内蒙古武川县土壤硒分布特性研究

北方农牧交错带是我国重要的生态类型区,也是我国典型缺硒区,对于该地区土壤硒含量和分布进行研究,有利于生产优质农产品和保障人体健康。对代表性农牧交错带——内蒙古武川县进行了等距离、大密度采样,并对采集到的237个土壤样品进行测定分析,探讨海拔高度、p H和土壤有机质对于土壤硒含量的影响。研究表明,武川县境内土壤表层全硒含量变幅为0.020~0.711 mg kg~(-1),几何平均值为0.141 mg kg~(-1),远低于全国平均水平,其中71.7%以上属于低硒土壤,土壤含硒0.175 mg kg~(-1)。各乡镇中,二份子乡土壤硒的几何平均值最高,为0.174 mg kg~(-1),壕赖山乡最低,为0.104 mg kg~(-1)。对于不同利用方式的土壤,武川县草地土壤硒水平最高,其次是耕地和林地。对于武川县境内土壤,p H对土壤全硒含量无显著影响,而土壤有机质和海拔高度与土壤硒含量则呈显著正相关关系。研究表明,今后还应结合更多的地质和土壤特性以及植物吸收过程,全面、准确的分析硒在土壤-植物系统中的迁移转化特征。     

植物根系与叶片吸收硒的关键过程及影响因素

硒元素具有抗癌、抗衰老、提高人体免疫力等功能,经植物吸收转化后,可以更加安全高效地被机体吸收利用。富硒植物产品是时下功能性农业的主要产品之一,经济器官富集较高的硒是该产品的核心。然而,目前市面上富硒植物产品的硒含量却参差不齐且普遍偏低。因此,系统研究植物吸收硒元素的途径、关键过程与影响因素对提高植物的富硒效率具有十分重要的意义。本文总结了植物根系和叶片吸收硒的主要过程,地理位置、土壤成分及其理化性质等因素对植物根系吸收硒的影响,以及硒源种类、浓度、叶片结构及叶龄、生育时期、助剂等因素对植物叶片吸收硒元素的影响。据此,提出未来还需要加强植物吸收硒的影响因素、调控机制,建立相对标准的试验模式和富硒产品评价体系等建议,以期尽快补足研究与生产之间差距,推动以富硒为导向的功能性农业科学健康发展。     

磷对富硒赤红壤与红壤上小白菜硒吸收及土壤硒形态的影响

采用土培盆栽试验方法,研究了广西两种主要富硒土壤施入不同水平磷对小白菜硒吸收积累的影响及土壤硒形态转化规律,旨在为提高土壤有效形态硒含量及植物硒含量提供理论依据。试验采集广西具有代表性的富硒赤红壤(贵港市桂平市)和富硒红壤(桂林市永福县),设置4个磷梯度盆栽试验。结果表明:相同的磷处理在不同土壤上对小白菜硒吸收效果不同。在富硒赤红壤上低磷处理(P50,50 mg/kg)有利于小白菜地上部和地下部对硒的吸收;在富硒红壤上中磷处理(P110,110 mg/kg)小白菜地上部硒含量最高,地下部施入磷则硒含量均显著低于对照。同时,磷的施入对硒在小白菜体内的转运在两种土壤上也存在差异。在富硒赤红壤上当磷施入量在80 mg/kg以下时,磷的施入会抑制硒从地下部向地上部的转运;在富硒红壤上磷的施入则均能促进硒的转运;但二者均在中磷处理时达到峰值。植株体内硒含量间的差异取决于土壤有效形态硒含量。研究结果显示磷的施入均显著增加了土壤中水溶态和交换态硒的含量,且小白菜硒的含量与土壤中水溶态硒规律一致。研究还发现在两种土壤上不同磷处理对土壤硒形态转化规律不同,这为进一步研究磷与土壤硒间的互作关系提供了参考。     

浔郁平原富硒土壤成因及其影响因素研究

富硒土壤是发展富硒产业的前提条件。以浔郁平原1∶50 000土地质量地球化学调查和多年定位试验结果为基础,分析了浔郁平原富硒土壤比例,并初步探讨了富硒土壤成因及影响因素。结果表明,浔郁平原的覃塘、桂平、平南和港南等4个县(市、区)的土壤硒含量明显高于全国平均水平(0.29 mg/kg),最高的覃塘区达到0.77 mg/kg。覃塘、桂平、平南3区县硒含量≥0.4 mg/kg的土壤均超过50%,其中覃塘区高达88.5%。桂平市的土壤对成土母质硒元素具有明显的继承性。土壤pH与土壤硒呈明显负相关关系,pH5的土壤硒含量高达0.58mg/kg。林地、草地、果园和水田的土壤硒含量依次降低,水田土壤硒含量只有林地的65.45%。因此,浔郁平原土壤硒资源丰富,成土母质、土地利用方式及土壤pH是影响土壤硒水平的重要因素。     

遵义市土壤硒分布及其影响因素研究

进行土壤硒分布及其影响因素研究,对掌握区域硒空间分布现状、区域农产品安全以及人体健康具有重要意义。在遵义市采集了701个表层土壤样本,分析了样品中的硒含量。利用GS+软件构建半变异函数模型,采用克里格法预测了遵义市土壤硒含量空间分布特征,并进一步探讨土壤pH值、全氮、有机质、海拔高度和成土母质等因素对硒含量及其空间分布的影响。结果表明:遵义市土壤硒含量变幅为0.10～2.90 mg·kg~(-1),平均值为0.56 mg·kg~(-1),总体上处于足硒和富硒土壤范畴,缺硒与少硒土壤较少,西北部和南部边缘存在明显的土壤富硒带,中部和东部地区土壤硒含量较低。土壤硒含量与pH值无相关关系,与土壤全氮、有机质和海拔高度呈显著正相关关系。此外,遵义市富硒岩层和广泛出露含硒量高的煤矿层可能也是影响土壤含硒量的主要因素。     

施用生物炭对红壤富硒区硒生物有效性的影响

研究生物炭调理措施对红壤区富硒土壤硒形态及硒生物有效性的影响,为富硒土壤硒活化及硒资源高效利用提供理论依据。通过盆栽试验,连续开展三批玉米苗期研究,设置3 个生物炭添加水平:土壤质量0.5%(T1)、1.0%(T2)和1.5%(T3),以不添加生物炭处理为对照(CK),分析生物炭添加对土壤硒形态及玉米硒素营养的影响。结果表明:施用生物炭后,T1、T2 和T3 的可溶态硒分别平均提高0.46、0.42 和0.43 个百分点;可交换态硒分别平均提高0.61、1.66 和1.50 个百分点;降低了铁锰氧化物结合态硒的比例;有机结合态硒比例先降低后逐渐提高,残渣态硒比例则先提高后逐渐降低。玉米根系硒含量与土壤可溶态、可交换态及有效硒含量均呈显著线性正相关,玉米茎叶硒含量与土壤各硒形态之间的相关性不显著。施用生物炭能提高玉米植株体内的硒累积量,T1、T2 和T3 处理玉米植株平均硒累积量分别比CK 提高9.46%、31.00% 和21.22%。可见,在红壤上施用生物炭能有效提高土壤硒的生物有效性并促进硒在植物体内的累积,其中以添加土壤质量 1.0% 的生物炭效果最好。     

土壤中硒元素研究进展

综述硒元素在土壤中的含量、分布、形态、生物有效性及其影响因素等方面的研究成果,分析了"土壤—植物"系统中硒的转移规律,在此基础上,提出了研究方向。     

内源调控与外源补硒对红壤中硒有效性及水稻产量的影响

通田间试验,比较了富硒红壤增施钙镁磷肥或喷施作物生长促进剂的内源调控处理与施用硒肥或喷施硒素的外源补硒处理对土壤中硒的化学有效性、水稻生长的影响以及水稻吸收硒的效果。结果表明,内源调控处理与外源补硒处理均提高了土壤中硒的化学有效性,促进了水稻生长,且都使得水稻籽粒的硒含量达到江西省富硒大米地方标准(70~300μg kg~(-1)),其中,增施钙镁磷肥并配施氨基酸叶面肥的内源调控处理使稻米中硒含量达到了0.081±0.004 mg kg~(-1),增幅达到极显著水平(P0.01),与外源补硒的效果接近。因此,在富硒地区通过土壤内源调控措施能充分利用土壤硒素资源,生产富硒农产品,具有较好的应用前景。     

植物中硒的含量、影响因素及形态转化研究

综合近年来国内外的研究文献,从硒对植物的生理作用、植物含硒量和影响因素以及植物硒形态分布和转化等方面进行了系统分析。今后应该继续对硒在植物体内的作用进行深入分析,结合分子和基因手段以及硒同位素技术,探索培育富硒作物品种的可能性以及在生产实践中应用的价值。继续在自然土壤条件下加强富硒作物生产技术的开发,为合理利用硒资源提供可持续技术保障。     

硒镉伴生对富硒土壤柑橘生长及生理代谢的影响

为保障富硒柑橘的安全生产,明确富硒土壤硒镉伴生现象对柑橘生长、硒镉吸收转运和抗氧化能力的影响,采用盆栽试验,以一年生大雅柑橘为试验材料,研究添加硒代蛋氨酸(SeMet,CK,模拟富硒土壤)和添加SeMet与镉(模拟富硒土壤硒镉伴生)对富硒土壤柑橘的生长指标、硒镉含量、叶片还原型抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽(AsA-GSH)循环效率的影响。结果表明,与CK相比,富硒土壤中,硒镉伴生增加了柑橘叶片叶绿素a+b、叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量,但对株高、新梢长度、新梢数量以及根茎叶的干物质量影响不显著;在富硒土壤中,硒镉伴生显著增加了大雅柑橘硒含量和硒的富集系数(BCF),降低了硒的转运系数(TF);硒和镉主要分布在根系,其次是叶片和茎;在AsA-GSH循环中,硒镉伴生使过氧化氢(H₂O₂)和还原型抗坏血酸(AsA)含量显著上升,脱氢抗坏血酸(DHA)含量上升但未达到显著水平,抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性和脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)活性显著上升,而GSH和氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)含量下降,AsA/(AsA+DHA)和GSH/(GSH+GSSG)比值降低,谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)活性显著降低。本研究为阐明镉胁迫对富硒土壤柑橘的生理影响机制提供了理论依据。     

集约化大棚蔬菜种植条件下土壤硒有效性的影响因子分析

Soil properties dramatically change after long-term greenhouse vegetable cultivation, which further affects soil selenium (Se) nutritional status and plant Se uptake. An evaluation of Se availability after long-term greenhouse vegetable cultivation (GVC) can help in better understanding its influential factors under GVC conditions and will also facilitate further regulation of soil Se nutrition in GVC systems. Two typical GVC bases were chosen: one with clayey and acidic soil in Nanjing, southern China, and the other with sandy alkaline soil in Shouguang, northern China. Twenty-seven surface soil samples at the Nanjing base and 61 surface soil samples at the Shouguang base were collected according to cultivation duration and cultivation intensity. Soil properties including soil available Se (PO₄^3--Se) and total Se (T-Se) were analyzed. The results showed that soil PO₄^3--Se was significantly and negatively correlated with soil Olsen-P, available K (A-K), and electrical conductivity (EC) at the Nanjing base. At the Shouguang base, however, no significant correlation was found between soil PO₄^3--Se and Olsen-P and EC, and soil PO₄^3--Se increased with increasing soil organic matter (OM). Intensively utilized greenhouse vegetable cultivation caused significant changes in soil properties and further affected soil Se availability. Due to different management practices, the dominant factors affecting Se availability varied between the two GVC bases. At the Nanjing base, the dominant influential factor on soil Se availability was soil nutritional status, especially Olsen-P and A-K status. At the Shouguang base, where organic fertilizers were applied at high rates, soil OM was the dominant influential factor.     

Micronutrient availability in soils of Northwest Bosnia and Herzegovina in relation to silage maize production

Maize (Zea mays L.) is the most widely grown crop in Bosnia and Herzegovina especially in Northwest part of the country. Considering that, the maize is extremely sensitive to micronutrient deficiency the main aim of this study was to asses: (1) micronutrient availability in soil, (2) micronutrient status in silage maize; and (3) the relationship between micronutrient soil availability and maize plant concentration. Soil samples for micronutrient availability (n?=?112) were collected from 28 farms in 7 municipalities. Plant available micro- and macro- nutrients in soil were extracted using Mehlich-3, except plant available Se was extracted using 0.1M KH₂PO₄. Result showed that on average there was no significant difference between different soil types regarding their potential in plant available nutrients. P deficiency was present both, in soil and plants in whole region. Soil extractable P was ranging from 0.003–0.13?g?kg^?1 and total plant P was ranging from 0.79–4.95?g?kg^?1. Zinc deficiency was observed in two locations both in soil (0.71?mg?kg^?1; 0.79?mg?kg^?1) and plant (11.5?mg?kg^?1; 15.8?mg?kg^?1). Potential Se soil deficiency was observed on some locations, while Se plant status is not high enough to meet daily requirements of farm animals. Extractable soil nutrients could be used as relatively good predictor of potential soil and plant deficiencies, but soil nutrient interactions and climate conditions are highly effecting the plant uptake potential.     

Manipulating the soil microbiome to increase soil health and plant fertility

A variety of soil factors are known to increase nutrient availability and plant productivity. The most influential might be the organisms comprising the soil microbial community of the rhizosphere, which is the soil surrounding the roots of plants where complex interactions occur between the roots, soil, and microorganisms. Root exudates act as substrates and signaling molecules for microbes creating a complex and interwoven relationship between plants and the microbiome. While individual microorganisms such as endophytes, symbionts, pathogens, and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria are increasingly featured in the literature, the larger community of soil microorganisms, or soil microbiome, may have more far-reaching effects. Each microorganism functions in coordination with the overall soil microbiome to influence plant health and crop productivity. Increasing evidence indicates that plants can shape the soil microbiome through the secretion of root exudates. The molecular communication fluctuates according to the plant development stage, proximity to neighboring species, management techniques, and many other factors. This review seeks to summarize the current knowledge on this topic.     

Effect of phosphorus status of the soil on selenium availability

Due to its importance for human and animal health, low bioavailability of selenium (Se) is of concern in large parts of the world. Among the factors determining Se availability is competition for binding sites by other anions. In order to evaluate the effect of different soil P status on Se availability from fertilizer, adsorption studies were conducted with soils ranging from low to very high available P as measured in ammonium lactate (P‐AL) and addition of Se as either selenate or selenite. Generally selenite, and to some extent also selenate, adsorption decreased with increasing P‐AL status of the soil. However, in a silt loam, the increase in P‐AL from 140 (high) to 210 mg P kg^–1 (very high) did not result in a corresponding decrease in Se adsorption. Phosphorus saturation, on the other hand, was found to be lower in the sample that was very high in available P, suggesting that both the total amount of P on binding sites and the amount of plant‐available P influence Se availability. Selenate addition caused an increase in P availability, especially when added together with phosphate to a silt loam with very high P‐AL status.     

石泉县中部地区土壤硒分布特征及影响因素

石泉县是我国富硒(Se)的重点地区,研究其土壤Se元素的分布特征及影响因素,对特色农业资源的开发利用具有重要意义。为开发富硒土地,以1个·km;的采样密度对石泉县研究区土壤的Se分布特征及其影响因素进行分析。结果表明:石泉县研究区表层土壤中Se含量为0.06~12.8 mg·kg^-1,平均值为0.678 mg·kg^-1,以足Se(0.175~0.40 mg·kg^-1)或富Se(0.40~3 mg·kg^-1)为主,其分布面积达到80.28%,Se中毒(>3mg·kg^-1)区域仅为3.83%,缺Se(<0.175 mg·kg^-1)面积仅为15.88%。成土母质是影响石泉县Se含量的主要因素,高Se土壤主要分布在以页岩、板岩为母质的古生代地层区;Se含量与主要重金属As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Zn、Pb等元素存在着较强的伴生关系;海拔、坡度等地形地貌因素对Se的含量无明显影响;另外,Se含量与p H存在一定正相关关系,与Mg、Al、Fe之间均具有极显著的负相关关系,与K关系不显著。     

Eine Split-root-Technik zur Untersuchung der Nährstoffverfügbarkeit in Abhängigkeit vom Wassergehalt im Boden

A Split-Root Technique for the Investigation of the Relationship between Nutrient Availability and Soil Water content . Nutrient availability in soils depends among other factors on soil water content. In order to investigate the quantitative relationship between availability and soil water content a special technique was developed. This split-root technique has to fulfil several conditions. 1. This technique must be able to allow to differentiate between the direct influence of water supply on plant growth and the influence of soil water content on nutrient availability and the effect of the latter on plant growth. 2. It must grant a sufficient supply of water oxygen and all nutrients to the plant with the exception of that nutrient the availability of which is to be examined. 3. A predetermined water content or water tension should be maintained as constant as possible during the experiment. These requirements are best met with by means a split-root technique. The experiments were carried out in such a way that the plants were grown in a container consisting of three compartments of which the centre one contained quartz sand whereas the two outer compartments were filled with soil (fig.1). Each plant had half of its root system growing in the sand and half of it in the soil. The quartz sand was supplied with a nutrient solution containing all nutrients except the one the availability of which is to be examined. The water content of the soil was regulated by means of ceramic filter candles which were linked to a water reservoir. This water reservoir was kept under negative pressure according to the required water tension in the soil. The water tension in the soil was monitored by 2–4 tensiometers in each of the soil compartmens (tab.1). Water tension up to pF 2.7 could be established and maintained in the soil. There was little variation of water tension during an experiment (3 weeks) and the moisture distribution in the soil was uniform. In order to obtain good reproducibilities the experiments were carried out in growth chamber.     

Use of NH4 HCO3‐DTPA soil test to assess availability and toxicity of selenium to alfalfa plants

Abstract

This study was carried out to determine if ammonium bicarbonate‐DTPA soil test (AB‐DTPA) of Soltanpour and Schwab for simultaneous extraction of P, K, Zn, Fe, Cu and Mn can be used to determine the availability index for Se. Five Mollisols from North Dakota were treated with sodium selenate and were subjected to several wetting and drying cycles. These soils were extracted with hot water and with ammonium bicarbonate‐DTPA (AB‐DTPA) solution for Se analysis. Alfalfa plants were grown in these soils in a growth chamber to determine plant uptake of Se. In addition to the above experiment, coal mine soil and overburden materials from Western Colorado were extracted and analyzed as mentioned above.

It was found that hot water and AB‐DTPA extracted approximately equal amounts of Se from Mollisols. A high degree of correlation (r =0.96) was found between Se uptake by plants and AB‐DTPA extractable Se. Extractable level of Se in treated soils was decreased with time due to change of selenate to less soluble Se forms and plant uptake of Se. An AB‐DTPA extractable Se level of over 100 ppb produced alfalfa plants containing 5 ppm or higher levels of Se that can be considered toxic to animals. Soils with about 2000 ppb of extractable Se were highly toxic to alfalfa plants and resulted in plant concentrations of over 1000 ppm of Se. The high rate of selenate (4ppm Se) was less toxic to alfalfa plants in soils of high organic matter content. This lower toxicity was accompanied with lower extractable levels of Se.

The AB‐DTPA solution extracted on the average about 31% more Se than hot water from the mine and overburden samples and was highly correlated with the latter (r =0.92). The results indicated the presence of bicarbonate‐exchangeable Se in these materials.     

土壤硒富集空间分布特征及影响因素研究

以揭阳市土壤为对象,系统采集了表层土壤样(0～20 cm)1 330个和深层土壤样(150～200 cm)331个,并利用相关性分析、回归分析、方差分析及GIS空间分析技术等方法对土壤硒的含量分布、富集特征及影响因素进行了系统的分析。结果表明,揭阳市表层土壤Se含量处于0.02～2.01 mg/kg之间,几何平均值为0.48 mg/kg,是中国土壤Se平均含量的1.66倍。揭阳市土壤总体呈足硒及富硒特征,不存在硒过剩,极少区域土壤呈硒缺乏特征,表层与深层土壤表现基本一致,富硒土壤主要分布于普宁市、惠来县及北部边缘。表层土壤中Se富集面积达到52.03%,但在空间上分布零散,这可能与母质、土壤类型等因素有关。强富集区域集中分布于花岗岩与粉砂岩为母质的土壤区,而大部分由第四纪冲积物形成的土壤无富集。方差分析表明:不同母质、土壤类型及土地利用方式对土壤Se的含量及富集水平均造成不同程度的影响,其中影响揭阳市表层土壤Se含量的主要因素为成土母质。除此之外,土壤理化性质及海拔也是影响揭阳市表层土壤Se富集的重要因素。回归分析表明表层土壤Se与pH值呈极显著的负相关,并且分别与有机碳、Fe_2O_3及Al_2O_3呈极显著线性正相关。     

浔郁平原不同作物的硒富集特征及其影响因素

作物中的硒含量是影响食物链硒水平的关键因素。以浔郁平原土地质量地球化学评价项目中的农作物调查结果和多年定位试验结果为基础,探究不同作物对土壤硒的富集特征及其影响因素。结果表明:浔郁平原的覃塘、港南、桂平市和平南县等4个县(市、区)的水稻富硒率均高于86%。花生、黄豆、玉米和水稻的天然富硒率最高,富硒率依次为100%、100%、100%和89%。水稻根、茎、籽粒的生物富集系数依次下降,分别为0.663、0.130和0.108,水稻籽粒的生物富集系数远高于龙眼、荔枝和甘蔗。根系土与水稻籽粒硒含量的相关系数为0.660,远高于龙眼和荔枝。港南区作物硒与土壤pH相关系数为0.342,在碱性土壤中甘蔗茎的硒含量(0.012 1 mg/kg)最高,在酸性土壤中水稻的硒含量(0.0653mg/kg)最高。本研究中,以种子为可食部分的作物其天然富硒率较高,土壤硒含量和土壤酸碱性对水稻籽粒硒含量影响较大。     

Sorption behavior of selenium and antimony in soils as a function of phosphate ion concentration

Abstract

Both selenium (Se) and antimony (Sb) are major soil and water pollutants. Their sorption behavior in a soil–plant system was studied. Soil–soil solution distribution coefficients (K _ds) for Se and Sb were measured, using a radiotracer, as an indicator of their sorption levels. Both Se and Sb behave as oxoanions (SeO^2? ₄, H₂PO^? ₄ and SO^2? ₄) in soil; thus, the effects of concentrations of two major oxoanions (SeO^2? ₄ and SeO^2? ₃) on Se and Sb sorption were also examined. The K _d values for Se for Japanese soils significantly correlated with the K _d values for Sb (n = 141). The K _ds of both Se and Sb similarly decreased with increasing SbO^? ₃ concentration. These results indicated that the sorption of Se and Sb was similarly controlled by a ligand-exchange mechanism such as phosphate sorption in soil. However, an increase in the concentration of SeO^2? ₃ did not decrease the K _ds of Se and Sb. Furthermore, the ligand-exchangeable fractions of stable Se and Sb in major Japanese soils were determined by extraction with 0.1 mol L^?1 Na₂HPO₄ solution. For both Se and Sb, the phosphate-extractable fractions were 10-fold higher for Se and fivefold higher for Sb than their water-soluble fractions. Although the total Se and Sb amounts in soils were the same, their ligand-exchangeable fractions were different. Approximately 0.9–12% of total Se and 0.2–1.3% of total Sb were extracted by the phosphate solution. These findings suggested that Se was more likely to be mobilized by the addition of phosphate than Sb. The effect of plant-available phosphate in the soil and the phosphate sorption capacity of soil on Se and Sb availabilities for plants were also examined using a pot experiment with soybean plants. The experimental results suggested that a high content of available phosphate and/or low phosphate sorption capacity of soil increased both Se and Sb availabilities to the plant. However, the results also suggested that the soil Se availability to the plant was higher than that of Sb even though the soil total Se and Sb amounts were the same.