPS could explain 31–60% of soil CO₂ flux variations for all the land use types. We conclude that soil CO₂ flux from red soil is under environmental controls, soil temperature being the main variable, which interact with WFPS and DOC to control the supply of readily mineralizable substrates.     

Relative importance of substrate type and previous soil management in synthesis of microbial biomass and substrate mineralization

Our aim was to determine whether the soil microbial biomass, which has developed naturally over many years in a given ecosystem, is specially adapted to metabolize the plant‐derived substrate C of the ecosystem within which it developed or whether the nature of recently added substrate is the more important factor. To examine this, soils from three sites in close proximity (woodland, grassland and arable from the Broadbalk Experiment at Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK) were each amended with air‐dried wheat straw (Triticum aestivum), ryegrass leaves (Lolium perenne) or woodland leaf litter (mainly Quercus robur and Fagus sylvatica) in a fully replicated 3 × 3 factorial laboratory experiment. The initial mineralization rates (evolved CO₂‐C) were determined during the first 6.5 hours and again, together with the amount of microbial biomass synthesized (microbial biomass C), at 7, 14, 21, 30 and 49 days of incubation. The hourly rate of CO₂‐C production during the first 6.5 hours was slowest following leaf litter addition, while the added grass gave the fastest rates of CO₂‐C evolution both within and between soils. Ryegrass addition to the arable soil led to approximately four times more CO₂‐C being evolved than when it was added to the woodland soil, at an overall rate in the arable soils of 41 μg C g^?1 soil hour^?1. In each soil, the net amounts of CO₂‐C produced were in the order grass > straw > leaf litter. In each case, the amount produced by the added leaf litter was significantly less (P < 0.05) than either the added grass or straw. Overall, the trend was for much slower rates of mineralization of all substrates in the woodland soil than in either the arable or grassland soils. During 49 days of incubation in the woodland and grassland soils, the net total amounts of CO₂‐C evolved differed significantly (P < 0.01), with grass > straw > leaf litter, respectively. In the arable soil, the amounts of CO₂‐C evolved from added grass and straw were significantly larger (P < 0.01) than from the leaf litter treatment. Our findings indicated that the amounts of CO₂‐C evolved were not related to soil management or to the size of the original biomass but to the substrate type. The amount of biomass C synthesized was also in the order grass > straw > leaf litter, at all stages of incubation in the woodland and grassland soil. In the arable soil, the same effect was observed up to 14 days, and for the rest of the incubation the biomass C synthesized was in the order grass > straw > leaf litter. Up to three times more biomass C was synthesized from the added grass than from the other substrates in all soils throughout the incubation. The maximum biomass synthesis efficiency was obtained with grass (7% of added C). Overall, the woodland soil was most efficient at synthesizing biomass C and the arable soil the least. We conclude that substrate type was the overriding factor that determined the amount of new soil microbial biomass synthesized. Mineralization of substrate C by soil microorganisms was also influenced mainly by substrate type and less by soil management or size of original biomass.     

外加生物质炭对不同利用方式紫色土反硝化过程的影响

在有机碳添加下,研究同一区域不同利用方式紫色土反硝化过程差异,可为紫色土氮素管理及N2O减排提供科学依据。本研究以成土环境一致,土地利用方式分别为茶园、果园、林地、耕地的4种紫色土为研究对象,采用厌氧培养-15N标记法,研究了生物质炭添加下4种土壤的气态产物N2O、N2的排放速率和反硝化速率特征及其与土壤pH、有机质含量的关系。结果表明,N2O、N2排放速率和反硝化速率均为茶园＞耕地>果园＞林地；相关性分析发现N2O、N2排放速率和反硝化速率均随土壤pH的增加而减少(P < 0.01),而和土壤有机质含量显著正相关(P < 0.05),添加生物炭后,土壤N2排放速率和反硝化速率有所提高,但不显著；N2O排放速率的改变因土地利用方式不同而有所差异,其中,茶园N2O排放速率变化不显著,而果园和耕地显著降低(P < 0.05),林地显著增加(P < 0.05)。上述研究结果揭示了不同利用方式紫色土反硝化过程与土壤pH和有机质含量显著相关且受生物炭添加的影响。     

Effects of preemergence and postemergence herbicides on urea hydrolysis and nitrification of urea nitrogen in soil

The influence of 5 and 50 mg active ingredient kg^-1 soil of nine preemergence and nine postemergence herbicides on transformations of urea N in soil was studied in samples of two coarse-textured and two fine-textured soils incubated aerobically at 20°C. The effects of each herbicide on soil urea transformations was measured by determining the amounts of urea hydrolyzed and the amounts of NO _inf3 ^sup- and NO _inf2 ^sup- produced at various times after treatment with urea. Applied at the rate of 5 mg active ingredient kg^-1 soil, none of the herbicides retarded urea hydrolysis in the four soils used, but four of the postemergence herbicides (acifluorfen, diclofop methyl, fenoxaprop ethyl) retarded urea hydrolysis in the two coarse-textured soils. All the herbicides tested except siduron retarded nitrification in the two coarse-textured soils when applied at 50 mg of urea N active ingredient kg^-1 soil, and fenoxaprop ethyl and tridiphane markedly retarded nitrification of urea N in all four of the soils when applied at this rate. One-way analysis of variance and correlation analyses indicated that the inhibitory effects of the 18 herbicides tested on nitrification of urea N in soil increased with a decrease in the organic-matter content and an increase in the sand content of the soil. Present address: Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA     

不同培肥措施下土壤CO2释放及其动力学研究

实验室恒温密闭培养法研究了 4种培肥措施连续培肥 23年后农田土壤的CO2释放状况及其动力学特征。结果表明 ,含水量 12%至 24%范围内 ,土壤CO2释放过程完全可以用一级反应动力学方程 y =A0(1-e-kt)进行定量描述 (r2=0.9812～0.995 9,P 0.01) ;土壤CO2释放量和潜在可释放C量A0 随含水量增加呈线性增加 (r2=0.9728～0.9987,P0.01) ,速率常数k则随含水量增加呈线性降低 (r2=0.9356～0.9939,P0.01)。不同培肥措施明显影响土壤CO2释放状况及其动力学特征参数 ;NP化肥和厩肥 +NP化肥 2种培肥措施较不施肥对照明显增加了土壤CO2释放量、潜在可释放C量A0和速率常数k ;秸秆 +NP化肥培肥措施较不施肥对照显著增加了土壤CO2释放量、潜在可释放C量A0,但却显著降低了释放速率常数k ;有机无机肥料配合措施 (秸秆 +NP、厩肥 +NP)与单施NP化肥措施比较 ,明显降低了释放速率常数k。     

Nitrogen fertilization inhibits soil microbial respiration regardless of the form of nitrogen applied

We tested how amendments of different forms of nitrogen (N) affect microbial respiration rates by adding six different forms of N (NH₄NO₃, (NH₂)₂CO (urea), KNO₃, NH₄Cl, (NH₄)₂SO₄, Ca(NO₃)₂) to three distinct soils. All inorganic N forms led to a net reduction in microbial respiration, and the magnitude of the observed response (up to 60 % reduction) was consistent across all soils and negatively correlated with N concentration. Urea also reduced respiration rates in nearly all cases, but the effect was attenuated by the associated input of labile organic carbon. We observed decreases in respiration regardless of soil type, the specific N counter ion, N added as NH₄⁺ or NO₃⁻, or the effects of N form on soil pH, suggesting that decreases in respiration rates were mainly a direct result of the increase in soil N availability, rather than indirect effects caused by the form of N added.