城镇化人为扰动下垫面类型影响水源涵养功能的评价

城镇化引起的各种人为扰动地貌单元的水源涵养功能较原地貌明显降低是造成城市水土流失的主要原因,在降雨和排水管网设计能力一定条件下,也是加剧城市内涝的主要原因。该文采用野外调查、室内物理分析及AHP(analytic hierarchy process)层次分析综合评价法,系统地分析了各种人为地貌单元的物质组成和持水性能变化并综合评价了其对原地貌水源涵养功能的影响特征。结果表明:1)各种扰动地貌单元2 mm土体颗粒质量分数在45%以上,原地貌2 mm土壤颗粒质量分数在92%以上;扰动地貌不均匀系数和曲率系数分别在11.05~41.30和0.32~3.15之间变化,其中不均匀系数较原地貌减小了4.51%~80.27%;各种扰动地貌单元土壤容重为施工便道(1.74 g/cm3)边坡绿化带(1.54 g/cm3)1 a弃渣堆积体(1.48 g/cm3)2 a弃渣堆积体(1.34 g/cm3)3 a弃渣堆积体(1.31 g/cm3),比坡耕地依次增加33.85%、18.46%、13.85%、3.08%和0.77%;扰动地貌的土壤总孔隙度、土壤田间持水量和饱和含水量则表现出相反趋势。2)人为扰动地貌单元土壤入渗性能总体小于原地貌单元,而原地貌土壤稳定入渗率则在2.83~6.22 mm/min之间变化;当项目区林地转化为新弃渣堆积体时对降雨和城市洪水动态调节功能影响最大,转化为施工便道时影响最小;人为扰动地貌单元土壤水库总库容、兴利库容和滞洪库容总体低于原地貌,当项目区草地转化为施工便道时对土壤持水能力及调蓄地表径流能力危害最大。3)各种扰动地貌单元水源涵养能力明显小于原地貌单元,以施工便道(0.421)最差,林地最好(0.651);在城镇化过程中应重视城镇水面、林草地的空间分布及占地面积,对短期松散堆积体也最好进行临时绿化措施。4)加强对扰动地貌物质组成、大孔隙结构和降雨-径流-入渗连续性定位研究,同时关注各扰动地貌在不同压实条件下土壤水库蓄水性能对项目区雨洪过程线和排水系统的影响。研究结果可为城市水土保持生态服务功能恢复、城市绿化带建设和洪水内涝缓解提供科学依据。     

水电站弃渣场岩土侵蚀人工模拟降雨试验研究

在金安桥水电站选定渣场弃渣颗粒径级分析基础上,用人工模拟降雨方法,对弃渣堆积平台和边坡的岩土侵蚀特征进行了研究,结果显示:(1)堆积弃渣颗粒在剔除>2 cm石块后,粒径>4 mm弃渣颗粒占48.42%,比原地貌表层土壤大13.64%,而原地貌表层土壤中粒径<0.25 mm颗粒占15.81%,弃渣中相同径级的颗粒占8.56%。(2)一次降雨过程中,弃渣堆积平台径流量最大,是原地貌荒草地的2.27倍,弃渣堆积坡面径流量最小,仅为原地貌荒草地的45.5%。(3)一次降雨过程中,弃渣堆积平台和坡面的初始含沙率均低于植被条件较差的原地貌荒草地的含沙率,达到稳定含沙率时,弃渣坡面的含沙率与原地貌荒草地接近,而渣场堆积平台的含沙率远低于原地貌荒草地。(4)一次降雨过程中,相同时段内的产沙总量原地貌荒草地最大,弃渣堆积平台次之,弃渣堆积坡面最小。(5)弃渣场岩土侵蚀过程中,产流量与产沙量之间呈显著的幂函数关系。     

不同植被恢复年限弃渣场入渗性能研究

为科学预测弃渣场水土流失量及评价其植被恢复效应,采用双环入渗法研究了不同植被恢复年限的弃渣场平台及边坡处的入渗特征,结果表明:不同植被恢复年限的弃渣土体容重、有机质含量及毛管孔隙度均随植被恢复年限的增加而增大,植被恢复从1年变化到2年,其容重差异在0.07~0.14 g/cm~3之间;弃渣入渗过程大致存在入渗率迅速降低(9 min内)、缓慢降低(10~60 min)和趋于稳定(60 min后)三个阶段;平台处的稳定入渗率随植被恢复年限的增加呈先增加后减小趋势,而边坡处的稳定入渗率则随植被恢复年限的增加呈先减小后增加趋势;Horton模型对弃土弃渣入渗过程拟合的相关系数最大(平均0.923),是反映其入渗过程的适宜模型。     

生产建设项目弃渣场物理性质变化特征及类型划分

各种生产建设项目在建设过程中产生的大量弃土弃渣场,由于其失去了原生土壤的结构且具有较陡的松散堆积面,是人为水土流失的主要地貌单元。以重庆典型生产建设项目弃渣场为研究对象,在分析弃土弃渣物理力学性质变化特征基础上,划分了弃渣场类型并分析其生态修复特征。结果表明:1)不同生产建设项目弃土弃渣物质组成特征差异明显,矿产资源开发建设工程物质组成复杂,砂粒(2 mm)含量为39.24%;线性建设工程以石砂质渣体居多,而城镇建设工程弃渣以土质弃渣为主。2)与原状土壤相比,弃土弃渣受人为机械扰动而其物理力学性质特征显著;紫色土弃渣平均紧实度(1.86 g/cm3)远大于原状土壤(1.27 g/cm3),渗透性(0.28~26.03 mm/min)高于原状土壤(0.73~6.22 mm/min),抗剪强度和液塑限指数相比土壤也明显降低,直接影响其自身稳定性和抗侵蚀性能。3)在生产中可根据弃渣场物质组成、原地貌类型、上游有无汇水面积进行类型划分,并以堆放方式作为主要依据评价弃土弃渣堆积体的土壤侵蚀特征和稳定性。     

生产建设项目弃土弃渣与林地土壤入渗特征分析

针对弃土弃渣物质组成复杂、结构混乱、养分含量较低的特点,采用野外双环入渗方法对不同堆置年限弃土弃渣水分入渗性能进行了研究。结果表明:与桑树林地相比,弃土弃渣土石混合不均匀导致其孔隙结构较差,土壤总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度均显著小于林地;桑树林地与弃土弃渣入渗过程最大的差异在于初始入渗阶段,此阶段弃土弃渣入渗率下降迅速并呈波动性减少趋势,且入渗特征与土体疏松多孔的结构特征、自然含水率和容重关系密切;最大持水量表现为桑树林地Ld(116.37 t/hm2)>堆置3年弃土弃渣L3a(106.77 t/hm2)>堆置1年弃土弃渣L1a(103.98 t/hm2),非毛管持水量表现为Ld(82.65 t/hm2)>L3a(51.74 t/hm2)>L1a(43.22 t/hm2),林地的水源涵养功能明显强于弃土弃渣,而L3a土壤持水性能要高于L1a。     

水电站工程弃渣场土壤侵蚀规律研究

采用现场调查和定位观测等方法,对金安桥水电站工程弃渣场弃渣容重、粒径组成,原地貌和渣场绿化边坡、弃渣场松散堆积物边坡以及堆积平台和运渣道路的土壤侵蚀量进行了研究.结果显示:①弃渣场不同部位的渣土容重均值分别为1.70 g/cm3、1.30g/cm3和0.96g/cm3;②弃渣颗粒在剔除＞ 2cm石块后,粒径＞4mm的弃...     

水电工程建设对土壤理化性质的影响研究——以金安桥水电站为例

为研究水电工程建设对土壤理化性质的影响,选取金安桥水电站重塑地貌2^#弃渣场和3^#弃渣场的土壤为研究对象,未受工程施工扰动的灌草丛、林地和农田的原地貌土壤作为对照,对土壤理化性质进行测定,结果显示：①土壤容重为重塑地貌大于其原地貌;②总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度为原地貌高于其重塑地貌,非毛管孔隙度则相反;③重塑地貌2^#和3^#渣场的表层渣体粒径都较粗,〉5mm粒径的颗粒组成百分比就达到64．53％和65．11％,比例不合理,而原地貌农田的土壤粒径组成基本呈正态分布;④土壤有机质、全氮、水解氮、速效钾含量均为原地貌大于重塑地貌,而全磷、速效磷含量则相反。研究结果表明水电工程建设对土壤理化性质影响较大。     

不同恢复年限弃渣场入渗特征研究与评价

为分析弃渣场入渗性能及其植被恢复效应,采用野外双环入渗和主成分分析方法,分析和评价不同恢复年限弃渣场入渗特征。结果表明:(1)弃渣场恢复年限2个月(P1),2a(P2),4a(P3)和桑树林地(P4)的初始入渗率依次为11.32,9.34,15.84,19.38mm/min,稳定入渗率为4.64,3.62,6.71,7.81mm/min;桑树林地的稳定入渗率为3个弃渣场的1.68,2.16,1.16倍;(2)Kastiakov模型的拟合效果优于通用经验模型、Philip模型和Horton模型,其决定系数为0.905~0.956;(3)入渗特征值与土壤容重,20~5mm,5~2mm颗粒含量呈显著负相关(p0.05),与非毛管孔隙度、有机质含量和2~0.075 mm颗粒含量呈显著(p0.05)或极显著(p0.01)正相关;(4)主成分分析评价的土壤入渗能力排序依次为P4(2.398)P3(0.792)P1(-1.104)P2(-2.089);随着恢复年限的增加,弃渣场入渗性能得到较好的改善且接近桑树林地。     

不同植被恢复年限弃渣场边坡土壤物理性质特征

研究不同植被恢复年限弃渣场土壤侵蚀物理性质特征,可为生产建设项目弃渣场水土流失防治及植被恢复提供理论基础。本文以重庆市典型弃渣场为研究对象,采用野外调查及室内综合分析等方法研究不同恢复年限弃渣场的边坡不同部位土壤物理性质特征。结果表明:不同恢复年限弃渣的细小颗粒(0.25mm)含量差异较大,其随着时间的增加呈先减小后增加的趋势;随着恢复年限增加,弃渣容重呈减小的趋势,2月弃渣容重在1.48~1.64 g/cm3,4年弃渣容重可达1.20~1.40 g/cm3,而弃渣场不同坡位的总孔隙度均与土壤容重呈反比;土壤水分含量明显增大,4年弃渣边坡的自然含水率为2月和2年弃渣的2倍左右,田间持水量也以4年弃渣最大,其平台及边坡的平均持水量为22.26%;在植物根系及其枯落物作用下,弃渣边坡土壤物理性质得到改善,其增强了边坡稳定性。     

采石废弃地弃渣与农田土混合土壤粒径特征及水文效应

探究弃渣与农田土不同混合比例下重构土体粒径特征和水文效应的差异,对于提高采石废弃地重构土体的结构稳定、水资源高效利用以及资源利用化具有重要意义。以采石场弃渣和农田土为重构基质,以0∶10(C₁),3∶7(C₂),5∶5(C₃),7∶3(C₄),10∶0(C₅)体积比例混合,采用野外土柱模拟方法,探究不同配比下土壤粒径特征和水文效应的差异。结果表明:(1)不同配比下弃渣含量越高,砂粒比重越大、黏粒和粉粒比重越小,砂粒比重最大为61.50%,分散度、偏度、峰态等群体特征参数变化分别为降低、升高、升高,不均匀系数显著降低,曲率系数在1~3波动,分形维数呈不显著降低趋势,土体结构朝不稳定方向变化。(2)混合土壤弃渣含量增大会引起容重变大、毛管孔隙和总孔隙数量减少、非毛管孔隙数量增加等土壤孔隙方面以及田间持水、毛管持水、饱和持水三者下降等土壤持水性能方面的变化,同时,初始入渗、稳定入渗、平均入渗等速率变化以及累计入渗量基本呈增加趋势,稳渗用时呈波动式变化。不同配比下土壤入渗模型拟合R²≥0.856,RRMSE≤0.153,整体上模型拟合效果较好,灰色关联分析结果表明,C₅入渗性能最好。(3)弃渣∶农田土以3∶7体积比例混合后的土壤在粒径结构和水文效应2个方面评价结果中表现最佳。[JP]     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.     

Short-term variation in the concentration of selected ions within individual tropical rainstorms

Rainwater was collected at the campus of the University of Brunei Darussalam in Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam, using a funnel-in-bottle sampler. Polypropylene bottles were changed at intervals during rainstorm events. The pH and conductivity were determined immediately after collection on aliquots of the sample. Samples were refrigerated at 5°C for subsequent chemical analysis. Analyses for Na, Mg, Ca, Zn and Fe were carried out by means of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES); Cu and Mn were analysed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS); K was analysed using flame atomic emission spectroscopy (FAES); and Cl^–, NO₃ ^– and SO₄ ^2– were analysed by ion chromatography (IC). Concentration versus time profiles are reported for three rainstorm events. All ions exhibited a decrease in concentration during the rainstorm. The first sample contained the highest concentration of ions, consistent with a first-flush effect. The contribution of the initial stages of the shower to the total quantity of ion deposited during the entire rainstorm is quite overwhelming; in many cases 20 to 30% of the mass was deposited in less than 5% of rainstorm duration. On the other hand, the pH and conductivity variation during rainstorms did not exhibit a consistent pattern.     

Leaf litter selection by detritivore and geophagous earthworms

Summary Litterbag experiments with 10 different kinds of leaf litter showed that detritivore (Lumbricus species) and geophagous (Aporrectodea species) earthworms prefer certain litter types over others, since different numbers of worms were found below the litter after 50–52 days of exposure in a pasture. The detritivores preferred Fraxinus, Tilia, and predecomposed Ulmus and Fagus litter to Fagus litter and paper, while geophages preferred Tilia litter to Alnus and Ulmus litter, so that the two groups of earthworms showed different preferences. The detritivores seemed to be more selective than the geophages. The palatability of the litter was examined in relation to the C: N ratio, the lignin concentration and the initial and final polyphenol concentration. The numbers of detritivores were significantly correlated with the C: N ratio and the final polyphenol concentration, so that selection of litter seems to be related to palatability. The numbers of geophages were not significantly correlated with any of the parameters for palatability. The disappearance of litter after 50–52 days appeared to be due to detritivore activity, since the numbers found below the litter were positively and significantly correlated with the litter disappearance. There was no significant correlation with geophage activity. This indicates that detritivores use litter as food, and therefore influence the composition of the litter layer.     

The 5S rRNA gene diversity in the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Secale</Emphasis> and determination of its closest haplomes

We analyzed 127 rDNA sequences (5S DNA units) obtained from 23 seed accession samples from more or less 10 taxa in wild and cultivated rye, genus Secale L. The sequences fell into two known groups, here assigned to two unit classes, viz. long R1 and short R1 (designations to reflect on R haplome of rye). The different taxa could not be fully differentiated based on the 5S DNA units. We searched for 5S DNA sequences from known unit classes most closely similar to the long R1 and the short R1. One set with the long R1 unit class contained sequences of the long P1 unit class from Agropyron (P haplome) and from Kengyilia (StYP haplome), long J1 from Thinopyrum (J haplome), whereas the set with the short R1 included the long S1 from Pseudoroegneria (St haplome) and Kengyilia (StYP haplome), the short J1 from Thinopyrum (J haplome) and the short V1 from Dasypyrum (V haplome). Each of the two sets was analyzed separately by maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic analysis from which we were able to infer that the 5S DNA units of Secale differentiated in a non-clock fashion and followed the HKY substitution model in the gene tree with the long R1 unit class and the HKY + G in the gene tree with the short R1 unit class. A complementary Bayesian analysis yielded identical tree topologies to the ML ones for each of the two sequence sets. In the tree with the long R1 units the long P1 and long J1 unit classes were closest to the long R1 unit class, whereas in the tree with the short R1 units the long S1 and short J1 unit classes were closest to the short R1 unit class, indicating possibly a close relationship between the St, J and R haplomes.     

Nematode succession and microfauna-microorganism interactions during root residue decomposition

The quality of plant material affects the vigor of the decomposition process and composition of the decomposer biota. Root residues from hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), rye (Secale cereale L.) and vetch+rye, packed in litterbags were placed in pots of soil at 15 C and the content of the bags was analyzed after 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Bacterial biomass did not differ between residues with contrasting composition. Among bacterivores groups of nematodes that require high bacterial production dominated in fast decomposing resources whereas flagellates with smaller requirements prevail in slower decomposing resources. Biomass of bacterial feeding nematodes correlated positively with early phase (0-2 wk) decomposition that increased in the order: rye< vetch+rye<vetch. Bacterial biomass therefore seems to be under top-down (predation) control during early decomposition. In contrast, the fungal biomass differed between resources with highest values for rye. Moreover, this increase in fungal biomass occurred later during succession and was correlated with decomposition activity for rye in that period. Fungal biomass therefore seems to be under bottom-up (resource) control. The composition of the nematode assemblages (composed of 25 taxa) showed a clear relationship to initial plant resource quality as well as decomposition phase. Early successional microbivorous nematodes vary according to resource quality with demanding bacterivores+predators (Neodiplogasteridae) dominating in vetch and less demanding bacterivores (Rhabditidae) and fungivores (Aphelenchus) being equally common in vetch and rye. Later in the succession (2-4 wk) bacterivorous Cephalobidae and fungivorous Aphelenchoides prevailed similarly on the different root materials whereas bacterivorous protozoa and the amoebal fraction thereof dominated in rye. At week 12 no species dominated the nematode assemblages that were similar between the resources. The differences between nematode assemblages among plant resources at 2 week were similar to the results of a field study sampled after 6 weeks with the same soil and plant resources. This lends support to the relevance of the successional patterns observed in this incubation study.     

Cycling of extracellular DNA in the soil environment

Upon entering the soil environment, extracellular DNA is subjected to dynamic biological, physical, and chemical factors that determine its fate. This review concerns the fate of both recombinant and non-recombinant sources of DNA. A schematic of DNA cycling coupled with genetic transformation is presented to understand its behavior in soil. Extracellular DNA may persist through cation bridging onto soil minerals and humic substances, be enzymatically degraded and restricted by DNases of microbial origin, and/or enter the microbial DNA cycle through natural transformation of competent bacteria. Lateral gene transfer may disseminate DNA through the microbial community. An understanding of DNA cycling is fundamental to elucidating the fate of extracellular DNA in the soil environment.