毛乌素沙地南缘沙丘生物土壤结皮发育特征

生物土壤结皮广泛分布于干旱和半干旱区,它的形成和发育对荒漠生态系统生态修复过程产生重要的影响。采用野外调查、测定和室内分析相结合的方法,对毛乌素沙地南缘沙丘生物土壤结皮发育特征进行研究。结果表明:不同地貌部位生物土壤结皮的厚度、各类型结皮盖度、机械组成和结皮及其下层剖面土壤容重均发生不同程度的变化。生物土壤结皮的发育对不同地貌部位具有一定的选择性,丘顶微生物结皮少量分布,迎风坡以浅灰色的藻类结皮为主,背风坡以黑褐色的藻类结皮为主,丘间地以苔藓结皮为主。不同地貌部位结皮层微生物总数存在较大差异。不同发育阶段生物土壤结皮的优势成分不同,表现出明显的阶段性特点,其形成和发育是生物过程和非生物过程的统一。     

黄土表面结皮对夏闲坡耕地土壤水分的影响研究

土壤结皮是土壤在降雨作用下团聚体发生物理变化而形成的。黄土高原的坡耕地普遍存在着表土结皮现象。试验表明 ,表土结皮对黄土地区坡耕地 5 0cm土层内的土壤含水量有明显影响 ,打破结皮可使土壤入渗率提高 ,并有效地抑制和减少水分蒸发 ,提高土壤保水能力。耕层土壤含水量随地面坡度的增加而减少 ,土壤结皮可使地面坡度对土壤含水量的影响程度加大     

黄土丘陵区垂直陡壁表面不同类型生物土壤结皮养分与微生物养分限制特征

生物土壤结皮的发育类型对土壤养分和微生物代谢起着重要作用。为进一步明确在生物结皮发育过程中微生物的限制性养分与影响因素,研究选择黄土丘陵区垂直陡壁表面上的裸土(CK)、浅色藻结皮(LA)、深色藻结皮(DA)、藻藓混合结皮(AM)和藓结皮(M)为研究对象,分析了不同生物土壤结皮类型下碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)养分状况与胞外酶活性,并通过胞外酶化学计量来量化微生物的代谢限制。结果表明:LA,DA,AM和M这4种类型生物土壤结皮C,N,P养分含量和微生物生物量C,N,P均显著高于CK(p<0.05),并且SOC,TN,TP和微生物生物量C,N,P随CK,LA,DA,AM和M的顺序逐渐增大,藓结皮微生物量C,N,P分别是CK处理的18.3,27.6,14.1倍。生物土壤结皮的发育显著提高了C,N,P循环酶的活性,冗余分析结果表明土壤养分与酶活性密切相关。此外,通过酶计量的矢量模型结果来看,生物土壤结皮的发育造成微生物相对碳限制的增大与相对磷限制的减小,并受到速效养分含量的影响。偏最小二乘路径模型结果也表明生物土壤结皮的类型会间接影响微生物的代谢限制。总的来说,生物土壤结皮类型的变化会改善土壤养分状况与微生物量等性质,养分资源的供应状况会造成微生物养分代谢的变化。     

人工林建设对沙地土壤结皮发育及其表土理化特性的影响

为了了解人工林建设对土壤结皮发育和表土特征的影响,2006年在科尔沁沙地调查了不同年龄杨树林地的土壤结皮及结皮下0-5.0cm土壤的理化特性,分析研究了植被固沙区土壤结皮及其表土的发育特征。结果表明:(1)在科尔沁沙地,人工林的建设有利于流动沙地土壤结皮的形成、发育和结皮下0-5.0cm表土性状的改善;(2)随着人工林的生长发育,土壤结皮覆盖度、厚度、硬度、土壤细颗粒和有机质、养分含量均明显增加,并从物理结皮逐步演变成地衣结皮和苔癣结皮;(3)随着人工林的生长发育,结皮下0-2.5cm和2.5-5.0cm表土的细颗粒、有机质和养分含量大幅增加,但其含量随着表土深度增加而下降;(4)人工植被建设对沙地土壤结皮形成发育和下层表土成土过程的作用机制,一方面源于人工植被具有降风滞尘,维护沙面稳定,增加地表粘粉粒含量的作用;另一方面源于凋落物的生产与沉降,以及对局部水热环境的改善,增加了结皮与表土的有机质和养分含量,促进了微生物和微管植物的侵入。     

黄土区坡耕地土壤结皮对入渗的影响

黄土高原地区,坡面土壤水分是生态建设的关键问题。以黄土高原坡耕地人为管理方式为背景,在室内人工模拟降雨条件下采用等高耕作和人工掏挖两种措施,并且设计直线坡作为对照,研究不同耕作措施下土壤结皮的形成特征,同时从降雨-入渗的角度研究两种类型结皮(结构结皮和沉积结皮)对坡面土壤水分入渗的影响。研究结果表明:土壤结皮阻碍坡面土壤水分入渗,结皮坡面产流时间早,且土壤累积入渗量明显低于无结皮坡面;采用Kostiakov模型、Horton模型、蒋定生模型对坡面土壤水分入渗过程进行优化模拟的结果表明蒋定生模型适用于描述本研究坡面土壤水分入渗的特征;耕作措施造成的微地形对土壤结皮的类型有很大影响,在洼地径流携带泥沙堆积形成沉积结皮,地势较高处降雨雨滴直接打击形成结构结皮。研究两种类型结皮发现,沉积结皮相对于结构结皮密度高且孔隙度低,并且两种类型结皮对坡面土壤水分入渗的影响存在差异,沉积结皮平均减渗效应为37.13%,结构结皮平均减渗效应为19.79%,因此,沉积结皮更大程度影响坡面土壤水分入渗。     

人工降雨条件下土壤结皮的形成以及与土壤溅蚀的关系

通过人工模拟降雨溅蚀实验,测定土壤溅蚀速率,同时采样制作土壤切片,观察分析结皮的发育特征以及与土壤溅蚀的关系。结果表明,降雨过程中有两种类型结皮形成,即沉积结皮和结构结皮。土壤结皮随着土壤表面大团聚体或者大颗粒的分散而形成,并且伴随着下层大孔隙的出现。土表结皮的完善过程,也是土壤抗溅蚀能力增强的过程     

干旱区土壤结皮对风蚀影响的风洞模拟研究

土壤结皮在干旱半干旱地区广泛分布,是影响风蚀的重要因素。以准葛尔盆地东部矿区周边表层土壤为对象,通过控制土壤结皮率和结皮分布,利用风洞试验结合土壤风蚀传感器,对不同土壤结皮和风速条件下土壤风蚀量、风沙流结构、土壤颗粒释放的变化特征进行了研究。结果表明：(1)风蚀量随风速增加显著上升,随土壤结皮率增加显著下降。均匀分布的结皮风蚀量整体低于集中分布的结皮；(2)风沙流高度随风速增加而增加,高度在0-3cm的收集物占总的80%左右。14m/s的风速能够使土壤发生跃移,而土壤结皮率达到50%能够有效抑制土壤颗粒跃移现象；(3)颗粒碰撞的数量与能量随风速的增加而增加,随结皮率增加而减少；首次出现颗粒碰撞时的风速随结皮率的增加而增加；颗粒碰撞的数量和能量在风速持续增加的时间段内增加至最大值,在风速稳定后开始下降,120s左右降低至稳定值,随后不再发生明显起伏,在风速下降时间段内不发生颗粒碰撞。     

土壤结皮面积与结皮分布对风蚀影响的风洞模拟研究

土壤结皮在干旱半干旱地区广泛分布,是影响风蚀的重要因素。以准噶尔盆地东部矿区周边表层土壤为对象,通过控制土壤结皮率和结皮分布,利用风洞试验结合土壤风蚀传感器,对不同土壤结皮和风速条件下土壤风蚀量、风沙流结构、土壤颗粒释放的变化特征进行研究。结果表明:(1)风蚀量随风速增加显著上升,随土壤结皮率增加显著下降。均匀分布的结皮风蚀量整体低于集中分布的结皮;(2)跃移高度随风速增加而增加,高度在0~3 cm的收集物占总收集量的80%左右。14 m/s的风速能够使土壤发生跃移,而土壤结皮率达到50%能够有效抑制土壤颗粒跃移现象;(3)颗粒碰撞的数量与能量随风速的增加而增加,随结皮率增加而减少;首次出现颗粒碰撞时的风速随结皮率的增加而增加;颗粒碰撞的数量和能量在风速持续增加的时间段内增加至最大值,在风速稳定后开始下降,120 s左右降低至稳定值,随后不再发生明显起伏,在风速下降时间段内不发生颗粒碰撞。     

土壤结皮几种分析测算指标的应用评价

土壤结皮是表层土壤在降雨径流或生物等共同作用下,形成的较原始土壤致密的土表硬壳,一般厚度约数毫米.此类地被物普遍存在于干旱半干旱地区,它的出现深刻影响降雨入渗、土壤侵蚀、养分循环、种子萌发以及生物多样性等生态过程,是目前自然地理科学研究的热点问题之一.容重、抗剪强度、土壤薄片以及人渗量、溅蚀量等是当前土壤结皮定量研究的主要指标.本文就此类指标的测算方法进行了详细的评述,并基于我国3种典型土壤(黄土、黑土、紫色土)结皮相关指标的分析测算,探讨各个参数的有效性、局限性以及应用时需要注意的问题,同时首次运用ERDAS软件分析结皮薄片的孔隙度,旨在为同类研究提供方法借鉴.     

种植大豆条件下土壤结皮对坡耕地径流和侵蚀产沙的影响

研究作物生长覆盖条件下土壤结皮对坡耕地径流和侵蚀产沙的影响,可为坡耕地水土流失防治和水土资源合理利用提供科学依据。以种植大豆的坡耕地土壤结皮为研究对象,利用人工模拟降雨方法,观测前期土壤结皮和不同结皮厚度、覆盖度下的产流产沙,分析前期土壤结皮的存在和土壤结皮厚度、覆盖度对坡耕地土壤侵蚀的影响。结果表明:1)前期土壤结皮的存在对坡面的产流产沙量产生较大影响,使坡面径流量高于非结皮坡面,而坡面的土壤流失量又远低于非结皮坡面。2)裸地前期有土壤结皮的坡面径流量较非结皮坡面高5.27%,产沙量则较其降低了27.66%;种植大豆条件下,前期地表有土壤结皮坡面的径流量较非结皮坡面平均增加了24.81%,产沙量较非结皮坡面平均降低了14.26%。3)大豆作物的存在加大了土壤结皮与非结皮坡面之间径流量的差距,缩小了二者间产沙量的差异;坡耕地坡面土壤结皮厚度及其覆盖度的变化对坡面产流产沙的影响却不显著。     

Soil sealing and crusting effects on infiltration rate: a critical review of shortfalls in prediction models and solutions

Soil sealing and crusting is a common feature in most arid and semi-arid soils with severe agricultural and environmental implications. One of the main effects of soil sealing and crusting is a marked reduction in hydraulic conductivity and infiltration rate (IR), which triggers run-off and erosion. However, measurement of crust IR in the field is cumbersome, time-consuming and expensive. The extremely dynamic nature of processes involved in crusting and crust characteristics makes it very difficult to measure and predict infiltration. Resultantly, many researches aimed at identifying alternative indices of soil sealing and crusting or at improving the methods used to measure IR on crusted soils directly or indirectly have been conducted. Of particular importance is the use of models developed for estimating IR and hydraulic conductivity, but most of them do not account for the presence of a crust layer and therefore fall short on crusted soils. These methods and in particular models and their suitability in estimating IRs on crusted soils are discussed in this article. Trends and perspectives, gaps and conflicts relating to soil sealing and crusting effects on infiltration are also described.     

紫色土表土结皮发育特征的试验研究

通过模拟降雨试验,探讨了紫色土表土结皮的发育特征。结果表明：有、无雨滴打击下,紫色土在30min内均形成稳定结皮层,厚度约7～8mm;淋移作用是紫色土形成结皮的主导作用,降雨打击使表土在降雨前期迅速形成致密薄层,抑制了淋移作用并使盖网处理的结皮容重略高;孔隙的剖面分布对入渗、抗剪强度有较大影响,表现在发生层总孔隙度低但分布均匀的盖网处理具有更强的入渗能力,且由于降雨初期未发生致密上层使其抗剪强度略低。     

An experimental study of crust development on chalk downland soils and their impact on runoff and erosion

The sealing of soil surfaces by rainfall, the development of soil crusts and their impact on runoff and erosion was investigated in the laboratory by means of simulated rainfall. The soils investigated were stone-free samples of chalk soils from southeast England, and soils with a 25% cover of stones. Vertical change to the surface and immediate subsurface of the soils was assessed through the examination of thin sections scanned into a computer and analysed with image processing software. Changes in roughness and microtopography of the soil surface were measured by use of a laser micromapper. Crusting occurred both in the presence and absence of stones and was inversely related to the organic matter content and aggregate stability of the soils. Crusting of stone-free soils was accompanied by a reduction in roughness of the soil surface, but roughness of the stone-covered surfaces increased as crusting developed. Increases in the particle density of the crust were related to silt content. Organic-rich soil from under permanent grass and from a soil recently brought into arable cultivation crusted less than soils used for arable cultivation for longer periods with lower organic content. The inwashing of silt into the pores of the soil during crusting reduces infiltration, and increases runoff and erosion. In the presence of a 25% cover of surface stones, the reduction in infiltration was 25% less than for stone-free soils and erosion ∼50% less.     

Soil resistance to interrill erosion: Model parameterization and sensitivity

Interrill erosion, which is less visible in the landscape than rill and gully erosion, may cause major sediment deposits in the lower part of cultivated fields. It is often associated with runoff resulting from sealing and crusting, and soil properties such as soil detachability or soil aggregate stability have been used to express soil resistance to interrill erosion processes, i.e., interrill erodibility. From a literature review including more than fifteen erosion models, we have identified three main methods used to measure these properties: aggregate stability and splash cup detachability, methods performed in the laboratory using only a few grams of soil, and standard plot methods that are based on field plot measurements. This difference makes the parameters involved in assessing interrill erodibility dependent upon the scale and the hydrological processes involved and difficult to compare. According to the literature, the sensitivity of actual erosion models to interrill erodibility is lower than the sensitivity to hydrological properties and rill erodibility parameters. This numerical study shows that erodibility measurements from the three major assessment methods give different results regarding the contribution of interrill erosion and show that the sensitivity of erosion modeling to interrill erodibility may in fact be greater than shown in the literature on global sensitivity analysis.     

Physical characterization,spectral response and remotely sensed mapping of Mediterranean soil surface crusts

Soil surface crusting and sealing are frequent but unfavorable processes in Mediterranean areas. Soil crust and seals form on bare soil subject to high-intensity rainfall, resulting in a hard, impenetrable layer that impedes infiltration and hampers the germination and establishment of plants. The adverse consequences of overland flow and reduced fertility can lead to erosion and ongoing degradation. Therefore, information on the distribution of surface crusts and their physical properties is essential to combat the undesired effects of crust formation in e.g. soil erosion and soil compaction. We studied the occurrence of crusts in a study area in Mediterranean southern France. Our objectives were to compare the physical and hydrological properties of the crusts and underlying soil, to identify the spectral characteristics (400 to 2500 nm) of the crusted and non-crusted soil surfaces using high-resolution field spectra, and to investigate the potential of mapping crust occurrence using airborne, hyperspectral HyMap images. The differences in some physical properties between crusted and non-crusted surfaces are significant while others are only marginal. Crusting markedly reduces the infiltration capacity and crust strength varies between the different soil types. Spectral differences are small, mainly in albedo values (overall reflectance) and in absorption band depth and shape. Albedo differences range from 8 to 40%. Differences in absorption band features in the spectra of crusts and non-crusted surfaces are small. Sixty percent of the crusted soil surfaces showed stronger absorption features in the clay mineral absorption bands at 2200 nm than non-crusted soils. Increased absorption is due to a relative enrichment in fines. Spectral feature fitting and linear spectral unmixing algorithms were applied to airborne HyMap images to evaluate the possibilities of mapping surface crusts. Crusts could be mapped in fallow, agricultural fields, but the spectral response of natural badlands was too fragmented for crust mapping.     

Erosion processes and erodibility of cultivated soils in North Rhine‐Westphalia under artificial rain. I. Site characteristics and results of laboratory experiments

Soil erosion by water causes substantial on‐site degradation and off‐site damages in the densely populated state of North Rhine‐Westphalia (Germany). Measures of soil conservation should be adjusted to soil erodibilities and should be based on an understanding of the processes involved in water erosion including aggregate breakdown, rainsplash erosion, surface sealing, and soil loss. For a state‐wide assessment of erosion processes and erodibilities, we tested representative cultivated soils of North Rhine‐Westphalia in laboratory and field experiments with artificial rain. In the laboratory experiments described in this paper, rainsplash erosion, sealing susceptibility, and interrill erodibility of 25 topsoils filled in 0.5 m² boxes were investigated. Results of different aggregate‐stability tests correlate with organic‐matter contents but not with parameters of rainsplash or soil loss. On most soil materials, rainsplash increases or maintains constant rates in the course of the simulation runs indicating that the soil surface did not attain a higher shear resistance. High sealing susceptibilities are found for soils of quite different textures ranging from loam sand to silt clay, whereas other silt clays, clay loams, and some clay silts maintain high infiltration rates. A trend of increasing sealing susceptibility and total soil loss with increasing clay content is observed for the loam sands to sand loams. Dynamics of soil loss is largely governed by runoff rates. Total soil loss is also determined by sediment concentration in surface runoff, which is low on most clayey soils, on loam sands poor in clay, and on a sand loam, and high in the case of highly erodible clay silts, loam sands, and sand loams. The most crust prone soils are not necessarily the most erodible. On most soils, soil‐loss rates do not stabilize until the end of the rainfall experiments. For comparing the interrill erodibilities of the soils, total soil loss is preferred instead of interrill erodibility factors (K_i, K_iq) published in the literature.     

Incidence of soil surface crust types in semi-arid Niger

Soil water availability is most essential in the Sahelian agriculture but is hampered by several factors. Surface crusts or crust-like surfaces, which are characteristic of most Sahelian soils, have been shown to decrease water infiltrability and increase runoff. Their type and structure are influenced by soil texture, vegetation cover, erosion and deposition effects of wind and water. A soil and terrain survey in semi-arid SW-Niger was carried out to explain the patterns of soil surface crusts and the deterioration of the land. The soil surface crusts were shown to depend also on specific terrain factors including land use type and intensity, and terrain type and position. Chemical and physical soil factors such as organic carbon, soil colour and texture occurring with specific crusts indicate soil degradation, especially in sloping terrain, which increases runoff and soil erosion. For sandy soils, surface tillage is required to break up the crusts. Higher surface organic matter is recommended to enhance water infiltration in soils.     

不同粒径黄绵土的溅蚀规律及表土结皮发育研究

溅蚀是土壤侵蚀过程的开始,为侵蚀发展提供了物质来源。因此,对其进行研究有助于对侵蚀过程的深入了解。本文选择了广泛分布于黄土高原地区的黄绵土,通过对不同粒径的土样进行模拟降雨试验,分析了土壤颗粒的溅蚀规律和表土结皮的形成过程,以及溅蚀率变化趋势。结果表明,不同粒径土样的溅蚀量差异明显,粒径在0.15mm附近的土壤颗粒最易被溅蚀;在一定的降雨历时内不同粒径土样的表土结皮发育完善程度不同,据此可以很好地解释溅蚀率的变化。     

Gully and sheet erosion on subtropical mountain slopes: Their respective roles and the scale effect

As most mountains in tropical and subtropical zones, the Western Sierra Madre suffers active present erosion, which may create some constraints to the social and economic development in the area.The objectives of this study of soil degradation in the Western Sierra Madre, are to determine the respective roles of gully and sheet erosion. This research is based on field observations, field measurements of runoff and, soil losses at the plot, as well as the watershed scales as an analysis of an exhaustive census of the few gullies located in an experimental area.Measured soil losses in the Western Sierra Madre are high although there are few gullies. Most of the sediment yield seems to originate in widespread degraded areas where stoniness is the main evidence of a previous stage of erosion. Previously overgrazing and deforestation were determined as the factors of the appearance of new soil surface characteristics which explain the high runoff and sediment productions. The soil compacted by cattle trampling reduces infiltration. The decrease of the vegetation cover triggers a rise in the splash effect and thus, a soil sealing.These processes induce an increase in runoff and soil losses. The main erosion type has been described as sheet erosion: it is characterised by the removal of fine soil particles and the remains of gravels, pebbles and blocks, which constitute a pavement on the soil. Gullies generally appear on the bottom of wide valleys and depressions, where soils are thick. It is shown that sheet erosion is two orders of magnitude higher than gully erosion at the hillslope scale.Due to the spatial distribution of land use and the geological context such as the heavily degraded areas close to the main rivers, the reduction of runoff and soil loss rates within the extension of a considered area, commonly observed in hydrology, only applies up to the elementary catchments scale (1 to 50 km²). Above this area, runoff coefficient and soil loss rates increase.     

Soil loss and soil water content affected by land levelling in Penedès vineyards,NE Spain

This paper analyses the differences in soil moisture, runoff and sediment concentration resulting from land levelling works carried out before new vineyard establishment in a reference wine region of NE Spain. In low disturbed soils, low differences in soil moisture were observed, while in high disturbed soils, soil moisture and water infiltration of the surface were always lower than in the low disturbed ones, while soil sealing was higher in high disturbed than in the low disturbed soils. Differences in runoff and sediment concentrations were also observed. The most disturbed plot showed a higher sediment concentration in runoff, which together with higher runoff volumes gave higher erosion rates and soil losses than the low disturbed one. The differences within the most disturbed soils were high after high intensity rainfall events, while no significant variations were observed in the least disturbed ones.