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1.
宁夏南部山区农业干旱预警模型   总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2  
为建立格点尺度上的农业干旱预警模型,根据自然灾害系统理论,综合干旱孕灾环境、致灾因子、承灾体的特征,选择DEM、坡度、坡向、土壤类型、历史干旱风险指数、农业投入量作为孕灾环境稳定性影响因子,选择前期干旱程度、作物水分满足率、作为致灾危险性因子,选择作物种类、作物发育期水分敏感系数、灌溉条件、作物单产水平等作为承灾体脆弱性因子,在干旱灾害系统分析的基础上,采用层次分析法(AHP)量化影响因子的影响系数,建立基于GIS和空间插值的宁南区域农业干旱预警累乘模型。检验结果表明,预警模型输出干旱等级与实测符合率达到90%以上,能准确预测未来干旱发展趋势和分布范围,比现有基于气候干旱指数的预警模型空间分辨率明显提高,模型输出结果更能反映农业干旱的发生、发展过程,模型可用于区域干旱预警和干旱趋势预测。  相似文献   

2.
根据2002-2005年3a的田间试验资料和1990-2005年16a的大田土壤水分观测资料,分析确定了安徽淮北地区冬小麦、夏玉米干旱等级指标和适宜土壤水分指标。基于常规气象资料建立了36个逐旬中期降水预报模型,基于温度、降水等气象要素建立了24个土壤墒情逐月回归模型,基于土壤水分平衡方程建立了农业干旱逐旬预报数学模型,对各模型进行综合集成,建立了淮北地区农业干旱综合预警模型。根据干旱预报和降水预报结果,以及作物-土壤适宜水分指标、作物需水量关键期、临界期和土壤水分临界值等,开发了淮北地区冬小麦、夏玉米的干旱预警和灌溉决策计算机服务系统,使用简便快捷,业务化程度高,在近2a的业务应用中,服务效果显著。  相似文献   

3.
冬小麦是甘肃省主要粮食作物,水分是限制该省旱作冬小麦生产最主要的因素,降水时空分布不均造成冬小麦干旱常年发生,因此准确监测甘肃省冬小麦干旱及定量评估灾害损失可为决策部门制定农业防灾减灾措施及保障区域粮食安全提供科学依据。利用甘肃省1981—2014年3个农业气象观测站土壤水分和冬小麦生育状况观测资料,38个冬小麦种植县气象资料、产量资料及干旱灾情资料,考虑冬小麦休闲期土壤储水及生育期水分盈亏量修订了作物水分盈亏指数,修订后作物水分盈亏指数与土壤储水、冬小麦产量要素和产量损失相关性较高,能客观、准确、定量地反映干旱对甘肃冬小麦产量的影响;利用水分盈亏指数分别建立冬小麦产量要素和产量损失评估模型。结果表明:产量要素评估模型均通过0.01水平显著性检验,产量损失评估模型大部分通过0.05水平显著性检验。产量要素评估模型回代结果与冬小麦产量要素实测值间均通过0.01水平的F检验;产量损失评估模型验证结果表明,68.4%种植县通过0.05水平F检验,基本能准确评估全省大部分地方干旱对冬小麦产量造成的损失。修订后作物水分盈亏指数能客观反映甘肃省冬小麦干旱,建立的评估模型能准确评估干旱对冬小麦造成的损失,具有一定的应用价值。  相似文献   

4.
水分关键期干旱是影响玉米生长和产量的主要限制因子,构建此时期玉米干旱损失模型,研究干旱指数天气保险,对于合理设计天气指数保险和解决目前传统农业保险的困境,转移农业气象灾害风险具有重要意义。针对作物特定阶段单因子气象灾害影响难以剥离的问题,本研究在西北农林科技大学旱作农业长武试验站进行了连续3a的雨养玉米观测试验,利用田间试验数据(玉米生长发育数据、气象数据、土壤数据和田间管理数据)对CERES-Maize模型进行参数校正和验证,模拟玉米水分关键期(6月21日-8月31日)干旱对生长和产量的影响,构建干旱损失模型;依据长武1990-2019年的气象数据,利用EasyFit软件筛选出玉米水分关键期干旱指数最优分布模型,模拟干旱发生概率;结合干旱损失模型,利用纯费率精算方法厘定玉米水分关键期干旱指数保险费率;采用投影寻踪的统计方法,设计干旱指数保险赔付方案。结果表明,CERES-Maize模型校正和验证的平均绝对相对误差ARE和相对均方根误差RRMSE都小于10%,符合作物模型模拟精度的要求;模拟的干旱指数(DI)与玉米减产率(y,%)间呈显著的线性函数关系,即y=-0.55DI+107.17;Log-logistic模型对干旱指数分布的拟合精度最高,Anderson-Darling(AD)检验值仅为0.20,轻旱、中旱、重旱和特旱发生的概率分别为9.75%、5.90%、3.71%和3.50%。基于Log-logistic模型厘定的玉米水分关键期干旱指数保险费率为5.6%。在玉米生长水分关键期,干旱指数保险的起赔点为DI=185,DI≤185时,进行分级赔付。  相似文献   

5.
土壤湿度驱动WOFOST模型及其适应性   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
WOFOST作物生长模型是以日降水量表征降水输入参数,通过推算土壤相对湿度实现作物生长模拟。由于日降水量随机性较大,很难通过控制日降水量实现不同土壤干旱等级情景设置,限制了WOFOST作物生长模型在不同水分胁迫下对作物生长的模拟,也影响了模拟试验的精度。本文提出以土壤相对湿度直接驱动WOFOST作物生长模型,并以Compaq Visual Fortran 6.5为开发平台,采用Fortran语言对WOFOST作物生长模型的源代码进行修改,将驱动模块中的日降水量文件替换为土壤相对湿度驱动文件。以2013年山东省夏津农业气象试验站玉米出苗-拔节期和抽雄-成熟期水分胁迫和整个生育期自然降水处理(对照)的试验数据为例,对修改后的WOFOST作物生长模型进行了模拟试验。结果显示,采用修订后的模型输出的实测鲜叶干重、鲜茎干重、营养器官干重、地上物质总重和叶面积指数等生物量指标均较原模型输出结果,不仅精度明显提高,而且,由于土壤湿度变化较平稳,较容易地实现了不同水分胁迫情景设置,进而实现不同土壤干旱等级条件下玉米生长的模拟,为分析不同程度干旱对玉米生长的影响及确定其生长发育指标提供了便利条件。  相似文献   

6.
区域农业干旱监测预测对农业生产具有十分重大的指导意义,但受观测手段所限,目前大范围的区域农田水分信息尚无法通过常规观测直接获取。利用微波遥感(AMSR-E)获取大范围农田水分信息,继而与作物干旱模型结合对河南省冬小麦农业干旱发生发展进行了模拟研究。结果表明,加入遥感信息后,作物干旱模型对冬小麦生长发育的模拟能力有较大提高,并且区域农业干旱的模拟结果更加接近实际情况。研究表明,将遥感信息与作物干旱模型相结合,可以提高模型对农业干旱的模拟能力,这为农业旱情监测预测提供了更有力的科技支撑。  相似文献   

7.
采用AquaCrop作物生长模型研究中国玉米干旱脆弱性   总被引:4,自引:4,他引:0  
干旱脆弱性评价作为干旱风险评估和灾损评估的重要环节,在保障国家粮食安全和农业可持续发展中具有重大意义。该文以中国5大玉米种植区为研究区域,以其中241个主要玉米种植城市为基本单元,采用扩展傅里叶幅度检验法选取出2个敏感参数(作物冠层形成后到衰老之前的作物系数和参考收获指数),并在此基础上对AquaCrop作物模型进行逐市的参数标定。利用参数标定后的模型对不同灌溉条件下玉米受到的水分胁迫及相应情景下的产量进行模拟计算,分别建立了5个玉米种植区对应的干旱脆弱性曲线。结果表明:5个区域的脆弱性曲线拟合结果均为S形曲线,当干旱强度指标达到0.2附近时,产量损失率开始迅速增加;当干旱强度指标达到0.6左右时,产量损失率接近最大值。拟合函数的决定系数R^2分别在0.47~0.98之间,曲线拟合结果较好,在中国区域性玉米干旱脆弱性研究与干旱风险评估领域具有一定的理论与应用价值。  相似文献   

8.
基于土壤-作物系统模拟模型的冬小麦田间水氮优化管理   总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2  
将作物生长模型与土壤水氮管理过程模块相结合,构建了土壤-作物系统水分养分模拟模型。以灌水、施氮总量为决策变量,冬小麦生物量、水分和氮肥利用效率为优化目标,将冬小麦按生长发育时期分为6个阶段,建立了多目标的动态规划模型。在土壤-作物系统过程模型的基础上,用动态规划的方法对田间水、氮资源管理措施进行优化。通过对作物水分胁迫系数和氮肥胁迫系数的模拟计算,可获得最佳的灌水、施肥时间及用量。算例结果表明:在养分供应充足仅水分胁迫的条件下,优化方案的灌水量较对照处理平均节约了25%,水分利用效率比对照处理平均高出约1  相似文献   

9.
人工智能技术的发展,特别是深度学习的出现,推进了农业新发展,是农业现代化生产的新方向。深度学习具有学习能力强、覆盖范围广、适应力强、可移植性好等优点,其开发模拟数据集可以解决实际问题,在农业干旱的监测预测及风险评估中的应用越来越广泛。本文采用文献综述方法,归纳农业干旱监测预测评估技术的发展与应用,总结深度学习模型的原理、优势和不足,概述深度学习模型在农业干旱监测预测及风险评估方面的实际应用,探讨深度学习数据集要求大、数据预处理耗时长、预定义类别范围窄、遥感图像复杂的问题,并对未来研究方向进行展望。结果表明,近年来农业干旱监测预测及风险评估技术取得重要进展,然而由于农业系统的非线性及干旱灾害发生的复杂性,现有技术在适用地域、对象和精准性等方面仍难以满足新形势下实际农业生产的需求。深度学习方法为农业干旱研究提供了新手段,但深度学习模型无法准确表达作物生长具体过程与机理,可尝试探索通过深度学习模型和作物生长模型的耦合来确保深度学习模型的可解释性。对于修正预测序列中存在的误差,可建立基于深度学习模型与大气环流模式的耦合模型,进一步提升模型对中长期农业干旱的预测能力。针对灾害样本容量有限问题,加...  相似文献   

10.
现有关于盆栽控水模拟土壤干旱条件的试验中多采用含水率作为水分胁迫阈值,然而由于基质配比不同导致含水率相同的基质的水分状况也不尽相同,这导致各研究间结果难以对比和参考。为快速获取盆栽基质水分特征曲线,建立基质水分特征曲线预测模型。该研究以盆栽控水试验常用的泥炭土、蛭石和珍珠岩为基质材料,测定了不同配比基质的水分特征曲线,通过不同方法(多元回归模型、人工神经网络)建立了其预测模型。结果表明,人工神经网络模型对基质水分特征曲线的预测精度高于多元回归;相较于人工神经网络,多元回归模型的稳定性更高。综合考虑模型的精度和稳定性,多元回归模型是预测作物盆栽基质水分特征曲线的最佳模型。该模型为基质水分特征曲线快速获取以及相关作物干旱胁迫研究间的对比提供了方法和依据。  相似文献   

11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响   总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0  
【目的】以富士(Fuji)、 秦冠(Qinguan)嫁接在平邑甜茶(Malus hupehensis Rehd.)上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水(ZZ)、 低氮正常水(DZ)、 正常氮干旱(ZG)、 低氮干旱(DG)。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮(6 mmol/L NO-3-N)、 低氮(0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N)、 正常供水(保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%)、 干旱处理(保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%)。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量(茎和叶)、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水(ZZ)>低氮正常水(DZ)>正常氮干旱(ZG)>低氮干旱(DG),并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水(ZZ)>低氮正常水(DZ)>正常氮干旱(ZG)>低氮干旱(DG); 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶>根>茎,磷元素则是根>叶>茎;光合氮素利用效率(PNUE)和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水(DZ)处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱(DG)处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。  相似文献   

12.
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.  相似文献   

13.
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,  相似文献   

14.
李聃枫  朱春梧 《土壤》2020,52(3):561-566
自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。  相似文献   

15.
Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.  相似文献   

16.
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.  相似文献   

17.
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.  相似文献   

18.
Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.  相似文献   

19.
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications  相似文献   

20.
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.  相似文献   

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